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South West River Basin District Mining Pollution: Catchment Characterisation Report

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South West River Basin District Mining Pollution: Catchment Characterisation Report South West River Basin District Mining pollution: catchment characterisation report Project details Project name: River Fal and Gwindra Stream - PROTECT Contact name: Karolina Krupska Contact team: Analysis and Reporting, Cornwall Area Environment Manager: Bruce Newport Water body summary information Water body names: Gwindra Stream (includes Coombe Stream) Water body ids: GB108048001350 Water body type: River – Low, Small, Siliceous Catchment: West Cornwall and the Fal RBP Measure Investigate discharges from abandoned metal, and other non-coal mines. Prioritise for inclusion in national agreement with relevant mines partner organisations. Related catchments Lower Fal River GB108048001270 Water body classification Bad Poor Moderate Zn (2009), Fish(2009) Good Invertebrates (2009) High Cu (2009) Heavily modified water body? Not designated A/HMWB Comments: The River Fal is approximately 29 km in length. The Fal system is impacted by historical copper, uranium and china clay mining activity. Gwindra Stream which joins the River Fal from the north east is impacted by Great Dowgas mine which is located in the lower reaches of Coombe Stream. Classification (2009) for the Lower Fal : High – Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Fe, As; Moderate – Cd; Good – Invertebrates, Macrophytes. 1. Geology, Geography and Hydrology The River Fal is located in Cornwall in South West England. The Fal catchment consists of Devonian and Carboniferous mudstone and sandstone to the south and west. To the north of the river, the St Austell Intrusion (granite) has further metamorphosed Devonian sedimentary rocks into strata such as Hornfelsed Slate which contain small amounts of metaliferous mineralisation (Figure 1). Land use is mainly agricultural with some woodland. The River Fal flows into large estuary known as Carrick Roads. Other tributaries of Carrick Roads include the Truro River, Tresillian River, River Kennal, Penryn River and River Carnon. These also contribute significantly to metals pollution in the estuary. Figure 1 . Geology of the River Fal catchment. 2. EA Previous Investigations Gwindra Stream – Zinc 2011/12 Five sites have been assessed for zinc compliance - Treway Bridge (81930903), Gwindra Bridge (81930938), Goonabarn (81930961), D/S Drinnick (81930965) and U/S Drinnick (81930985). Gwindra at Treway Bridge is non-compliant with the annual mean standard of 50ug/l. Gwindra Bridge and Goonabarn are both compliant with the 50ug/l standard. Above Goonabarn the hardness decreases slightly dropping the annual mean standard to 8ug/l. This makes the sites D/S and U/S of Drinnick non-compliant even though actual levels of zinc are comparable with the compliant sites at Goonabarn and Gwindra. Mean zinc levels 2008 to date (including metal mines samples) are: Treway 59ug/l (bottom site at confluence with Fal) Gwindra 28ug/l Goonabarn 25ug/l D/S Drinnick 29ug/l U/S Drinnick 19ug/l (top site in headwaters) Above Gwindra Bridge there are relatively low background levels of zinc, probably arising from the local natural environment combined with the china clay industry in the headwaters. However, there is clearly a very significant input between Gwindra Bridge and the bottom site at Treway Bridge. There are two large tributaries in this stretch, the Coombe Stream joining at Coombe and the Carpalla Stream joining just below the monitoring site at Gwindra Bridge. The mean zinc level in the Carpalla Stream is relatively low at 18ug/l and unlikely to be the main cause of failure at Treway. The most recent data for the Coombe Stream at the Gwindra confluence shows a mean zinc level of 161ug/l, indicating that it is the main source of the failure at Treway. The most likely source of zinc into the Coombe Stream would appear to be the old St Austell Consols mineworkings near Polclose. Results of ad hoc samples (all total Zn ug/l): Gwindra Bridge 16.2 Carpalla at Gwindra 6.6 Gwindra above Coombe 16 Gwindra at Treway (below Coombe Stream) 48.1 Coombe d/s Burngullow (u/s St Austell Consols) 31.4 Coombe at Coombe (d/s St Austell Consols) 187 These results suggest that the Coombe Stream is the cause of the zinc failure at Treway Bridge. Also that the major source of zinc into the Coombe Stream is in the area of the old St Austell Consols mine workings. NOTE - the Gwindra has been included for cadmium sampling as part of the investigation into Cd failures in the lower Fal. This sampling suggests the Gwindra is failing for cadmium as well as zinc with means levels at Treway of 0.14ug/l against the standard of 0.09ug/l. Monitoring is ongoing but early indications suggest the same sources as for zinc. Recent results from Treway Bridge (81930903) show a mean zinc value of 57ug/l against the standard of 50 ug/l. The mean zinc value above Coombe village and at Gwindra Bridge (both above confluence with Coombe Stream) are 16ug/l and 27ug/l respectively, both compliant with the standard. The mean zinc level in the Coombe stream prior to the Gwindra is 160ug/l. The mean zinc in the Coombe Stream below Burngullow (u/s old mine workings) is 27ug/l. This seems to clearly reinforce that the main source of zinc into the Gwindra Stream is via the Coombe Stream and that the area around the old St Austell Consols mine is the source of zinc in the Coombe Stream. 3. Mining activities in the Fal catchment Mining has taken place in the area since the Bronze Age (2500-600BC), however it became much more extensive and intensive with the industrial revolution. Historical data suggested that the Great Dowgas Mine (Figure 3) is the source of Zn to the Coombe, Gwindra and therefore to the the Fal River. Great Dowgas Mine was a tin and copper mine which also produced pyrite, some cobalt and nickel ores and a considerable amount of ochre. It was first worked around 1719, when it sold some black tin, and reworked many times until 1913. Great Dowgas Mine Coombe Adit Goffins Lode Figure 3. Map showing location and extent of the Great Dowgas Mine. The mine worked several SE-trending lodes. The main lode was Goffins Lode, which was developed from several shafts on a length of 300 fms along strike. It occupied a crush zone and was composed of killas fragments and a filling of mainly quartz and pyrite. Cassiterite only occurred sporadically, except in the eastern part where the lode intersected an elvan before it passed into killas and died out. In the 18th century, the lode had already been worked from open gunnises, but they were abandoned at shallow depth, probably because the tin grades became poor. The mine is reported to have sold some tin in 1719, but early production figures are not known. Up to 1832, it produced copper ores worth at least £12,000, and tin worth more than £9,000 is reported for the years 1828-1832. Official records give an output of 120 tons of black tin for 1856-1860, and another 47 tons for 1907-1913. In 1857, it also raised 4 tons of cobalt ores, but their mode of occurrence is not known. When it was worked for the last time, it mainly raised pyrite, which came from the upper levels. It finally closed in 1913. During its last period of working, Great Dowgas Mine was amalgamated with Ventonwyn Mine. For some time during the 18th century, it also included Wheal Unanimity, which adjoined the sett on the east (not on the south, as suggested by Hamilton Jenkin; Dines, 1994). In 1873, it was worked for a short period of time together with parts of St Austell Consols under the name St Stephen Tin and Copper Mines. 4. Monitoring programme The Fal catchment is heavily impacted by historic mining activity throughout its entire length, but especially in the Coombe Village area. On 15/01/2013 a walk over survey was conducted resulting in discovery of an adit discharging into the Coombe Stream. Thirteen sites were selected for water chemistry sampling to quantify the various impacts, using past knowledge and data as a guide. Flow monitoring has been achieved with a mixture of spot gauging and continuous flow measurement from fixed structures. At those sites where flow measurement was not possible (e.g. Coombe Adit), it was deemed suitable to calculate derived flows from upstream and downstream monitoring. Due to health and safety issues the flow measurement at the River Fal at Grampound site was only taken once. The monitoring programme was delivered by the local A&R and H&T teams. Figure 3 shows the sampling locations. Figure 4 shows the conceptual model. Gwindra Stream Coombe above Coombe Village Coombe Stream at Stream Coombe below Burngullow Gwindra D/S River Fal above Coombe Coombe Gwindra Confluence Adit Coombe Stream U/S Coombe Trenowth Trib Gwindra Stream Coombe Stream D/S Adit at Treway Bridge Coombe Adit Treway Trib River Fal at Grampound River Fal at Tregony Figure 3. Map showing sites locations investigated in the study. Conceptual Model – The Fal River Coombe Stream below Coombe Stream Burngullow Gwindra Stream U/S Coombe above Coombe Adit Village Coombe Stream River Fal D/S Coombe Adit above Adit Gwindra ochre confluence Coombe Stream at Coombe Adit Coombe* Great Dowgas Mine Trenowth Trib Gwindra D/S Coombe Gwindra Stream at Treway Bridge* Treway trib Fal at Grampound Bridge * * WFD designated site River Fal at Tregony Direction of flow Gauging Station * Mining areas Figure 4. Conceptual model – The River Fal 5.0 Results 5.1 Water Quality – Coombe Stream, Gwindra Stream and River Fal Table 1 shows metals concentrations greater than the WFD standards in the catchment. Table 1. Total and dissolved metal concentrations (ug/l) in Coombe Stream, Gwindra Stream and the River Fal.
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