Kansas Mu um Natural H M c l u ubl c o s University of se of istory, is el aneo s P i ati n .

Institutional libraries interested in publications exc hange may obtain this e b dd Exc L b of K L e c s ries y a ressing the hange i rarian , University ansas , awr n e , K ansas . Requ ests of individu als are h andled instead by th e Mu seum of Natural His K L c K T e r le of tory , University of ansas , awren e , ansas . her is no p ovision for sa h M u um H d du i b the L b t e . this ser es y either i rary or se owever, when in ivi als u c f m Mu um m u d c d b w u d be req est opies ro the se , the a o nt in i ate elo sho l in c ud d for th e u of d m of c duc l e p rpose efraying so e the osts of pro ing, wrapping m and ailing .

* 1 Th e M us eum of N atura Histor th e Universit of Kan sas . E R H a and Ann . l y , y By . . ll - M r 1 1 6 ustr te . anu ar 5 1 4 ur a . i a 9 6 . y Pp . , ll d J y , * - 2 H n f m i ians and R e ti es of Kans as . H M mi a o o o o art . t . 1 33 6 . db k A ph b p l By b S h . Pp , ur s in t ext e tem er 283 fig e . S p b M em oriam r e n un er 1 7 1 4 E R m - 3 . I n a s ea 8 0 9 8 . . a on H al 11 d . 1 , Ch l D B k , By y l Pp . , m 1 ure in text . ece er 1 5 5 1 . fig D b , - Th Uni ersit of Kan sas N atura H istor R es er ation . H enr i e S . F tc . . 1 38 v y , l y v By y h Pp ,

4 ates 3 ures in t ex t. Fe ruar 20 1952 pl , fig b y , . i M ur i - 5 . ra rie ic en s of K an s as . a ce F . a er . . 1 68 4 ates 15 ures in P Ch k By B k Pp , pl , fi g text M r 1 1 9 3 . a c 0 5 . h , - 6 . Th e arren Groun ari ou of Kee atin . Fran cis H ar er . . 1 140 28 fi s B d C b w By p Pp , g .

Octo er 2 1 1955 . o ies a er oun ost ai rom Th e rctic nstitute b , C p , p p b d , p p d f A I of N m ri 153 0 tr ee NW W s in t n ort e ca t a o D . C . h A , P S , h g , M mm a s f n - 7 . H an oo of a o Ka sas . E . R a m on H a . 1 308 illm trated . db k l By y d ll Pp . , m ec e er 18 1 955 . a er oun ost ai c ot D b , P p b d , p p d ( l h M mm a s of N rt rn 8 . a o e as a on th Ar ti l e am W B n e c c o . es ee a d E l h Al k , S p By J . . m n - R H a . 1 309 Fr ntis ie c or 4 a o . o e c o e ates 1 27 ur es in text M arc y d ll Pp , p l d , pl , fig . h ‘

10 1956 . a er oun ost ai c ot , P p b d , p p d ( l h m i i n 9 . H an oo of a s and R e ti es of Kan sas . H o a rt M mit 2nd t e db k A ph b p l By b . S h . [ - vis e ] e ition . . 1 356 258 ures . A ri 20 1956 . a er oun ost d d Pp , fig p l , P p b d , p p aid ( c loth Th e R accoon in Kan s as N atu ra H i or M an a em ent n E on m i m ort n e 10 . st a d c o c a c . , l y , g , I p w - Ho ar . tains . . 1 7 6 t 4 a es 1 4 ur es in t ext . u 6 1956 . By d J S Pp , pl , fig J ly , T Tr uirre f n : m m rt n 1 1 . h e ee s o Ka s a s E c olo and E con o ic o a ce . R o S q l gy I p By b ert L . ar - 6 2 te 1 ur e ac . . 1 7 a s 0 s in text . u ust 20 1956 P k d Pp , pl , fig A g , .

rint Out of p .

T HE

M AM M AL S

OF K E EW AT IN

BY

FRAN CIS HARPER

U N I V E R S I T Y O F K A N S A S L A W R E N C E K A N S A S UNIVERSITY o r KANSAS

Emr on: E M ON LL . RAY D HA — 6 M u cellaneour Pu lication N o . 12 . 1 94 8 b , pp ,

Puélirbed October 26, 1956

Means for publi cation were supplied bv the N ationa l Science Fo undati on

‘ “ l bowl-U N C O N T E N T S

IN TROD UC’HO N

Physiography and v egetati on

Compa r ative abundance o f species

Summ ati on o f distributi on al reco rds

Class ification and nom encl atu r e

M easu rements

Acknowledgments

ACCO U N TS O F S P ECIES

Additi ona l K eew ati n mamm al s

A S STEM T ST O F M M M N E TO P R S TES ITH Y A IC LI A ALIA C A A I , W OST RE ORDS FROM S O UT ESTERN K EEWA’I‘IN H C , HW

LITERA TURE CITED

IN D EX

w v rnment Reproduct io n in h o l e o r in part is permitte d for any purp ose of the United Sta tes Go e .

INTRODUCTI ON Until recent years we have h ad little knowledge of the detailed dis tribution a a n s etw of m mmalian life in the v st , lonely la d lying b een the

u s Ba lower and Chesterfield Inlet on the north , H d on y on the ak u and a S e an d east, Reindeer L e on the so th , Athabaska , Gre t lav , a l h . a t e Artillery l kes on the west In fact , that condition stil prev ils over

u u . n tu greater part of the territory j st o tlined In the prese t cen ry , how our n a a a a ever , significant additions to k owledge of m mm ls h ve been m de

u : 1 02 1 08 abo t the periphery of this territory for example , by Preble ( 9 ; 9 ) on the western Shore of H udson Bay and in the Athabaska-M ackenzie region ; by Preble and Seton ( 1 91 1 ) in the Fort Reliance and Artillery Lake area and northward ; by B uch ana n ( 1 920 ) abo ut Reindeer Lake ; and 1 4 u M by Clarke ( 9 0 ) in the Thelon Game Sanct ary . Finally anning ( 1 948 ) pushed into the hinterland of H udson Bay by pl ane and briefly investigated a considerable number of localities betwee n Reindeer Lake k and Baker La e .

A long - standing ambition of my own to investigate the fauna and flora of the N ueltin Lake region in so uthwestern Keewatin became at tainable in 1947 through support of the Arctic Institute of North America u ( nder contractual arrangements with the Office of N aval Research ) . I reached N ueltin Lake by pl ane from Churchill on M ay 31 and t e tu M rned to the latter point on December 4 . ost of the intervening six months was spent in intensive studies within two miles of the mouth of Windy River at the northwestern extremity of the l ake (map Brief ’

Ba 1 . cu o a a : . ex rsions to k me little f rther afield to Josie s y (pl , fig ’ u u u ul 10 20 S a and abo t fo r miles to the so theast , J y to ; and to imons L ke

- - 10 1 2 u O 1 3 22 . vicinity , miles to the west so thwest , ctober to In addition , on J uly 31 there was a nonstop plane flight from Windy River to the u u pper region and return . I have incl ded in the present report a few notes Obtained along the H udson Bay Railway between The

u M a 20 2 1 u M a 2 1 31 . Pas and Ch rchill , y and , an d at Ch rchill , y to This paper is the eleventh one in a series th at has been published

thebiolo ical u N ueltin E a 1947. on g res lts of the Lake xpedition , Keew tin ,

Six of these have been prepared by collaborating specialists , and the S u wa others by myself . everal additional reports are nder y or in pros

ect p .

P/oyriogrd p/ay and vegetation I have discussed these subj ects briefly in a recent paper ( 1953 z 4 -6) f w a a . u a e and I plan more extensive l ter presentation Conseq ently, 6 N ER T OF N F EL M US N AT T U IV SI Y KA SAS U S . , . . HIS .

w u ords will s ffice here . The local proportion of land to water (lakes , t a s and u e o 1 s re m , t ndra ponds) is estimat d at ab ut 3 to ; and the propor e un t 4 1 tu tion of Barr n Gro ds to forested tracts a (or more) to . Alti des vary from about 875 feet at the surface of N ueltin Lake to 1400 feet at the summit of the Windy Hills (see map Most of the hills and e u ls 1 2 4 but ridg s have moderate conto rs (p . , , , here and there are

and - d u . u u u u ro cliffs tal s slopes N mero s lichen covered bo lders , p to a a u a b or more in di meter, rest on the s rf ce ; there are also considera le ex osures p of bedrock . The principal trees are black spruce and tamarack ; comparatively few 0 of these attain a height of more than 3 feet . There are also a few

u it ch e u u b s a . white spr ces , canoe , and b lsam poplars Higher shr bs incl de m u are willows , dwarf birch , and alder ; some of the com oner lower shr bs

’ ' ’ ’ acci z zz m uli z u i - i n Em etrttm ni ra m V n no m . o tz z daea v r m n r r V r a . g , , p g , ' Ledzt m oe i a oli olia A ndromeda oli r nland mm L . decnmbenr K almz g , , p f , p olia Rhododendron la onicum Arctorta /a lor al ina Loirelenria f , pp , p y p , and roca m p benr. Reports on the plant material s collected in this region have been u E E as : . p blished follows mosses , by dwin Bartram lichens and E P r ild e . o s cu . h patics , by W . L . Dix and vas lar plants , by A

u m m b In the following pages vario s plants are entioned , so etimes y t heir technical names and sometimes by their common names . To facili h m tate t eir more co plete identification , by either professional botanists ' or u ud o and laymen , the following list is s pplied , incl ing b th technical common names

Mossas S laa num s S um m p g pp. phagn oss

LICHE N S Clad onia s b u c m pp. Cari o li hen or oss

VASCULAR PLANTS Equiretum ryloatimm

- Pirea glama

Picea mariana

La rix laricina

Potanz ogeton friem Calamagrortir canad enrir Poa alpigena

Erio borum p sp. Carex aquatilir Popula r balsamifera Salix planifolia and other Species “ HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

Betula glandulora Dwarf birch neoalaréana b c Betula papyrifera var . Canoe ir h Alnur crirpa Green alder Ra ba t cba maemorut Baked- apple berry Potentilla palut trir M arsh cinq uefoil Empetrum nigrum Crowberry Ledum decumbenr N arrow - leaved Labrador Ledum g roenlandicum Common Labrador tea R/Jododendron lapponicum Lapland rosebay Loireleuria procumbent Alpine azalea Kalmia polifolia Bog laurel Andro meda polifolia Bog rosemary C/Jamaedapbne calyculata Leather- leaf Arctortap/aylor alpina Alpine bearberry Vaccinium uliginorum Bog bilberry

a ccinium vitir-ideaea minur M u c b V var . o ntain ran erry Petariter ragittaz a r Sweet coltsfoot

Comparative abundance of rpecier

d u u redomin In any consi eration of this s bj ect , it is obvio s that the p antly herbivorous rodents and their allies in a given region must be far m u u u more nu ero s than the carnivores that live largely pon them . F rther u d and u — u more , the factors that infl ence recor s estimates of n mbers s ch b u u as Size or visi ility of the species , di rnal or noct rnal habits , solitariness

u u u t or gregario sness , secretiveness or nwariness , ease or diffic l y of trap — u m ping or hunting vary much with different gro ps of mam als . In this brief consideration of the local species , therefore , I shall treat the In sectivora d , Lagomorpha , and Ro entia in one category and the Carnivora m d S in another , while o itting the Pinnipe ia (Freshwater eal ) and the

Th e m Artiodactyla (M oose an d Caribo u ) altogether . following esti ates of comparative abundance are based in part on the n umbe r of specimens

cu u i m se red , in part on the n mber of observat ons of the ani als themselves

and u and their tracks or other signs , in part on the reports f rnished by d m the local resi ents . The species are listed in the order of esti ated

u umb u 1 47 ab ndance . The n er of specimens sec red and prepared in 9 fol m f lows the na e o each species .

’ N T OR OM OR AND RODEN ‘I IA I SEC IV A, LAG PHA,

letbri nom r a eri atba bat cae 4 1 C o y g pp ,

Mi enn vani u drummondii 18 crotur p ryl c r ,

Pbenacom r un ava macken ii 18 y g z , ex ine ur inereur Sor c re c , 9

a mia ur budw ni u reblei 1 1 T rci ur c : p ,

D icrorton x roen andicur ricbardroni 4 y g l , ' a r ar ti u and 0 Lep c c r errom,

ndatra z ibetbica r 4 1 115 1 O 6 , 8 N ER T OF AN F E M N AT T US . IS U IV SI Y K SAS U LS . , . H .

a tor canad enrir canad enri C r r, 0

Le ur a mericanur america nur p , 0

Eretbiz on do rratum d r a o r tum, 0

CAR N IVORA Alo ex la o ur innuitur 0 p g p ,

M urtela r ine ‘ e m a ricba rdro nii, 1

Vul er ulva Pre alir p f g , 0

Ca nir lu ur budronicu 2 p r,

Murtela uiro la i n curtr r, 1

Gulo lur u lu c r rcur, 0

Euarctor americanu i r amer canur, 1

Lutra canad enrir reblei p , 0

M arter americana abie ic l t o a, 0

Summation of dirtributional recordr

c u d At the lose of the acco nt of each species I have a ded , from the u u d u previo s literat re , records of its known istrib tion in adj acent regions

— u u e M partic larly so thern Keewatin , east rn ackenzie, and the northern

M b S c parts of anito a , askat hewan , and Alberta . For some of the species there has been apparently no such comprehensive summation since the outstanding works of Preble ( 1 90 2 ; To conserve time and space u u d u but I have not s ally cite the works p blished prior to those of Preble, m u d u u have si ply tilize his s mmaries . Partic lar attention has been paid to records from the mix ed forest and tundra areas along the wide boundary

b t ud - and - e ween the H sonian Life zone the Arctic Life zone , stretching m fro Churchill some 900 miles northwest to Great Bea r Lake . The aim b u our has een to bring p to date , in one place , knowledge of the general

and bu mm u . zonal distri tion , in this part of , of the ma als disc ssed

Clarrification and nomenclature

u and tu The seq ence of families , genera , and species , the nomencla re ’ M Lirt o N orth as well , are in general accord with iller and Kellogg s f

American Recent M ammalr

Color termr

d c d m In the es riptions of pelages , these terms , when derive fro d Ri gway are capitalized .

M earurementr

M u are end eas rements of total length , and of the tail , taken to the

th e u of vertebrae , not of the hair in the terminal t ft ; that of the hind

foot , to the end of the longest claw ; and that of the ear, from the crown (not the notch) to the extremity of the fleshy rim (not including the

hair) . HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN 9

Acknowledgementr

u me u The Arctic Instit te of North A rica , which has given s ch a de cided impetus to Arctic and Sub- arctic research d uring the few years u u d since its fo nding , enabled me to n ertake the i nvestigations on the

am d uel in aid m mals an the other biota of the N t Lake region . Its was ex tended by means of a grant from funds supplied to it by the Office of

m S F unda Naval Res earch . A more recent grant fro the National cience o tion h as enabled me to bring to completion several of the longer papers u d 1 4 u u res lting from the expe ition of 9 7 . F rther s pport has been pro vided d u M u um u direc by the Rea ing P blic se an d Art Gallery, thro gh its E It u tor, D r . arl L . Poole . is a pleas re to acknowledge my indebtedness u and gratit de to these several organizations . The greater part of my Keewatin mammal collection of abo ut 1 26 specimens has been divided between the United States National M useum and the Reading Public

M us u A e m and rt Gallery . It is altogether fitting that I Should mention vario us cou rtesies t e ceived from the Administration of the (through

M r m d u m . R . A . Gibson , at that ti e ep ty com iss ioner) ; the Royal Canadian " M u M u Su . . ; o nted Police (thro gh perintendent D J arti n , G D ivision) o mm u m u the C issioner of C stoms , Depart ent of National Reven e ; the

r M anitoba Department of M ines and Natural Reso urces (thro ugh M . G . E M d m M r . f . . . O W alaher , irector the Ga e and Fisheries Branch , and H

and u m Wells , inspector ) ; Dr . Robert F . Y le , of the Depart ent of Nation al Health and Welfare . The reader of the following pages will realize how much of the information here presented is due to the keen observational powers of

d r nd . S 4 fi . 2 a S Charles chweder (pl . , g ) his brother , Fred chwe er , J, 6 d m mm (pl . , fig . The intimate knowle ge of the local a als that they had gained d uring their youthful years in the N ueltin Lake region was most

and u d u u freely genero sly place at my disposal . Witho t their contrib tions this report wo uld be deprived of much of whatever savor it may have . The hospitality they provided during my S ix - months soj ourn at their d 1 fi 1 . Win y River post (pl . , g . ) was of a rare kind The three children

— I O- - old M S d E m 1 5- - of the post year ike chwe er and two ski os , year old — Anoteelik 5- - d u u and year old Rita also helpe in vario s ways , incl ding m the collection and preparation of speci ens .

um A n ber of other persons , whose names appear here and there , u m u u contrib ted notes of value . A ong them I m st mention partic larly ’ M r E u . u W . . Brown , of the H dson s Bay Company (see the acco nt of

Phoca uitulina M r In ebri tsen u see ac ) , and . John g g , of Ch rchill ( the

u D el bina teru Tbalarctor co nts of p p r and ) . N ER IT OF N F EL . M US . N AT . I T . U IV S Y KA SAS U S , H S

M r M o . a . S u Willi m C orr w , of warthmore, Pennsylvania , genero sly

a - u u u u lo ned me a motion pict re camera , with which an n s al pictorial record f u u h m w u o the Barren Gro nd Caribo and ot er ani als as sec red .

d M u um 0 . r. S Dr . Charles Handley , J, of the Unite tates National se , has helped materially in the determination of some of the smaller mam m u Tamiarciurur Cletbrionom r als , partic larly and y . Several staff members and collaborators of the Entomology Research d S ul u d u r Branch , Unite tates Department of Agric t re , kin ly nde took the laborious determination of the mammalian ectoparasites brought back from u Keewatin . Their names and the gro ps in which they specialize are men ti n i mm o ed n the appendix on ma alian ectoparasites .

1 2 N I ER TY OF KAN PUBLS MUS N AT IST U V SI SAS . , . . H .

m i bori a s . S 3 L rtro d e O but p , epte ber ; p , hypopial stage, ctober no u ectoparasites were fo nd on the others .

u u 1 u - An ad lt female of J ne 9 contained abo t six 8 mm . embryos . Its l d O ateral glands were not evi ently developed , and its odor was mild . nly m o u u al two pairs of ammae (b th ing inal) were evident , altho gh norm ly

e . u S th re is a third , abdominal pair In fo r other females ( eptember 3 to October 24) the uterus was small and there were no embryos ; lateral Se glands were not evident , and there was little odor . In three males ( p tember 2 to October 2 ) there was little or no evidence of lateral glands ; 1 a Se the testes varied from to mm . Prob bly all of the p m u O e m u 7 . a tember and ctob r specimens ( axim m length 9 mm , xim m

m u . u t . are c weight g ) im at re ( f Pr i t ,

was S e 27 O 2 The hide prime in males of ept mber and ctober , and S b 0 24 a in females of eptem er 3 and October . Unprime are s were noted

: S 2 d um S mbe um . 3 as follows eptember whole ors ; epte r , dors from nape um S mb 2 7 O . to r p ; epte er and ctober 3, entire hide The present series of specimens shows no approach in color char

acters S . c. u unaé 1 45b to gy Anderson and Rand ( 9 ) , which ranges from

u - o N ueltin northern Alaska to so th central Keewatin . The p int nearest to Lake from which the latter is recorded (45 miles southwest Of ) is

u 7 s e abo t 5 miles northea t of the Windy River . The pres nt series shows u no seasonal change of coloration of any appreciable extent . The dors m

h u O - u and Sides of body are near Bister , c anging grad ally into Pale live B ff u u or Pale G ll Gray (with a silvery cast ) on the nder parts ; tail bicolor , O Clove Brown above , Light Brownish live below (darker toward tip) The average measurements of two males and of three nonpregnant : 38 40 females were length , tail , , ; foot , ear ,

mm . ; weight , grams .

Three Chipewyans from the so uth end of N ueltin Lake appeared m familiar with this species . After inspecting my speci ens , they gave a

a m u D ab n me for the so nding like . This subspecies has been recorded from various localities between w u M Nor ay Ho se and York Factory , anitoba ( Preble, Jackson ,

1 28 z 4 l 4 l 4 u cinereur 9 7 ) . Anderson ( 9 7 z ) incl des in the range of M S northern anitoba , northern askatchewan , and Northwest Terri f um u m tories to northern limit o trees . Among n ero s records fro the

-M 1 908 z 242 Athabaska ackenzie region , Preble ( ) seems to have none from localities ea st of the valleys of the Athabaska and Slave rivers . Jackson lists specimens from Lake Athabaska as follows :

10 - s S b a Cypress Point and miles east northea t of and Point , Al ert , Fair HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN

8 M o d u Point, Poplar Point , miles northeast of o se Islan , and mo th of

S . Beaver River , askatchewan

Lepus arcticus anders oni Nelson ’ AN DERSON S A RCTIC HAR E The most striking bit of information I Obtained concerning this

m a u species is its migratory habit . There is a arked dearth of liter t re on m u u be this phase of its life history , aside fro a co ple of remarks q oted

c . low ( f Dowling , Preble, and

u a d S t D ring the winter , as I le rne from the chweder brothers, Arc ic u u Hares appear in fair n mbers in the Windy River area . In early J ne and throughout the summer I found their old droppings to be numero us

u d on the hilly Barrens , and especially abo t low patches of warf birch and d willow . The ten er tips of the dwarf birch twigs must be a favorite food . The animals are also said to feed regularly on the stomach contents d u of eviscerated Caribou . They Show a pre ilection for rocky places ; th s

- u d u the rock st d ed Windy Hills , extending along the so th Side of Windy

u u umu be River , constit te a favorite ha nt . Here an acc lation of pellets neath the overhanging edge of a boulder indicated the sort of resting m place they seek . They see to avoid the tops of ridges , where winter winds sweep the snow away and where white animals wo uld be conspicu ous b u on the are gro nd .

W i t In nter they appear to feed mainly by night . Then hey come d u into the dooryard of the Win y River post , visit the pile of kitchen ref se S and ashes , and go among the tethered dogs . When Charles chweder sees

d m u has a one in the ayti e , it is generally Sitting q ietly . Twice he p ssed so close to one with his dogteam that the dogs have almost grabbed it . O h u S . rdinarily , however , the species is q ite y The presence of Arctic Hares is generally determined by their tracks rather than by Sight of

m two . . S r. the ani als Fred chweder , J, has seen no more than together 1 47 u but Up to 9 he had shot only five individ als , he gets a good many

u u u m . in traps . He does not sually eat them nless caribo eat is scarce

S e an d Charles chweder s es a good many of the Hares in winter , often u but u u u h nts them , witho t S ccess . Those he has sec red have been met with u a accidentally . He states that Arctic Hare stew tastes j st like th t of the

S bb u u m b . nowshoe Ra it . He ses the capt red ani als for fox ait

d r d ur u S . Fred chwe er , J, speaks of fin ing tracks indicating the p s it

' x of Arctic Hares by Wolves and Red Foxes (but not Arctic Fo es ) . How u one a ua ever , he has never fo nd evidence in the snow of being ct lly au t a S a a o es s c gh . Ch rles chweder repo rts th t pparently b th speci of foxe 4 UN IVERsrrY . OE K N A . F EL M U N AT T . S . . 1 A S S U S , HIS

out H e a . S o O take the Hares of traps st tes that n wy wls eat the an imals , m u u and he has seen a fairly s all hawk in p rs it of one .

u m a ur u me The b lk of the ani als disappe r d ing the s m r , evidently by migration toward the north . Although the residents are not aware j ust m e u d u b when this igration tak s place , it wo l pres ma ly be completed not

u o a later than J ne , before the ice has gone fr m the rivers that lie cross

m ix . s d r S . l the igratory paths In years Fred chwe er , J, has noted on y one Arctic Hare in summer in the Windy River area ; he saw it a couple of m x e u n S 1 1 . O 47 ti es , appro imat ly in the early part of J ne eptember 9, 9 , Fred saw a set of tracks in sand 1 0 miles north of the Windy River post ;

a m u u u u u the ni al pres mably spent the s mmer thereabo ts . In J ly , abo t 1 943 S u u two u 40 , Charles chweder fo nd an ad lt and yo ng some miles e . 5 ac north ast of Windy River He walked within feet of them , and an a E m m o u . comp nying ski h rled a stone at the All were in the gray pelage , and u u l u On the yo ng were not m ch sma ler than the ad lt . another occa u i d O u 1 5 u sion , abo t the m d le of ctober , Charles shot one abo t miles so th

of a east the K zan River , perhaps in the same general area as the observa Of u tion J ly ; it was in the winter pelage . In the Windy River area the Arctic Hares usually arrive from the

was u north in November . It therefore a matter of considerable s rprise when Fred found a number of tracks in the snow on the south Side of

O e 6 Windy River on ctob r . That was weeks before the river froze over , um u and the animals must have spent the s mer there . He fo nd that one m or more of them h ad been digging into a muskeg for so ething . Two ’ days later I found the tracks extending from the river s edge up into the u ro ckyWindy Hills as far as I went (say a quarter of a mile) . D ring the

two n I n d u following mo ths ote no more tracks , altho gh in the normal migration schedule the animals from the north Sho uld have arrived in mb On mb 0 u s . 3 Nove er Nove er , however , I fo nd a fre h pellet on a

- u d u . win swept knoll on the so th side of the river It was ro ghly spheroidal ,

— 1 1 n - da but considerably flattened 1 9 X mm . O a five y trip toward

u end N ueltin u the so th of Lake d ring the last week of November , Fred M o S r. u . chweder , J, fo nd no tracks In the following arch Charles wr te

me that very few of the Hares had been present that winter . It might be remarked that the same winter had been marked by an unusual scarcity

x of Arctic Fo es . In a previous year Fred has fo und the Sign of this species as far On u the N ueltin . so th as Narrows of Lake the other hand , Joe Highway w reports none about the ex treme south end of this lake or at Putaho Lake .

In late M ay I found a few droppings i n the rocky hills at Churchill . At

the Windy River post there was a cased Skin of a locally taken specimen . HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF K EEWATIN

E m u a 6 fi 2 The ski os of the pper K zan River (pl . , g . ) are said to u tu m rarely eat Arctic Hares , tho gh cap ring the in their fox traps . They

d o but use fur fee s me to their dogs , seem to make no of the hide or . Rae

b r t th e o se ves that the Arctic Hare , before se tling down for m um day , makes a complication of tracks , whence it akes several long j ps

rd uc d m leewa u u . to , then s ally cro hes own close to so e large stones The purpose is obviously to baffle an enemy following its trail .

b m m sub In the a sence of speci ens , it is i possible to say to what species the Arctic Hares of the N ueltin Lake area Shoul d be assigned . d They are only provisionally referred to anderroni. An erson remarks “ ( 1 947 z 97 ) concern ing this s ubspecies : N O Specimens are available from east of Bathurst Inlet and Beech ey Lake on upper in M acken d but b b u m zie istrict , [ it ] pro a ly occ rs farther east to eet the range of ” L a la ado i . . br r ur d ud s on west si e of H son Bay . Farther west it range ” m d S u and fro north si e of Great lave Lake ( Fort Rae) , Hanb ry Lake , Aylmer Lake and to the Arctic coast and Victoria Island and Banks Islan d also west to Reindeer Hills east of lower M ackenzie Riv

d d l 1 z 1 d d m m er elta . An ers o n had earl ier ( 9 3 5 5) recor e the ani al fro

u m M acK inla 1 8 : c . 93 vario s points along the Ar tic coast Ja es y (Dowling ,

10 8 b 1 08 z 20 8 d d ; Pre l e , 9 ) note winter signs a Short istance north of Great Slave Lake in the s ummer of 1 890 ; the animals had since gone

u cana r z labra northward . Preble Speaks of the s bspecies [ d oriur ] as occurring thro ughout the Barren Groun ds from Fort Churchill

d m x northwar i n winter they igrate to a Slight e tent , reaching the neighborhood of York Factory and perhaps farther . The same form is recorded from So uthampton Island by Sutton and Hamilton ( 1 932 z 7 1 ) . Preble - 20 8 ) gives n umero us records from the older literature ;

m c m d m a ong the lo alities entione are Great Bear Lake , Copper ine River , and b and S d Thelon River . Pre le eton have recor s from

- d and m c 192 5 3 4 1 927 : Artillery , Clinton Col en , Ayl er lakes ; Blan het ( ; from the Lac de Gras region and from a so uthwestern tributary of D ubawnt River ; D egerbol from Baker Lake and Montreal

d m - S Islan ; Clarke fro Plover , Artillery , Clinton Colden , ifton , ’ and Aberdeen lakes ; M anning from the west coast of Roe s Wel come ; Gavin from the district and Bathu rst

M 1 48 z 26 m S u H enik ; Inlet ; an ning ( 9 ) , fro o th Lake , Keewatin and

u d c d and m G n erson , Bre kenri ge , Jarosz fro the lower Back 1 umm ou 1 6 2 2 27 . . . . 3 3 3 River A H Howell ( 9 , , fig ) s arizes previ s records

b la radoriu ander ni 1 5l a z 1 78 b r ro . 9 of oth and Both Howell and Hall ( ,

fi 4 u d u a g . 5) leave so thwestern Keewatin blank on their istrib tion l maps i o f the s ubspecies of Lepur arct cur. 16 N IVERSIT OF KAN F E M N AT S LS . US . HIST. U Y SA U , .

Lepus americanus americanus Erx leben AM ERICAN SN OWSHOE RABBIT The Windy River area must be close to the limit of th e extension u u of this species into the Barren Gro nds , and its local pop lation is evi dentl . O y small I made no bservations of my own .

S e a According to Charles chweder , there have b en a few of the nimals ’ u a u u a every year in the spr ce tracts bo t the river s mo th . In former ye rs

“ " ” he found them common in the area abo ut the Old Post on the Red ’ S ab a u River above imons Lake, where there is a consider le mo nt of " u h un r u and am a b s co t y ( spr ce t ar ck growth) . In this latter area some i of the an mals have been killed by Joe Highway as well as by Charles .

S u u d a d u ome years previo sly , in the spring , Charles fo nd a e d in ivid al u 40 l S b t e abo t mi es northeast of Windy River . nowshoe Ra bits are ported throughout the territory extending from the so uthern portion of N ueltin Lak e to Reindeer Lake ; they are much more n umerous in some years than others .

u The local name is B sh Rabbit . H earne ( 1 795 z 7 1 ) mentions rabbits (presumably of the present ” e ueltin u sp cies ) at N Lake . Preble reports the species thro gh ” out the region between Lake Winnipeg and H udson Bay ; particular lo li i ca t es d Ox d u u . mentione are for Ho se, York Factory , and Ch rchill He

1 0 8 z l m -M c presents ( 9 99) many records fro the Athabaska a kenzie region ,

u u t and r a incl ding the stretch of co ntry be ween Fort Rae G e t Bear Lake ,

l c n cu u mac ar ani . which is evidently oc pied by the s bspecies f ( f Nelso , Preble and Seton ( 1 91 1 : 347 ) found Signs abou t the east end

1 4 z 10 mac arlani of Great Slave Lake . Hornby ( 93 9) reports f north of

r 1 14 u u u Artille y Lake . In 9 B chanan fo nd the territory abo t ” Reindeer and Brochet lakes almost barren Of this species . In the same year I found Snowshoe Rabbits v arying from abundant along the middle course of the Athabas ka River to scarce in the co untry south of Great Slave Lake ; Tsalwor Lake and Tazin and Taltson rivers are among the localities mentioned Anderson ( 19 1 3 z 514 ) reports the sub species macfarlani north to the Arctic coast from the M ackenz ie Delta to a k m u u u e Fr n lin Bay . The sa e a thor incl des so thern Ke watin i u M mer can r. L. a a and southeastern M ackenzie in the range of . anning

ec S d M and M ak has r ords from an hill Lake , anitoba , alaher L e ,

Keewatin .

Marmota monax canadens is ( Erxleben) CAN ADIAN WOODCHUCK

At m the rt e o M b A ery, on no h side of the N ls n River , an ito a , I noticed HARP ER : THE M AM M ALS o r KEEWATIN 17 on M ay 2 1 the hide of one of these animals beside some tethered sled dogs 1 0 2 z 4 1 1 2 Preble ( 9 7 ) and A . H . Howell ( 9 5 z 3 ) record the Wood

u O u u M a ch ck north to xford Ho se, Tro t Lake , and York Factory , nitoba . u B chanan reports it no farther north than Beaver River , " a-M Saskatchewan . In the Athabask ackenzie region it ranges north to S a m u Of Great lave L ke and the o th of the Liard (Preble ,

r the foregoing localities , only York Facto y seems to lie within the zone

m h art . 1 53 z c 8 of per afrost (cf Thomas , 9

S permoph ilus undul atus parryu (Richardson ) ’ PARR Y S GRO U N D S! UIRR EL In Keewatin this Species seems to avoid the so uthernmost strip of u be a the Barren Gro nds bordering the forested zone . It seems to bsent , m u t u for exa ple , in the co ntry lying be ween Windy River and the pper

a . u a K zan River At a point on the western side of the latter river , abo t E S r . dozen miles below nnadai Lake , Fred chweder, J, saw three of the animals u 1 44 0 u . 3 on some sand ridges on A g st , 9 At another point some m - r - u iles west no thwest of the last mentioned locality , abo t the middle of M a 1 946 m y, , three speci ens were trapped on a sand ridge ; the skin of d one was preserved and presented to me by Charles Schwe er . The lo ° ’ ° ’

m 61 u 1 0 1 1 . u 35 N . 3 cation was approxi ately in latit de , longit de W John Ingebrigtsen has not noticed these Ground Squ irrels so uth of Daw

on u son Inlet H dson Bay . Preble records the s pecies as far south as 2 5 miles below Eskimo ud . m c d M c c Point Later he gives any re or s for the a kenzie region , in l c : F E c T o ing the following lo alities ort nterprise, Artillery Lake, Ba k , hel n , d c t and b and S and . An erson , Lo khar , Dease rivers , Great Bear Lake Pre le eton c m b I Ptarmi an t report the spe ies fro Artillery , Cas a ( g ) , Clin on d and m . d 191 z 51 1 m ccu c Col en , Ayl er lakes An erson ( 3 ) entions its o rren e at the m u th Critchell- u c o th of e and on Coronation G ulf . B llo k c d m T R and t m be and presents re or s fro helon iver Ar illery , Ca p l l , Baker lakes ; Sutton and Hamilton from Repulse Bay and Chesterfield Inlet ; Hornby from Artillery Lake and the Thelon and Hanbury

D e erbol 1935z l 6 f m t s t fi d E m , rivers ; g ( ) , ro Wager Inle , Che er el Inlet , ski o Point and Yathk ed F uc 1935 z 93 m Rae mu and y Lake ; re hen ( ) , fro Isth s , Pelly Bay , R u m m 2 m u . 1 z E . 38 91 5 , ep lse Bay ; A H Howell ( 9 ) , fro ski o Point ( iles so th ) Fu K b and M a b d Cape llerton , as a Lake , r le Islan ; Clarke ” from all our stations in the barrens and from K azan River ; Gavin m Ri nd Ma m Tha- n Ri and d fro Perry ver ; a nning fro a ne ver Al er, c and T K Banfield dd c rd Carr, Vi tory , win lakes , eewatin . a s re o s m Contwo to Su x and M u x and u I and u d fro y , sse , sko lakes Bath rst nlet ; G n erson , d c d and 1 955z 227 f m c R . Bre kenri ge, Jarosz ( ) , ro the lower Ba k iver Hollan 194 z l l 4 Citellur =S ermo bilur as th e ost a f a Oro r lla alar ( 9 ) lists ( p p ) h of le , p y

é enrir ak in the T on Gam S ctu r and a and Yathk ed . ( B er) , hel e an a y at B ker y lakes 1 8 N IVER T OF N PUBLS M U N AT T S . . U SI Y KA SAS . , . HIS

E uta mias minimus h uds onius Anderson and Rand HUDSON BAY CHIP M U N K

Two of these chipmunks were seen on M ay 2 1 at H erchmer M ani

b o m to a . This is the n rthern ost point from which Anderson and Rand and Anderson ( 1 947 z l l 4 ) report th is subspecies ; their other

d and b M localities are Bir , Thicket Portage , Al ert Lake near Flin Flon , ani

b d E . m ali k o . bore r to a . Intergra ati n with ta es place in the vicinity of The u m Pas . The latter s bspecies is known fro many localities in the Athabaska

M b b and S ackenzie region ( Pre le , Pre le eton , Harp

1 2 z 2 m 93 7 S . er , ) ; it ranges north at least as far as Fort i pson

The northern limit of Eutamiar minimur apparently extends but lit

m m c m 1 d u Of . 953 tle , if at all , beyon the so thern li it per afrost ( f Tho as , chart 8

Tamias ciurus h uds onicus preblei A . H . Howell M ACKEN ZIE RED S! UIRR EL

Effect of babitat on beba uior

u um S u 2 d D ring the s mer the Red q irrels (fig . ) in the Win y River

e and u area seem to be strangely Sil nt secretive creat res , in marked contrast

to the sn ickering and scolding individuals of the Athabaska region . M anning comments likewise on the non - vociferous behavior

of the species in northern M anitoba and so uthern Keewatin . Here it

seems to be almost more of a gro un d sq u irrel than a tree sq uirrel . The stunted spruce and tamarack trees offer it little secu rity in the way of

- vantage points from whi ch to h url defiance or derision at an intruder .

M m u and b oreover , any of the Spr ces grow so sparsely , their ranches

t u c d c m are so short , tha the sq irrel la ks goo fa ilities for leaping fro one u m m u d tree to another . Conseq ently , for the ost part it see s to go n er

ground at the appearance of danger and to maintain Silence there . In spruce tracts where snows of autumn revealed tracks of a considerable um u m m n ber of sq irrels , few of the ani als the selves were either seen or

d umm b m d du hear in the entire s er . In their ehavior ost of the in ivi als appeared the very antithesis of their confiding co usins of the Athabaska

region . ’ 3 u S m ak m At the falls on Red River , miles so thwest of i ons L e , so e

u u 2 d . white spr ces , p to feet in iameter , grow on an esker This is the o uc finest , tallest , and perhaps the most extensive gr wth of white spr e ‘ O b I met with in the entire area where I spent the season . Here , on cto er

20 u Red S u d b d u , a co ple of q irrels attracte me y their scol ing and r bber d mb d and oll squeaking . They perched on the li s overhea were not at

20 N ER T F N M A O SAS PUBLS . US . N T H ST U IV SI Y KA , . I .

l use was a our We had no ink ing of the it m king of cabin until J uly 24 .

u 2 2 u when a blind and naked baby sq irrel (pl . , fig . ) was fo nd on the floor ! It had fallen from a nest between the rafter poles and the roo fing u paper abo ve . When I thr st my fingers between the poles th ere was a ’ u a u was chirr p of larm or protest from the ad lt . The baby s weight

. u 80 2 grams The total length is ro ghly mm . ; tail , 3; foot , The eyes and ears are closed ; the umbilical cord is still present ; and the V mm claws are developed . ibrissae are 3 . in length ; there are a few b other and Shorter hairs on the chin and a ove and beneath the eyes . ’ The date Of birth m ust have been six or seven weeks later than Preble s f m M O S . record a litter at Fort i pson , ackenzie It was not until August 4 that we undertook to investigate the m nest , only to find it e pty . The mother had evidently removed the

u m - u 4 other yo ng ones in the meanti e . There was a passage way abo t feet t m u in leng h fro the pper edge of the roof to the nest . The nest material was sphagnum moss ( used for chinking the rafter poles ) and caribou hair b d d m (proba ly erive fro hides covering the Outer wall of the cabin ) . e m When we climb d on the roof , the other called from the neighboring u spr ce thicket , and soon appeared on the roof, where it allowed me to u m film it at close range . The worn spots in its pelage abo t the ma mae

the u were plainly Visible . Probably yo ng ones had been shifted only a short distance to some other place on this or a neighboring roof . After m u S m 1 that date, however , y notes record a sq irrel only twice ( epte ber 0 an u a and 3 ) on y of the b ildings at camp . App rently one incentive for invading the camp was the occasional chance to make off with some M u of the provisions stored there . ost of the local spr ces are perhaps m too s all to be su itable for the location of nests . I have no record of

u m e seeing a tree nest there , altho gh so e were r ported by Charles

S Sc . chweder and Fred hweder , Jr It was apparently for the sake of u u m a more s itable Site that the animal took p its abode with its ene y , man .

H abitat

On u u 9 Sc A g st , while Charles hweder was walking along the top of the ridge above camp with a screeching young Pigeon Hawk in d S u ed u d han , I saw a Red q irrel (evidently attract by the so n ) poking its nose out among the uppermost dwarf birches on the Slope and even u advancing a foo t or two into the open Barrens . It was the first ad lt m u u . I had seen thereabo ts , except the one freq enting the ca p Twice in August I made a special hunt for Red Squirrels in the

- u u 1 953 z 7 . extensive spr ce tract west of Fo r hill Creek (Harper, , fig HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN

‘ su osed to but where they were pp be common , I obtained no sight or u E u c so nd of any . vent ally I prepared ten spe imens (nine males , one

u u 24 Of ix . S female) in addition to the yo ngster of J ly these , were

u S r. M S sec red by Fred chweder , J, one by ike chweder , and one by Alakahaw E d u u 27 , a visiting skimo ; the dates extende from A g st to m 4 u a u s u Nove ber . All were fo nd mong spr ce , whether in m skegs or

u 2 the u on plands , and at no greater distance than miles from mo th of Windy River . Charles Schweder also reported Red Squirrels in bush country 20 wn r D u a t a e . has u b . S h miles so th of L ke Fred chw der , J, noticed t em on u a E a both Sides of the pper K zan River below nnadai L ke, where there is less forest growth than along Windy River .

Tracer and trailr

u u S The tracks revealed by the a t mn snows , from eptember on , left no

u to bu a u w as do bt as the comparative a ndance of the Species , ltho gh it r still only occasionally that I obtained a glimpse or hea d the chattering . Its secretiveness assuredly enables it to elude observation in a t e

u u u a markable manner . In the Spr ce m skegs one finds sq irrel trails le ding um — an from tree to tree , on beds of sphagn and in the snow evidence of dearth of opport unities for progress by means of leaps among the

S r. overhead branches . According to Fred chweder , J, the animals do not m but u u . stir abroad in stormy winter weather , re ain ndergro nd

Food In early September I found a couple of mushrooms stored by a Red Squirrel abo ut 4 feet up in a sm all black sp ruce at the edge of a mu u u u skeg . In contrast to the h ge and ab ndant piles of spr ce cone fragments that one finds in the Athabaska region , I noticed here only m was a few s all piles . Charles Schweder remarked in October that this m the ti e of year when the squirrels are busy storing spruce cones . He _

cut - n u has seen them off the cone laden tops or bra ches of spr ces , drop

u r t . them to the gro nd , descend themselves , and car y off the boo y He

r u S u ac has also seen them car ying m shroo ms . A Red q irrel once c hed 1 5 ut some bones in a tent of his on Goose River, miles so h of the

u d S r . a u s pper Kazan River . Fre chweder , J, occ sionally sec res the e animals in his fox traps placed by caribo u carcasses in or near timber .

Several came to Schuyler traps baited with caribou meat .

Enemier

’ M a a In the absence of the arten , possibly Richardson s We sel is a h as an leading enemy of the species in th e Windy River are . It 2 2 N ER T O F N F EL M US N AT T U IV SI Y KA SAS U S . , . . HIS .

d d M Fox a vantage over the larger pre ators ( ink , Wolverine , , Wol f ) in b Red S u u d u b ‘ eing able to follow the q irrel into its n ergro nd urrow . I have recorded elsewhere ( 1 953 z 66) th e capt u re of one of these sq u irrels b S Owl ice y a nowy on the of Little River .

Economicr

m fur m and u O The Skins fetch a s all price in the arket , th s ffer an incentive to trapping on the part of a boy .

M earurementr

On b of m u m t and t of th e m d o f t the asis eas re en s weigh s ani als , egree too h a c d the u u the u and and of the we r , on ition of s t res in sk ll , size position testes , seven of the nine males collected from August 27 to November 4 were young T u in . t u m c of the year here was a general , ho gh not altogether nifor , in rease m u m an d du d d c c u u eas re ents weights ring this perio . Arrange hronologi ally ( A g st 27 S mb 5 1 3 1 4 and 30 Oc b 1 1 and mb t : , epte er , , , , to er , Nove er hey were 279 30 3 314 31 6 30 3 325 30 1 1 20 1 28 1 38 1 34 1 27 14 1 1 26 length , , , , , , , ; tail , , , , , , , ; t 52 51 50 50 52 49 17 1 6 18 20 1 8 1 7 5 x 25 foo , , , , , , ; ear, , , , , , ; testes , , X X X X 5 3 6 2 . 5 5 3 5 3 mm . , , , , ; weight , m In d dua x c b the t gra s . al l these in ivi ls e ept possi ly las mb the t d c d d T d dua m u d and (Nove er tes es were not es en e . his in ivi l eas re d d a a it h ad b weighe consi er bly less than the average of the series . Perh ps een b c d b t a the c m orn onsi era ly later h n others ; however , we know as yet o paratively little about dates of litters and the n umber of litters per year in the far N orth . With the foregoing we may compare the meas urements and weights of an adu f m Oc b 5 and tw o du ma s b t Oc b t 319 lt e ale ( to er ) a lt le ( o h to er leng h , ,

333 312 t 1 29 1 38 1 23 f 50 52 50 mm . , ; ail , , , ; oot , , , ; ear , ; weight , m T m u m of t and t a a a gra s . hese eas re ents leng h ail ver ge

f m f b reblei f m th e Mac c . tri le s aller than those o a series of T. . p ro kenzie Valley ( f ma and t . . In the m the u t u A H Howell , fe ale er s was s ll eigh m mm h and 8 X 4 d c d d a ae were evident . T e testes of th e males were ( es en e

c c . M t the c m u d to a e sex in ea h ase ) os of spe i ens , witho t regar g or , were slightly fat . M olt

u m d m h u u 27 Among the yo nger ales , the hi e was pri e in t ree , A g st to September 1 3 ; in one of September 14 it was a little u nprime on the c b u S m 0 u m t u hest and a o t a foreleg ; epte ber 3 , npri e be ween the sho lders and u O e 1 1 u u m mb 4 on lower back and r mp ; ctob r , dors m npri e ; Nove er , u and generally nprime except on chin , sides of neck , chest , abdomen , l O d u . u 5 lower back In the ad t female of ctober , the ors m (except

o u and m . cr wn ) was nprime , Sharply demarked from the pri e venter u O 1 2 d u m d In one of the ad lt males of ctober , the hi e was npri e on si es of head and neck and on most of the venter from the chest rearward ;

o u u and in the other, it was m stly nprime, except on throat , chest , r mp , ‘ m inner Side of limbs . These data indicate that olt is in progress in

- m both you ng and Old from mid September to early Nove ber . H AR P ER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KE EWATIN 2 3

Coloration

The following color description is based upon th e two adu lt males

u m d m d m j st entione , which have not co plete the olt to winter pelage ti u u m u m d b p of sno t Light B ff to War B ff , with a e ian lackish stripe ;

Of m x u top of head , in front ears , i ed Light B ff and blackish ; Sides of h u h a ead gray to b ffy , mixed with less blackish t an on top of he d ; ears

W u Oc u - u u arm B ff to hraceo s Tawny, mixed with blackish , on o ter s rface , u u m d m um Warm B ff on in ner s rface ; edian orsal area , fro crown to r p , Cinnamon - Rufo us ; sides of bo dy a mi x ture of Light Bu ff to Warm B uff

m but m x u b and blackish ; lateral line si ilar , with a stronger i t re of lackish , a nd d d b d b rather faintly in icate ; tail a ove Tawny , bor ered with lack and

u u b l Warm B ff , the latter alone forming the o ter fringe ; tai l e ow a m x u u b d d u u d i t re of Light B ff and lackish , bor ere like pper s rface ; han s and feet Cinnamon - B uff to Ochraceo us - B uff ; u n derparts Light B uff to

f r u m x u d u . whitish , the grayish n er Showi ng thro gh to so e e tent Two s ubadult males (A ugust 27 and September 5) correspond ’ 1 6 z l 4 umm fairly well to A . H . Howell s description ( 93 3 ) of the s er ” l i u b . reb e u T. pelage of p , except that his nder parts and sides sho ld u u m th e ud read pper parts and Sides f rther ore , tail ( incl ing an in ner m b fringe of black ) closely rese bles the winter pelage , as descri ed in d the prece ing paragraph . The Windy River pop ulatio n is apparently intermediate between

T lo bud o icur E m u H ud . . r n t S ( rxleben ) (type locali y , o th of evern River ,

T b l i u e reb e b t . son Bay) and . . p Howell , perhaps n arer to the latter

Ectoparar/ter From each of eight Specimens ( A ug ust 2 7 to November from

rcla ea n O o r caedenr d c d . O e one to ten fleas , p (Jor an ) , were ollecte of

S 5 d d m Eulaaem o a rnarur a ni bulanr them ( eptember ) also yiel e a ite , g

(Thorell ) .

D irtribution

b - /J r lei M T. . eb u In the Atha aska ackenzie region (where p occ rs) ,

. b Red S u m u u Pre le records the q i rrel fro n mero s localities , u u t incl ding the co ntry be ween Fort Rae and Great Bear Lake , and also d S m Fort An erson . Preble and eton record a speci en from

end d 1 1 : 1 1 u the eastern of Great Slave Lake . An erson ( 9 3 5 ) fo nd the d m species on Peel and Dease rivers . I have recor s fro the Tazin and Taltson rivers ; Clarke recorded the species at

Artillery Lake .

loud onicur 1 0 2 14 b . r In M anitoba (the domain of T. ) Preble ( 9 5) records the Red Squ irrel throughout the region between Lake Winnipeg 24 N ER T OF N P UB LS M N A . US . T HIST . U IV SI Y KA SAS , . and the Vicinity of York Factory ; also a few miles up the Churchi ll

River above its mouth . Anderson includes in the range of ” budronicur the forested areas draining into H udson Bay in southeastern M u ackenzie and so thern Keewatin districts ; northern , central , and eastern M anitoba he adds that it intergrades with preblei in northern Saskatch e

u h S u th e d wan . B c anan records the Red q irrel in Rein eer 1 4 M m a . 9 5 but L ke area In anning saw none of the ani als , d S d M M noted foo remains at an hill Lake , anitoba , and alaher Lake ,

Keewatin .

Cas tor ca nadens is canadens is Kuhl CAN ADIAN B EAVER The country about the northwestern extremity of N ueltin Lake ’ appears to constitute the northern limit of the Beaver s range in this a S d longitude . I owe to Ch rles chwe er nearly all of the local information d b u 1 4 m ld u obtaine . A o t 9 5 he saw one of the animals and so e O c ttings b u 6 b m u u 3 1 47 on Little River a o t miles a ove its o th ; on J ly , 9 , he m u d again saw one in the sa e locality. The species also occ rs on Win y ’ and Red rivers a couple of miles above Simons L ake ; there Charles u l saw two old and three yo ng ones , and Shot one of the anima s . He also reported a case of a Beaver in this vicini ty digging into a snowdrift on top of the ice and bringing in grass for the constructio n of a nest . ma bu d In these localities the ani ls live in the banks , and il neither d lodges nor ams .

“ Charles and his brother Fred have noted a number of lodges at Moray Lake but not elsewh ere along the winter road from N ueltin to

d a u u end Rein eer l kes . Joe Highway reports the species abo t the so th

N ueltin Putah ow m b u 1 5 m s of Lake , at Lake , and at a s all lake a o t ile west of the last . Preble reports th e Beaver at various places in M anitoba : O u and d o xford Ho se , between Pine Win y lakes , York Factory , l wer

u S . u Ch rchill River , North Knife River , and eal River B chanan d d ud repo rts dams north of Rein eer Lake . An erson incl es M northern M an itoba and northern Saskatchewan in the range . anning M a has a record from Neck Lake , anitoba . In the Ath baska M ackenzie region Preble presents records from various

c ud n du n localities , in l ing Fo d Lac on Lake Athabaska , the easter part of

S e and . Great lave Lake , Great Bear Lak , Anderson and Lockhart rivers Anderson ( 1 91 3 5514) ex tends the known range to the M ackenzie Delta m and the mouth of Peel River . The species has been recorded fro the m u u Tazin River (Harper, and fro the pper Taltson and pper S d E now rift rivers and ileen Lake (Clarke , HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

D icros tony x g roenla ndicus rich ards oni M erriam ’ RICHARDSON S VAR YIN G LE M M IN G

Fluctuation in numberr

1 47 For this species , in the Windy River area , 9 was evidently an ” ff u m O . year D ring the entire season I trapped only three speci ens ,

d r u d S . E while Fre chwe er , J, fo nd one dead in November . ven in the b m u est years , as far as I learned , there is no ass occ rrence of the species in this area .

H abitatr

The first two specimens (J une 26 an d J uly 3) were caught at the

r d bo S u no th end of a se ge g ( Bear lo gh) , a mile northwest of the n 4 w u O e . as . 3 mo th of Windy River (figs , ) in a cavity on the top 20 u . 3 . ou of a large dry mo nd (pl , fig the other , ab t feet away ,

a u a was in low part of the bog , where there were a co ple of dozen gr ss or sedge nests of the past winter (probably of this Species rather than

M icrotu u u 1 of r) . The third specimen (A g st 8 ) was taken on top of u a gravelly ridge at the mo uth of Windy River . The fo rth specimen (abo ut November 18 ) was fo und dead on the ice of a l ake on Goose u 1 E v o 5 . e e River , ab t miles east of the northeast end of nnadai Lake The g

— ' R c d r mm du m . . a Fi . 3. g i har son s Va ying Le ing , a lt fe ale (orig no ( ) X X d X 1 d R f 1 b ca 1 c . pro ile ( ) ; ( ) s ts ( ) ; ( ) sole of left hin foot ( ) Win y iver,

u 26 1 947 . J ne , tation about the places where the first three were captured incl uded

: u — Ledum decumbenr the following species trees and shr bs dwarf birch , ,

i u a cinium r itir-idaea minur Picea mariana Em etrum n r m V c . p g , var , ,

i lix — Cladonia Vaccinium uli norum Sa s . u g , p ; gro nd plants and other

m Eri horum s S ba num and o . lichens , p g other osses , grass , p p The animals 26 N ER T O F N P UB L S M U N AT S . T . U IV SI Y KA SAS . , . HIS

c d b m dr d hose a wi e variety of ha itats , fro the tops of y, gravel ly ri ges d to sedge bogs . I gathere from the res idents that these Lemmings are

foiI nd m m m d perhaps ost co monly in low Barrens . They see to avoi the b t tim ered racts .

’ — m du m R r m a . 4 . . ma Fi c a d . 10 50 y g i h r son s Va ying Le ing , lt fe ale ( orig no ) stolog R u 2 1 4 d 6 . 9 7 . Win y iver , Jne

Tracer

' These Lemmings S how a distinct pen ch ant for traveling on top of

o u c and . the snow , either on the land or on the fr zen s rfa es of lakes rivers u u d but D ring the fall I fo n several sets of tracks , never , any indication

m h ad d t e - o . as to where the an i als emerge from , or entered , the sn w The m d d u d m tracks ay be rea ily isting ishe from those of ice . The footprints are large and evenly spaced ; those of one side are widely separated from those of the other (as might be ex pected in s uch a broad- bodied little d u animal) . The trail indicates stea y progression by walking or r n ning — 1 4 z 226 . 1 1 C . M u b. . 95 5 not leaping ( f rie, , fig )

d u u and u u m ue The broa , powerf l radi s lna , s ggesting the Si ilar str

u m d ub t re in the mole fa ily (Talpi ae) , are do tless indications of the ’ t Varying Lemming s fossorial abili y .

d r u c u d Sc . Fre hwe er , J, spoke as if it were a fairly freq ent o c rrence to find individuals running over the frozen lakes in winter as well as

d h ad x bo u over snow in boggy places on lan . He had this e perience a t

28 N ER T F N PUBLS M U N AT T O . S . U IV SI Y KA SAS , . HIS .

u u a and u u l u ter s was sm ll the vagina imperforate . A s bad lt fema e (abo t

u ru November in the whitish winter pelage , had a fairly small te s b and contained no em ryos .

M earurementr

“ The measurements and weights of these three females ( in chron u : 145 5 1 26 a 1 1 ological seq ence) were length , , 9 , ; t il , , (after 1 5 1 5 18 4 skinning) , ; foot , , ; ear , , weight , m . u ul u 3 u e : 1 16 gra s A s bad t male of J ly meas r d length , ; tail 10 o 1 7 a s u ; f ot , ; ear , testes , weight , gr m . It is diffic lt to secure ex act or uniform meas urements from such thickly furred little m ani als .

M olt

a : u 26 u Unprime are s were noted as follows J ne , top of sno t and u a um u 3 m some longit dinal stre ks on dors ; J ly , crown and nape ; Nove ber 1 m 8 u u d u . , streaks and spots more or less thro gho t , especially on ors th e c m u u 1 In spe i en of A g st 8 the hide was prime .

Coloration

du u 26 um um In the a lt female (J ne ) the dors , from crown to l bar

x u a u o region , is a mi t re of bl ckish , Arg s Br wn , and grayish white,

u O us - a changing on Sides , from sno t to hind limbs , to chraceo T wny (or Tawny above forelimbs ) ; hairs overlying ears Ochraceo us -Tawny ; median dorsal streak of blackish only obscurely indicated ; rump and area between and below eyes a mix ture of blackish and Cartridge Buff ; underparts varying from Warm Buff (posteriorly) through Ochraceous - Buff to

O h o u - u u c race s Tawny on lower throat ; pper s rface of hands , feet , and u tail Light B ff .

u du m l u du but The s ba lt a e (J ly 3) is similar to the a lt female , u d ul eou the pper parts are arker and d ler , with less brown or ochrac s , and the blackish median streak is more distinct ; underparts paler ; upper u s rface of hands and feet Hair Brown .

mm u u u 1 8 m u u The i at re female ( A g st ) is si ilar to the s bad lt male , but h b b u ex i its still less rown or ochraceo s , and the median blackish m d d u streak is still ore istinct , exten ing from the sno t onto the basal part of the tail ; upper s urface of fingers and toes D usky Neutral Gray ; upper

u u - u s rface of distal half of tail Ochraceo s B ff . In the subadult female (November) nearly the entire body is grayish u u u white , with a faint b ffy tinge ; pper s rface of distal half of tail

- m O u u . chraceo s B ff This speci en Shows , as a winter condition , the enlarged lower portions of the third and fourth claws of the forefeet . HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN

Ectoparariter Two of the specimens yielded vario us mites (La elapr alarbenrir u 26 c oron rrur s . Grant and Listrophoridae, hypopial stage , J ne ; y p and M oco ter murculinur u u 1 8 m fur. y p (Koch ) , A g st ) fro the body

D irtribution

d i bar o ct D . r c dr ni An erson restri s the range of . g to the Barren u d f m u t T and Gro n s ro Ch rchill north o avani Bay west to Artillery Lake . Within this territory Preble records specimens from Ch urchill and from camps 2 5 and 50 miles so uth of Eskimo Point ; and Preble and Seton from d 1 4 4 2 d u um Artillery Lake . Shelfor ( 9 3 z 7 ) is c sses variations in n bers at Churchill . Anderson and Rand ( 1945a z 304 ) list specimens from Kazan River and Thelon m Sa c u M c d c m f m M u d Ga e n t ary . anning re or s spe i ens ro alaher , Bo n ary , and c and N - K and u d Carr , Vi tory lakes Lake inety seven , eewatin ; G n erson , c d and a m h c R t e . Bre kenri ge , J rosz fro lower Ba k iver

’ Lemmur trimucronatur trimucronatur [ (Richardson ) . Back s Lem m u ing . No information was obtained as to the possible local occ rrence

ma u u u . of this species . It y not range q ite so far so th in this longit de Preble collected numero us specimens near the mouth Thlewiaz a of the River . Later he mentions specimens from and Point Lake , Great Bear Lake , Back Anderson rivers , and Boothia u S Penins la . Preble and eton have records from Artillery , m u S u Casba and Ayl er lakes . It is ab ndant on o thampton Su m b d Island ( tton and Ha ilton , Horn y consi ered D e erbol 1 z 6 it very scarce on the Thelon River . g ( 935 ) presents d u recor s from Baker Lake , Chesterfield Inlet , and Boothia Penins la ; e m - and and Clark fro Clinton Colden , Beverly , Baker lakes Kazan River ; Manning from the Rep ulse Bay district ; r a and Gavin from the Per y River district , King Willi m and d u Island , A elaide Pen ins la . Anderson gives its range , “ t u ou 6oth in par , as west of H dson Bay north of ab t parallel , to near

a S . eastern end of Gre t lave Lake , north to Baffin and Banks islands Manning took specimens at Victory and Twin lakes and

Christopher Island , Keewatin . ]

Cleth rionomys g apperi a th abas ca e ( Preble ) ATHABASKA RED - EACK ED M O US E

N umerical rtatur

This is evidently the most abundant mo use of th e Wi ndy River

b d b . area , and pro ably the one with the least restricte ha itat preferences Of 4 1 v m 40 m m m the preser ed speci ens , ca e fro within half a ile of the m m x u d m 2 m u . o th of Win y River ; the other , fro iles pstrea Appro imately 62 other individuals (practi cally all of the normal or red- backed phase) ’ were captured but discarded ; some of these were taken at Simons Lake . 0 N ER T O F N F E M US N AT T 3 . . . U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , HIS .

Habi/a/r

Th e appro x imate n umbers taken in vario us habitats were as follows : u d u h 3 1 u and m mu 20 lo plan spr ce t ick ets , ; spr ce ta arack skegs , ; g

bu d 17 d 1 4 u m il ings , ; gravelly ri ges in Barrens , ; river bl ffs ( ostly grown

h d b c 1 c b 2 2 3 3 o bo . w it warf ir h ) , ; wi llow thi kets , ; sedge g, ; peat g, Few in dividuals of the other local mice seem to enter the upland spruce

ma be d d as m d b thickets , which y regar e the ost favore ha itat of the

db c th e mu P/Jena com r an . d bu d Re a k It shares skegs with y , the il ings with

M i r u h mm m c ot r . It is evidently t e co on est ma mal of the dwarf birch lu umb u d thickets on the river b ffs . The n er taken in the camp b il ings is

c mb m noteworthy . The li ing ability of the Redback was de onstrated by

u u and the capt re of two on shelves i n a log storeho se , at heights of 3 h d m m feet , where t ere was evi ence of so e inor depredations on provisions . Some of the commoner elements in the vegetation within a few yards of the places of capture of the 4 1 preserved specimens were : trees

ub — d b c b c u accinium riitir- idae minur V a . and shr s warf ir h , la k spr ce , var .

Ledum decunz benr a/ix accinium uli inorunl Em etrum ni rum S . V . , spp , g , p g

edu e andi m Alnur A rctorta b /o al ina Cloa L m ro nl cu . r g tamarack , p y p ,

ae b l ul d — Clad onia m and m da ne ca c ata u . u p y ; gro n plants spp , sphagn

m c d c ch . Ra bur c/oamae other osses , tree li hens , se ges , grasses , ro k li ens

moru r .

Periodr of A ctivity m Oc d c d u c b . x casional evi en e of i rnal a tivity was o tained For e a ple , m m w and . on Septe ber 2 t o specimens were trapped between 9 am . 3 p Still more striking was the capture of nin e specimens in 1 9 traps between

mid- m n i - x e orn ing a d m d afternoon on October 8 . The ne t day the sam traps again contained nine specimens ( time of capture unk nown ) ; but

O b 1 0 and du on cto er , after rain w et snow ring the night , there were d only two specimens and pra ctically no tracks . Apparently the Re back

is rel uctant to stir abroad i n wet weather .

Searonal numberr

A comparatively low J uly po pulation was in dicated by my fail ure ’ u db 1 80 - m to sec re a singl e Re ack in trap n ights at Josie s Bay , fro the

1 1 th 1 th mid- u u m had c m 7 . to the By A g st , however , the ani als be o e um u b u m u d 32 m c n ero s a o t the o th of Win y River ; traps , set a ong thi kets

‘ c u d b c d db u u 1 7 and or l mps of warf ir h , yiel ed nine Re acks on A g st ,

S ix m da S c e ore on the following y. till larger proportionate atches wer

m d u Oc b 8 and 9 d c a e in a Spr ce tract on to er , as alrea y noted , when tra ks

in the snow in di cated where the traps co uld be set to advantage . HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

Tracer

At least the vast majority of the abundant mo use tracks on the u d u m d a utu plan s abo t ca p , as reveale in the e rly , light snows of a mn , m d S — m must have been ade by Re backs . ome perhaps ost of them

d b Of Perom rcur but i ndicate progress y leaping , in the manner y , with shorter leaps than the latter usually takes . The paired prints of the hind feet were a little in advance of those of the forefeet , and wider M m apart . erria nevertheless , reports the gait of the Redback d m of the A irondacks as a fast trot , not leaps ; and that is my own i pression

u . of s ch Redbacks as I have seen abroad Accordingly , my identification C M u u . of the tracks sho ld be regarded as no more than provisional ( f rie , — 1 54 : 2 1 220 . 9 9 , fig When the snow became deeper , the tracks u b u were m ch fewer ; the mice , for the most part , proba ly were b rrowing d th ro ugh the snow along the surface of the grou n .

Food

A specimen of J une 20 had in its stomach what may have been

Sphagnum moss and a pink berry (possibly a mo untain cranberry) .

M u - u m a o se gnawed m shroo s were i n evidence along a ridge near c mp, d and a trap set on one of them yielded a Re back . These mice came d m d d b u . rea ily to traps baite with cornbrea , pecan , and cari o eat and fat

Ectoparariter The yield from abo ut 30 of the Specimens consisted of 14 species m tw u o a . of ites , two species of s cking lice , and species of fle s Acarina H aemogamarur alareenrir Ewing (J une 19 Eubaemogamarur ambu lau - r u 22 u u 29 3 1 O c oron rrur s . (Thorell ) (J ly , A g st , ctober y p

u u 1 7 - 3 1 S Li on ssinae u 2 5 O (A g st , eptember p y (nymph ) (J ly , ctober 4 Laelapr alaré enrir Grant (October 4 H aemolaelapr mega uen tralir Strandtmann u S cutacarur s u P me borur ( ) ( J ne p. (J ne yg p

- s . S b 1 4 24 T deur u 14 Er tbraeur O s . p ( eptem er , ctober y p (J ne y s u u l loa p. (A g st G ycyp gur cadaverum (Schrank ) ( September Gl c ba u S u y yp g r sp. ( eptember Listrophoridae (hypopial stage) (J ly

2 S m 2 - 2 - m i /o ru u 5 3 6 O 4 26 b L rtro o r s . , epte ber , ctober , Nove er p p (J ne

14 - 20 u u 1 7 M oco ter nz urculinur u u 18 , A g st y p (Koch) ( A g st

u : H o lo leura acantbo ur u m u 20 u 2 3- 25 Anopl ra p p p (B r eister) (J ne , J ly ,

u u 1 7 - 31 S m 2 - 24 O 4 Pol lax abrcira h A g st , epte ber 3 , ctober yp Fa ren

u 20 u u S : M alaraeur enicilli er dirrimilir holz (J ne , A g st iphonaptera p g Jordan (September 24 ) M egabotbrir quirini (Rothschild ) (September

Injury; patbology u m mu In an ad lt fe ale of August 29 (fig . 5) the left fe r Showed

an Old al ctu o at . , he ed fra re, with two parts of the b ne joining an angle 32 N ER T OF N PUBLS . M US . AT . T . U IV SI Y KA SAS , N HIS

Between J uly 2 5 and September 2 s ix specimens were observed to exhibit an apparently pathological condition on the inner surface of th e a u c u skin , p rtic larly on the lower ba k or r mp . These areas were discolored as if by distended or broken blood vessels . A similar condition

Pbenac m was noted in o yr (q.

d u u u u t In skinning the local Re backs , I experienced n s al diffic l y in u u u d slipping the tail vertebrae o t of the skin . Freq ently they p lle apart f u mu m necessitating a slitting O the tai l . This diffic lty was ch ore pro

n m c m nou ced in J une speci ens than in fall Spe i ens .

F — - ma t b R d d M u a d f ma . . s ig . 5. A ha aska e backe o se : ( ) a u lt e le (orig no Of to lo 1 4 b . u u 29 9 7 ub du m . gy A g st , ; ( ) s a lt fe ale (orig no sole d t X 1 1 4 d R Oc b . . 3 9 7 left hin foo ( to er , Win y iver

Reproduction E — b d Ob d : u 1 1 u 7 mm . m ryological ata were taine as fol lows J ne , fo r

u - mm - mm ub du 1 1 . 20 14 . u u 7 7 embryos ; J ne , six ; A g st , s ix ( in s a lt

- - - a d mm 2 mm u 1 six 1 2 mm . n 9 . u u 9 5 . u 3 female) seven ; A g st , five ; A g st ,

- m 1 1 . m 1 S b 4 b u . and seven mm ; epte er , a o t five placental scars No ore embryos were foun d thereafter in the adult and subadult females taken u b 4 um d w u u p to Novem er . In this area s mer practically en s ith A g st ; and the breeding of the Redback apparently ceases at nearly th e same

u m . time . The n mber of ma mae was noted as eight

' u m m u 14 u 2 5 testes varied m In ad lt ales , fro J ne to J ly , fro m 1 7 mm . 5 . O 3 X to ; on ctober 9 (two specimens ) , fro to HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

mm u du m u u m . 29 b 6 In s ba lt males , fro A g st to Nove er , the size varied 2 1 mm from 3 X 2 to X . 75 .

La teral glandr Such glands on the inside of the skin were noted in five adul t males (J une 14 to J uly the two largest areas measured were and mm adu m u e 20 x . An lt fe ale of J n also e hibited dark lateral

u u c glands , with the s al lear space in the center .

Coloration

At least fo ur distinctive color phases are represented among the u d local pop lation . The following escription of what may be termed the normal or red- backed (and commonest) phase is based upon seven du m u 14 20 u 20 22 25 O um a lt ales (J ne , ; J ly , , ; ctober dors , from

um b u and u m d crown to r p , etween Chestn t R sset , inter ixe with blackish hairs ; this color ending rather abruptly at a point more or less midway between eyes an d ears ; sides and lower rump between Cinnamon - Buff and Deep Olive - B uff ; face a little grayer ; underparts whitish to Cartridge

u - O B ff , the basal part of the hairs bei ng slaty ; tail Tawny live to Cinna mon - u O - u m O B ff or Deep live B ff ( ixed with blackish) above, Deep live

u d and - u du B ff below ; han s feet Pale Olive B ff . A lt females are essentially

u u and du u . l ike ad lt males , while j veniles are darker ller than ad lts These m m bud iu d b C . . ron r speci ens are apprecia ly different fro g An erson , as represented by specimens collected by Preble in 1900 along the route

b tw r M u . u . S e een No way Ho se and York Factory , anitoba (Biol rveys Coll )

x m m u for e a ple , the face and the sides in these see grayer , less b ffy, than

budroniu m d C . . in r . They Show so e slight ifferences from material of g atbabarcae u u u and u (s ch as lighter pper s rface to tail feet , and less b ffy

‘ s ides) ; but these are scarcely sufficient to warrant nomenclatural recogni tion . Two s ubadult males ( September 2 ; October 26) are distinctly b u ma d ru ercent righter than any ad lts , and y be regar ed as representing a f

: b u phase dorsal coloration varia le , approaching Chestn t ; ears bright

and um c - O ; tawny ; facial area , Sides , lower r p approa hing Tawny live under parts washed with Pale Pinkish Buff ; tail a mixture of blackish and - O b - u b d and Tawny live a ove , Cin namon B ff elow ; han s feet Pale

- - m u m Olive Buff to Citrine Drab. The eas rements of these two ales were

1 26 1 22 1 9 18 , length , , ; tail , foot , , ; ear , testes 1 ex er . 953 weight , g ( In I had a Similar p

ro/our ience with certain s ubadults of C . g . p in the interior of the Ungava

‘ ’ u m dd Penins la . They were of a ore intensely re ish coloration than any

‘ ’ - u d u - of the normal red backed adults . Fail re to fin eq ally bright colored 4 N ER T OF N UE M N AT 3 F . US . . T . U IV SI Y KA SAS LS , HIS

adults in either Keewatin or Ungava s uggests that this is only a subad ult pelage which passes into a normal Ted- backed pelage as the animals

u u t and - reach f ll mat ri y . Research by Bee Hall 1 24 ) on C . rutilur dawroni in Alaska i ndicates that this transition is accomplished without molt . ) A gray phase is represented by one adult female ( October 4 ) and ub u t O 25 and d three s ad l females ( ctober 9, , orsal coloration less

d and u and r m sharply define than in normal r fescent phases , va ying fro u u M u m d F sco s to Dark o se Gray ( ixe with light hairs ) ; facial area , and u O u d sides , lower r mp Light Grayish live ; n erparts washed with Olive - Buff or Pale Olive - Buff ; chin white in two specimens ; hands and

- b m m O . u feet Citrine Dra to Dark live Two other speci ens (an ad lt fe ale ,

S 14 u u Se 26 e eptember , and a s bad lt male, ptember ) are essentially lik but d h M ou these, with orsal coloration darker (Blackis s e Gray) and more d d S m in u d istinctly efined ; chin white . peci ens the gray phase constit te

6 c c c approximately per cent of the total at h of the spe ies . A subadult female (October 1 1 ) is a Single representative Of a rlat : M u d y phase dorsal coloration solid glossy Blackish o se Gray , Sha ing grad ually through Chaetura Drab on sides to Deep Mo use Gray on venter ; chin white ; hands and feet Ch aet ura Drab; tail Blackish M ouse

m x m Gray above, Hair Brown below . This is the ost e tre e melanistic form in the series . A j uvenal female of A ugust 1 8 ex hibits a bit of aberrant co loration i n the shape of a white frontal spot .

at/oabarcae 1 0 1 8 - 1 80 u C . . b 8 : 7 In his original acco nt of g , Pre le ( 9 ) m m - b d entions , in addition to the nor al red acke phase , only a slaty or d gray phase (with a orsal stripe of slaty brown ) , the latter phase representing less than 1 0 per cent of the specimens taken .

M olt

d : u 1 1 and Unprime areas were note as follows J ne , lower throat

d u 14 X - d um chest and behin ears ; J ne , large shape area on dors , also

d u 1 u b d u 20 and left si e of throat ; J ne 9, speckling aro nd o y ; J ne , chest d u u 1 7 u u d lower posterior si es ; A g st , thro gho t except on throat and behin u u 1 7 um u u 1 8 d um ears ; A g st , dark specks on dors ; A g st , entire ors ; u u 2 d um u u 31 d um u u 31 m A g st 9, entire ors ; A g st , half of ors ; A g st , s all

um and S 2 two m areas on r p below ears ; eptember ( speci ens ) , black specks

l S mb 14 u x S m 23 on ower back ; epte er , dors m e cept crown ; epte ber ,

and S m 24 and u n crown nape ; epte ber , crown , nape , scap lar regio ; S 26 um O 4 u and O eptember , dors ; ctober , dors m specks on venter ; ctober a u u O 9 dd d um ; O b 9, stre ks thro gho t ; ctober , mi le and posterior ors cto er

6 N ER T OF N F E M U N AT 3 . S . . T . U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , HIS

topotypes recorded by Preble and A . B . Howell Sm M c Of from Fort ith , a kenzie, this seems to be the largest series mackenz ii o um One r kn wn from a circ scribed area . specimen was prese ved two m 1 5 tu as a skeleton , and in for aldehyde ; the remaining are s dy Of . u u 1 O skins the whole series , nine are ad lt (J ne 9 to ctober five immature (August 2 1 to and four subad ult (September 26 to O S ctober ince the above was written , a far greater series has been d m u recorde fro Ch rchill (Foster ,

Ecology Half of the 18 specimens were obtained in fairly open bogs on mounds or tussocks grown with small black spruces ; three in more typical muskegs with a thicker and taller growth of spruce and tamarack ; ’ five in an open peat bog at Simons Lake ; and one in scrubby growth ’ d Su u on a dry ri ge at Josie s Bay . ch a large proportion were fo nd in spruce-grown muskegs or muskeglike areas as to perhaps warrant “ bestowing the name of Spruce Mo use on the species . Until recent years a generally recognized common name seems to have been lacking . The commoner elements in the vegetation noted within a few yards Of the places of capture are the following (listed in the approx imate order of bu d c : — b u m a n an e in each of three categories ) trees lack spr ce , ta arack ;

— Ledu de u ac i ium uitir- idaea minur u m c mbenr d c V c n . shr bs , warf bir h , var ,

Ledum roenlandicum Em etrum Vaccinium uli inorum Rubur willow , g , p , g , c/Jamaemorur u d — S ba num Cladonia and ; gro n plants p g , other lichens ,

d r o /o l a m m A ct rta or al in u . se ge , grass , p y p , shroo s Three specimens were taken at entrances to cavities in a dry moun d

out S u . 3 . u rising of Bear lo gh (pl , fig It is three or fo r feet in height and u 0 1 u d u ro ghly 3 by 5 feet in extent . Its interior wo l f rnish a fairly dr m u b d b y ho e . At vario s openings near its ase there were consi era le

umu d — m old and k m acc lations of roppings so e blac , so e fresh and green

Ob u su est ' th at ish . servations by Foster at Ch rchill gg these

Pbenac m r were deposited by o y .

Food

m 1 6a h ad m u A speci en of J une 9 (fig . ) in its o th half a leaf of m u and m c mm u d m o ntain cranberry so e o in te green atter , perhaps of the m d m S mb 4 h ad sa e foo plant . Another speci en , of epte er , likewise a

u m u du u 2 6b and mo ntain cranberry leaf in its o th . An a lt of J ne 3 ( fig ) two immature individuals of August 2 1 h ad a little green matter in the m u S m mu m ub u d o th . o e large brown shroo s growing on scr by mo n s in a bog h ad been gnawed by small rodents in August ; and the principal ‘ HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F K EEWATIN

Pbenacom species taken in close proximity to these gnawings was yr .

c ul 1 4 d b u 4 1 The intestine of a spe imen of J y containe a o t scats .

Ectoparariter Thirteen of the specimens were infested with mites (Acarina) H aemogamarur alaré enrir Ewing (August 2 1 Laelapr alaré enrir

u 2 3 u 3- 1 2 u u 2 1 - 2 3 O 1 6 Grant (J ne , J ly , A g st , ctober Listrophoridae

u 1 u 3- 1 4 u u 22 O 1 8 (hypopial stage) (J n e 9, J ly , A g st , ctober

i tr /Joru u 2 u u 2 1 - 2 3 S m u L r o r s . 3 p p (J ne , A g st , epte ber Fo r of the same specimens also harbored Sucking lice (Anoplura) : Polyplax abrcira Fahrenholz ( August 2 1 As many as three species of mites and one species of louse were found on a single specimen .

— M Fi . 6 . c S uc M u : a adu m g a kenzie pr e o se ( ) lt ale ( orig . no . profile X 1 u 19 1 947 b du m d ( ) , J ne , ; ( ) a lt fe ale (orig . no . sole of left hin t X 2 and c c X 2 4 u d R . ( 23 19 7 . foo ) ( ) s ats ( ) , J ne , Win y iver

Pat/oology Some of the specimens of Pbenaconz yr and other mice taken in s ummer seemed to have a pathological condition ; there was a reddish

discoloration on the inside of the skin . The areas were discolored by the

umu b d and m d Pbenacom r acc lation of loo were s all . They were note in y m u 1 2 S b 4 fro J ly to eptem er .

Reproduction

Em c d - mm m u : u 2 . 3 bryologi al ata were J ne 3, six 3 e bryos ; J ly , five

1 - mm m 5 . u 14 u u S e bryos ; J ly , ter s swollen , five placental scars ; eptember 4 u u u u u 2 1 , ter s swollen , fo r placental scars . All the other females ( A g st O b m u u a u to cto er varying in age from i mat re to ad lt , had sm ll teri 8 N ER T OF N P BL M N AT 3 U S . US . . T . U IV SI Y KA SAS , HIS

nd mb a . u me d no e ryos These data , in connection with the age gro ps ntione u but in the first paragraph , might s ggest that there is one litter per year l u . c S mb in this area , born in early J y However, the placental s ars of epte er 4 u u . indicate that there may be a second litter in A g st In the latter case , ub ul S 26 1 1 mm 8 . the s ad t of eptember (length , ; weight , g . ) may

and O 1 6 20 have represented the first litter , those of ctober to (lengths ,

1 1 - 1 2 d 7 9 . . mm ; weights , the secon litter

— M M u u du m . ma Fi . 7 . c S uc : b a g a kenzie pr e o se s a lt fe le ( orig . no stology d R mb 4 4 S t 19 7 . Win y iver, ep e er ,

E m u m u 1 4 S mb 4 ight mam ae were noted in ad lt fe ales on J ly , epte er

1 6 w du c m O . as ( fig . and ctober The vagina perforate in a lt spe i en s of J une 23 (containing embryos ) and J uly 14 ( contain ing placental m u m u u 2 2 and 23 scars ) . It was imperforate in i mat re speci ens of A g st ,

u adu O b 1 6 20 and du Oc 1 6 in s b lts of cto er and , in an a lt of tober ( no b u u u 1 and 2 em ryos) . The testes of ad lt males meas red (J ne 9 3)

8 X 5. 5 u tu u u and (J ly of an imma re male , (A g st of u ul S b 26 O b 1 6 s bad t males , ( eptem er ) and ( cto er )

M olt

: ub u m S b 26 Unprime areas were noted as follows s ad lt ale , eptem er , d um u Oc o 1 6 m ors , except crown and nape ; ad lt female , t ber , s all spots u u u du O b thro gho t , except on crown , throat , and chest ; s ba lt female , cto er 16 un m dd Of , mostly prime except on crown , nape , throat , li bs , mi le u u u u O b 20 d um and r mp , and b ttocks ; s bad lt female , cto er , entire ors HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN 39

d e d u d streaks on si es and venter . Th se ata f rnish efinite evidence of a

m and c . m . 1 z S e O . 6 9 z 6 . olt in epte b r ctober ( f A B Howell , ) Certain other dark areas on the inside of the skin were noted as follows : adult u 1 9 m d du m u 1 2 male , J ne , s all oval area on posterior right si e ; a lt ale , J ly , two b m ub u m O b dorsolateral areas etween ar s an d legs ; s ad lt ale , cto er

1 6 . ma , posterior flanks It appears likely that some or all of these y not

u m but c . . . l have represented npri e areas , hip glands ( f A B Howel ,

1 926 z 7 ) .

C/oaracterr

S u M u m h bu This pr ce o se is a lovely little ani al , with its rat er ro st b d and u fur u u air o y soft , fl ffy ; its ochraceo s sno t gives it a certain of

u mb and distinction . Yet there is s fficient rese lance between it the local plebeian Microtur to cause occasional confusion in offhan d identifications

u du d du . of the yo nger , ller i n ivi als In the present species the foot is

d and b shorter , the tail shorter , slen erer , more distinctly icolor , the ear

m m and c m h : longer and ore pro inent , the general oloration so ew at lighter

b - d d u the righter colore sno ut is iagnostic in the ad lt .

Coloration

In two adult males and two adult females (J une 1 9 to J uly 1 2 ) the

b O u - u and O u - facial area is etween chraceo s B ff chraceo s Tawny , not sharply

of u u b defined ; rest pper parts B ffy Brown , mixed with lackish hairs ; this

b d and color ecoming slightly paler on the si es , brightening toward Taw ny Olive on the rump (brighter i n some males than in females ) ; ears gen erally Ochraceo us - Tawny on inner s urface toward tip : un der parts b l u h whitish , the slaty asa part of the hairs showing thro g ; tail rather

b b b b- b sharply icolor , Blackish Brown a ove , Dra to Dra Gray elow ( not us ually becoming darker toward tip ) ; han ds and feet Light Drab. An adult female of October 1 6 (pres umably in w inter pelage) is paler

b O and but b um . a ove , near Grayish live , little righter on the r p J uven iles (August 2 1 to October 20 ) have only a faint indication

bu O b m x b of ffy on the facial area ; Brow n ish live a ove , i ed with lackish

and b m b um u c u b ; u d hairs , not eco ing righter on the r p ; tail F s o s a ove n er

d in u - b th e h parts arker than ad l ts , the slaty asal part of h airs s owing through more ex tensively ; otherwise colored much like adults .

M earurementr

m u 1 to Th e average and ex treme measurements of three adult ales ( J ne 9

u 1 2 and of du f m u 23 to O ct b 1 6 c : J ly ) five a lt e ales (J ne o er ) were , res pe tively t t 1 39 1 5 1 37 t 27 ( 30 , leng h , ( 3 ( ail , ( foo

17 ear 14 1 3 mm . ; , ( , ( ( weight a m Tw o t f m , gra s . of hese five e ales were pregn nt 40 N ER T OF N F E M U N AT T S . . U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS . , . HIS

n d nd m One mm tu m f a d weighe a gra s . i a re ale ( A ugust 2 1 ) and our mm u f m u u 2 1 to th 10 5 t 24 i at re e ales (A g st leng , ( ail , ,

24 f 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 mm t ( oot , ear, , ( ) . ; weigh , m Tw o ub du m mb 26 and Oc b gra s . s a lt ales (Septe er to er 1 6 and tw o ub du m Oc b 1 6 and 1 1 8 ) s a lt fe ales ( to er length , ( 1 19 1 1 7 26 24 f 18 1 8 ( tail , ( oot, (

ear 1 2 1 3 mm . , ( ( ; weight ,

m x u f . On d f c c . . . S gra s ( se al i eren es in ize, f A B Howel l ,

D irtribution

Ot c d of ub c c ud u c b 1 902 150 her re or s the present s spe ies in l e Ch r hill (Pre le, ; F F R u F m M c and St . x r and S oster, Lake Croi , o t esol tion , ort ith , a kenzie ,

u s t b r b 1 908 1 1 1 7 . . vario s point in nor hern Al e ta (Pre le, ; A B Howell , r kin ston a C ac e t b S tc . . g Point , Lake A h aska , aska hewan ( A B Howell , M K M a and F R c a d 1951 : alaher Lake, eewatin ( nning , ort elian e ( B nfiel , t c c a the u d t u Apparen ly it s ar ely r nges into Barren Gro n s proper , al ho gh in th e Windy River area it ventures out of the timber tracts into open bogs . Those who have recently taken up the name of Heather Vole for Pbena co myr seem to overlook the fact that heather ( Calluna uulga rir ) is a European under ub t has b c m u a d m c c a c t shr hat e o e nat r lize in A eri a in ert in pla es hat are largely , f m o c i t u th e r Pbena com r . If b t t not en irely , so th of ange of y possi ly hey ean onvey the d t c m to be uc d o f t i ea of a hea hlike pla e , there see s no s h efinition hea her in h d In n ma d t e c . a Pbena com r d m t an a i tionaries y event , y is pre o inan ly ni l of foreste

. ma a fi c and c um 1 5 1 6 . regions ( f p in H ll Co kr , 9 3 39 , g

Microtus penns ylvanicus drummondn ( A udubon and Bachman ) ’ DR U M M O N D S M EADOW M O US E This M eadow M o use is common in s uitable habitats in the Wi ndy Of 1 8 d m 1 6 m m River area . the preserve speci ens , ca e fro the Vicinity ’

m u d m m S m . of the o th of Win y River ; the re aining two , fro i ons Lak e

x m 2 d d d Appro i ately 7 other in ividuals were trapped and iscar ed .

Ecology

u m m u The general req ire ent , on the part of this o se , of a fairly dense cover of grasses or sedges restricts its local distribution to a con s idera l x b u m u d bu d b e e tent . A o t the o th of Win y River it was a n ant in a riverside meadow covered main ly with bl ue - j oint grass ( Calamagrortir canadenrir) ; thence it wandered frequently into the adj oining dooryard and bu d d u d com log il ings of the little tra ing post . It also occ rre fairly monl d b c u d y in the se ge ogs , where it o casional ly vent re on to the little u sphagno us mounds s upporting a growth of stunted black sp ruce . R nways were noted here and there in riverside meadows and i n sedge bogs . I also trapped this mouse on a river bl uff among dwarf birches and in ' m did d a thicket of willow and tall grass by a littl e strea . I not fin it on the o pen s ummits of the gravelly ridges in the Barrens nor in the HAR PE R : TH E M AM M ALS O F K EEWATIN

’ mm u upland spruce thickets . It was co on at the so thw est end of Simons

r b Poa al i ena d u . Lake , in beds of g ass (pro ably pg ) on a low san d ne

At the tim e of the break - up on J un e 14 the river flooded the m d m u but u d d u b ea ow near its o th , s bsi e in a few ho rs , pro ably with no u u u u great damage to the mo se pop lation , nless there were already yo ng

m u u m in the nests . A fe ale that so ght ref ge in the ca p dooryard at this

- mm m mid- mb 1 b . b 8 . time contained e ryos In Nove er the river , swollen y

u d m and an ice j am at its mo th , overflowe this entire eadow fastened

u u b M M an icy grip upon it . Th s it was r ined as a ha itat for the eadow ice m u u for the remainder of the winter . The ani als co ld have s rvived only

m u b u u m by a shift of q uarters to so e s itable ha itat ntil the following s m er . Two specimens were trapped in or beside the camp buildings at this du u d d u time . The indivi als that entered the camp b il ings evi ently ca sed comparatively little damage ; the provisions stored there were mostly on

/a and u d c b M icrotur Clet rionom r . shelves , th s not so rea ily rea hed y as by y

In the s ummer a n umber of individuals were Observed wandering

n S m 2 two abo ut the dooryard in the daylight ho urs . O epte ber were n m 2 d d nd m . b a . O S trappe in a se ge bog between 9 a . m . 3 p epte er 5 a

m u u bo u speci en was ca ght in a r nway in snow on top of ice in this g, j st as I h ad passed a few yards beyond the trap ; it was feeding at this time

- mm m u u 6 . a . for its o th contained a co ple of sections of a d m nd m se ge ste a other aterial .

Ectoparariter

M d M c ub Like ea ow i e in general , this s species was rather heavily

x Of 1 d m . S 8 infested with ectoparasites i teen the preserve speci ens , b d 10 d d d c m d d m esi es of the iscar e spe i ens , yiel e n ine Species of ites , one

c u and H aemo ama u . : spe ies of s cking lo se , three species of fleas Acarina g rur alaré enrir E u u 29 S m 2 Eu/oaemo a marur am wing ( A g st , epte ber g bu/a nr u 1c/Joron rrur u u 2 Laela r (Thorell ) (J ne y sp. (A g st 3 p alaré enrir u 4 - 14 u 2 5 u u 2 1 - 23 S mb 2 - 28 Grant (J ne , J ly , A g st , epte er ,

Oc b 1 - 1 mb 5 Laela r é oc/oi Oudemans u 14 to er 9, Nove er p (J ne ,

S mb r 2 mb P nz e /y orur u d s . epte e , Nove er yg p p (J ne Listrophori ae u 2 5 u u 4 S mb 2 5 O 1 7 - 1 9 (hypopial stage ) (J ly , A g st , epte er , ctober ,

m i ro /o r n 4 - 1 4 u u 2 1 - 2 S mb 2 L rt o ur s . u e 9 Nove ber p p (J , A g st , epte er , November M yocopter nz nrcnlinur (Koch) (August 2 3 Ano

lura : H o lo leura acant/oo ur u m u u 29 O b 1 9 p p p p ( B r eister) (A g st , cto er ,

mb S : M e abot/orir ario u 1 2 Nove er 5 iphonaptera g (Baker) (J ne , September 2 M egabotbrir quirini (Rothschild ) ( September Perom rco r lla catatina d u u 29 O b y p y (Jor an) ( A g st , cto er 4 2 N ER T OF N F E M N AT . US . T U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , . HIS .

Pat/oology and injury

Several s ubcutaneo us wo rms were preserved from a specimen o f J uly 2 5; much of the inner surface of its Skin appeared to be in a patho c d logical on ition . Three other specimens (August 23 to September 2 ) also exhibited an apparently pathological condition of the Skin (chiefly

d u u d Pbena on the inner orsal s rface) , s ch as has alrea y been noted for corn r and Clet ri o y /o on myr . The seasonal incidence of this con dition is s uggested by the fact that it was noted in the three species only between u 1 2 and m J ly Septe ber 4 .

du u 2 5 h ad c d Off An a lt male of J ly on e of its ears hewe ; another ,

S mb 2 h ad d ff m O . Su u of epte er , both ears chewe at the tips ch tilation ma be bu d m y perhaps attri te to rival ales .

Reproduction

On u 14 ix 1 - mm m s 8 . b and u u 2 1 J ne e ryos were noted , on A g st ,

22 - mm m d b . u ub du m m seven . e ryos In a lt or s a lt fe ales collected fro September 2 5 to October 26 the uterus was small and there were no mb m m mm . u b d e ryos The n er of a ae was note as eight . The testes Of adult males (J une 4 to September 23 ) varied from

mm u mm . u b du u du to ; of i at re , s a lt , or yo ng a lt males u u 2 m m mm ( A g st 3 to Nove ber fro 5 X 3 to . In the

u u m mum x b b m ad lt gro p , the in i size of testes was e hi ited y the speci en of

d S mb h u mm u m latest ate ( epte er I n the ot er gro p , an i at re ale of A ug ust 2 3 (the smallest specimen preserved during the season ) h ad th e max imum size of testes ( 5 X 3 There is an evident shrinkage in size w ith th e coming of th e autumn and the waning of the breeding season .

M olt

Unprime areas on the inside of th e Sk in were noted as follows : u 1 4 d h d um mid - u u 29 J ne , si es of t roat , left si e of r p , venter ; A g st , u c m u u u 29 m dd b c irreg lar pat hes over ost of s rface ; A g st , i le of lower a k and b u S mb 2 b u u c u c a o t ears ; epte er , a o t half of s rfa e , in irreg lar pat hes

S mb 2 3 m u m x c epte er , ostly npri e e ept on crown , nape , part of throat , and m dd d um S mb 2 5 u x c i l e of ors ; epte er , whole s rface e ept chin , crow n ,

and b m S m 28 u x c nape , lower a do en ; epte ber , whole s rface e cept rown ,

and O 1 m u c and nape , throat , legs ; ctober , ost of s rface ex ept crown

O 2 u x c and u c throat ; ctober , whole s rface e ept crown , n ape , throat , b tto ks ; O 1 8 m u u O b 26 d ctober , s all streaks more or less thro gho t ; cto er , ark

a o u u 5 stre ks or sp ts nearly thro gho t ; November , a few little spots on

ru m m e 1 5 crown , mp , and lower abdo en ; Nove b r , streak s and spots

u u c M u u and -m over m ch of s rfa e . olt was th s in progress in J ne fro late

44 N ER T OF N P UB LS M N AT US . T U IV SI Y KA SAS . , . HIS .

— as to its occ urrence in a single locality a Short stretch of the river j ust ’ b u S m m . d a ove (so thwest of) i ons Lake This is a arshy , eltalike area , yet in cl uding a good deal of sand ; it is covered largely with willow

S a/ix lani olia c b u 10 d ( p f ) thi kets a o t feet high . The bor ers of the river and other chan nels have a considerable growth of sedge (perhaps chiefly

Carex a ua/ili r . d q ) The river is fairly eep in this part .

M u do u u d The skrats not appear to be at all n mero s . Accor ing to S d m u d t but Charles chwe er , they ake no ho ses of the or inary ype , live

b um b u d in holes in the ank , where pres a ly the yo ng ones are reare . When b m u um m the river eco es frozen in a t n , the ani als keep holes open in the

and u h m d - d d ice til ize t e as fee ing places . Here they fetch a pon wee

P tanz o i i o eton r eri c b m . (apparently g f ) , whi h grows on the otto of the river m d They see to eat the roots and iscard other parts of the plant . The l atter are gradually built up into a structure with walls 2 or 3 inches

and - m b d thick , enclosing roofing over the feeding cha ber esi e the hole

th e - ice u u o and u u . in . This str ct re is kn wn locally elsewhere as a p sh p It has been described by Rae - 143 ) from unspecified northern

d 1 1 3 1 51 3 and Porsild m localities , by An erson ( 9 ) by fro the

M In stad 1 933 184 S ackenzie Delta , by g ( ) from east of Great lave 1 44 m b and b M uns terh elm d . z Lake , y j (n . ) fro the Atha aska region ,

h a m - m tulatu . id t z . r r in e range of 0 . p By winter the ani als can no longer

ice h u keep the holes in the open , and t ereafter they tilize the holes in b n m u u the a k . No large oll sks pon which they can feed are know n here , ” ? but aquatic snails ( Lymnaea ) up to inch long are reported . The “ M uskrats are s upposed to freeze out in some cold winters and die ; but S M m m c . b so e always re ain ( f Pre le and eton , In the ackenzie

” mu k - ub d mu River region the s rat is s j ect to perio ical rrains , when great

umb d d d d m n ers lie ea i n their nests (Richar son , In epi e ic

b c b In stad years , a s esses appear eneath the Skin ( g , The local M uskrats were reported to be cons iderably smaller than th ose farther s outh ; yet the Specimen collected was a little larger than

M b c m c . the average of an ito a spe i ens ( f Hollister , The trappers d h rarely take the trouble to secure any . Their hi es ave fetched a l ittle m d ore than a ollar .

u Oc b 1 5 Sc d dd Near s nset on to er , as Charles hwe er and I were pa ling ’ u th e d b u m b S m M u m p Win y River a o t ile a ove i on s Lake , a skrat swa out m h ad b fro the Shore , where it apparently een perching on a log Sloping

d and m . into the water . After iving once e erging again , it was shot It

d be du m : 568 247 74 20 ; prove to an a lt ale length , ; tail , ; foot , ; ear , d u testes (not descende ) . The general color of the pper parts is

u S d c and d Pro t Brown , overlai on rown , back , posterior si es with longer HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

b du S lackish hairs ; gra ally changing to ayal Brown on venter ; cheeks ,

b and u m d chin , throat , reast , anal region Pale Pi nkish B ff ; a narrow e ian u u d usky stripe on chin ; pper s rface of feet near Hair Brown . The hide

m u d and mb u . was npri e, except on sno t , chest , si es of nape , li s The

Laela S pecimen yielded several mites ( pr sp. ) The M uskrat is reported by Charles Schweder as more or less common abo ut the so uth end of N ueltin Lake and along the K asmere

P tah w and Cochrane rivers ; and by Joe Highway at u o Lake . The business of muskrat ranching seems to be highly organized in mb m d u u the area abo ut The Pas . Thomas La re arke on the freq ent occ r rence of albinos thereabo uts . This present state of affairs is i nteresting

m Fiber z ibet/Jicur- albur in View of the fact that the type speci en of , d d b S b 1 8 2 3 m umb d u S m escribe y a ine in fro C erlan Ho se , askatchewan (so e

40 m b . iles west of The Pas ) , was also al inistic

T ub c b c d d m The Echimamish N his s spe ies has een re or e fro Pas , , H ill , elson , a nd S R b a F c and u c teel rivers , Hairy Lake , o inson Port ge , York a tory , Ch r hill , a m R d a M b b 190 2 1 53 1 91 1 1 20 l . anito a ( Pre le, ; H ollister , , p lso fro ein eer L ke and u c R uc d c ud Ch r hi ll iver (B hanan , An erson in l es in " its range waters draining into H udson Bay from the west north to the

Barren Gro unds .

S m the m a c d the b ub c 0 . z . o e of ore e sterly re or s of neigh oring s s pe ies , r a tulatur the aba a - M c are : S m ut a p . in Ath sk a kenzie region trea s so heast of L ke

t b a w a R u F Rae and d R b A ha ask , Chi pe y n , esol tion , ort , lower An erson iver (Pre le , no t muc a o f the m R the ct c c d h e st Copper ine iver on Ar i oast ( An erson ,

m ut o f T t R a a m o h al son iver ( H rper , Artillery , Pt r igan , a nd M cD o na ld a a l kes ( Cl rke ,

E r eth iz on dors a tum dors atum ( LinnaeuS ) EAST ERN CAN ADA PO RCUPIN E The hitherto unpublished information given below was s upplied by

S d u the d Charles chwe er . There w ere a few Porc pines in Win y River

- w ne 1944 4 5 but d du x t o . O area in , none were note ring the ne t years was killed by a Chipewyan about 3 miles above the mo uth of the river . There was another 1 8 miles north of the Win dy River ; its tracks were

d and m b d c b note , the ta aracks it arked were in evi en e for a considera le

m b u d m m c uc ti e . The Species herea o ts fee s ostly on ta ara k ; also on Spr e and 1 46 u m d willow . In 9 a Porc pine a e its presence known on the Kazan

d th e b k m River 1 5 miles below Lake . It gnawe ar fro a whole tamarack tree and gnawed abo ut the door and win dows of a log cabin .

Th - E u c d m e near by skimos know the species . Previo s re or s fro Keewatin were ap parently lacking .

m c mm b u u h end of N ueltin The ani al is fairly o on a o t the so t Lake , bo u a nd d c h . thence to Rein eer Lake , espe ially along the Coc ran e River A t 46 N ER T OF N F EL M N A US . T T U IV SI Y KA SAS U S . , . HIS .

M a 1942 N ueltin 20 m u y, , on Lake iles so th of The Narrows , Charles found a Cross Fox that h ad h ad a fatal encounter with a Porcupine ; there ’ u and x b h ad m were q ills sticking in its nose eyes . The Fo s ody been ostly

b cu m eaten , as if y the Por pine , for no tracks of other an i als were bl visi e in the snow . Preble reports th e Porcupine th ro ugho ut the region between Lake Winnipeg and H udson Bay specifi c locali ties are Nelson River Ho use the u c R f F c and the ad at o the S matt . on Ch r hill iver , York a tory , he w ers ha awa He ’ also notes Hearne s old record from north of th e Ch urchil l River ( in the Vi cinity of R uc n 1 2 Seal iver ) . B ha an ( 9 0 12 1 5) apparently fo und the Porcupine no nearer to R d d and d h u d ein eer Lake than San y Islan lakes on t e Ch rchil l River . An erson and R d 1 943 1 30 2 c d c m f m T c t M 1 65 ud an ( ) re or spe i ens ro hi ke Portage ( ile , H son R m H erch er and S d d F R M b . Bay ailway ) , , an ilan s orest eserve , anito a Some of the more easterly localities reported in the Athabaska- Mackenzie are : Fireba R F d du Lac and end S a region Cree Lake, g iver, on , east of Great l ve b m ut T R c R and The Lake (Pre le, also o h of altson o her iver r of S b and S and x Nar ows Great lave Lake ( Pre le eton , Lyn Lake, on th e u T R f d d 1947 1 1 72 t pper helon iver ( Ban iel , An erson ( ) repor s ub c to Sa c and t the present s spe ies ranging west northern skat hewan , apparen ly t d d . o r f b E . m d u r . in ergra ing with y p in Woo B falo Pa k , northern Al erta

D elphina pterus leucas ( Pallas ) WHITE WHALE ; B ELU GA

Nearly all the following local information was supplied by John

In ebri tsen u AS u g g , of Ch rchill . soon as the ice in the Ch rchill River

u m m ud . breaks p in the spring , the White Whales co e in fro H son Bay m As any as 50 0 or 60 0 have been seen arriving on one tide . They stay

d - V m 6 u . in ti e water , not going more than miles p ery few co e in after the

m e m and first week of Septe ber . Ther are ore in the Nelson River in the m u m interven ing strea s than at Churchill . D ring the first onth the little ’ " ones ride up the river on th e mo-th ers backs ( Eskimo they look

l b c bum b u 4 u m ike la k ps , a o t 3 or feet long (see the q otation fro Pennant

u u m d th e m . in a s bseq ent paragraph ) . Later they swi alongsi e others By

early J uly they are 4 or 5 feet long and weigh abo ut 1 50 pounds .

Leucic/ot/o r c/Jurc/aillenrir 1 948 m u Ciscoes (perhaps y Fowler , ) co e p um b m m . the river at the sa e ti e , with every tide The whales are pres a ly following th ese fish to feed upon them ; but their stomach contents are

and u 1 5 1 1 d gro und too fine to be identifiable . Doan Do glas ( 9 3 3) in icate that Capel in ( M al/otur oil/orur) are the chief food on the shores of

ud H son Bay . ) bi b u 2 5 All the l arger indivi duals are white . A g one is a o t feet long

n 1 0 u d S m Of u d u u a d weighs about 5 0 po n s . o e the Ch rchill resi ents p rs e them in canoes w ith o utboard motors and harpoon them for use as dog HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

feed . A can at the end of a rope serves as a float . A rifle may be used 20 0 . u s are in addition to the harpoon Abo t of the whales , at lea t , use h as d captured every year . Almost the only hitherto been for og u m feed , altho gh so e oil has been extracted and shipped away . The skin u d u a is not generally se , altho gh , when tanned , it m kes a very strong

u u but is leather . At first it appears abo t a q arter of an inch thick , it m m thinner after tanning . In Dece ber I noted so e of the whale meat

u u in a wareho se at Ch rchill .

M r In ebri tsen u and . g g has freq ently seen heard the White Whales d b out but . s lowing in the bay , at no great istance from Shore The specie

m d . is very seldo seen , he sai , as far north as D awson Inlet

On S b 1 8 1 947 N ueltin d t eptem er , , at Lake , we heard a radio broa cas — concerning a possible new industry for M anitoba the processmg of White m nd d u u a . o Whales fro Ch rchill for oil hi es Ab t a dozen specimens ,

u d h ad averaging perhaps po n s in weight , been shipped to Winnipeg

u use for experimental processing . A possible f rther consisted of making

x ub u d the meat available for fo ranches . The s seq ent evelopment of this i ndustry is the subj ect of a report by Doan and Douglas who also discuss the habits and life history of the species on the west coast of

u u S N unnula m H dson Bay (Ch rchill , eal River , , Tavani , Ter Point , and

Chesterfield Inlet) . " The Beluga haunts the mouths of rivers [entering H udson Bay] in une as J, as soon they have discharged the ice, and are taken in great u u m u n umbers . A yo ng one has been seen (as is their c sto ) mo nted 1 2 b . 1 79 . on the ack of another ( Pennant , ccxcvii ) A ccording to Preble the s pecies occurs all along the coast of d d and u c F d 188 1 4 c d u c u . 7 3 7 H son Bay , in l ing Hayes Ch r hill rivers eil en ( ) re or s it from Churchill ; Sutton and Hamilton from South ampton Islan d; " d f 1 1 14 2 An erson rom H udson Bay . Walker writes ( 93 7 ) that the prevalence of numero us white whales in the harbo ur and for six miles up the ” u c u h f - m F uc [Ch r hill] river precl des t e use of dri t nets for com ercial fishes . re hen 1 9351265 x t cc u c c d m ( ) gives an e ensive a o nt of the s pe ies , with re or s fro ’ S u m d R c m N E m d o tha pton Islan , oe s Wel o e , Port elson , ski o Point , Chesterfiel and F S i M 4 um u R u . 1 3 1 1 0 5 Inlet , rozen tra t anning ( 9 ) reports it as n ero s in ep lse Ba y.

Ca nis lupus h uds onicus Go ldman KEEWATIN TU N DRA WO L F

N umberr Wolves apparently occur in fair numbers throughout the Barren

u d u and Gro n s of so thwestern Keewatin , also in the sparsely timbered u u u co ntry on the so th . Probably there is scarcely a sq are mile in all 48 N I ER T OF N PUBLS M N AT T US . . U V SI Y KA SAS . , HIS .

e u u this region where they do not wander with mor or less freq ency . J st how distinct they may be on opposite sides of the broad and well - nigh

un w ud and intangible bo dary bet een the Arctic and the H sonian zones , whether either of the two presumptive forms (budronicur and grireo- albur) a u on m kes extensive forays into the territory of the other, are q estions

u m c which f ller light than we possess at present is u h to be desired .

M earurementr and coloration

u u out One Two ad lt specimens were bro ght . (a female) had been S u 1 47 d taken by Charles chweder in Jan ary, 9 , on the Win y Hills a mile so uth of the mouth of Windy River ; it was left in a frozen state l u 14 d u c ti l the following J ne , when it was skinne . It had been th s negle ted

u fur- owing to a prono nced drop in the market prices . The collector

60 ou u estimated its weight at p nds . His meas rements (converted from : 8 1 30 5 inches into millimeters) were length , tail , 3 ; foot , ; ear ,

- 95. m u The general color is pale crea y white , varying to Cream B ff on the mid- dorsum and to Cartridge B uff on the face and legs ; a few

a - c mid- d s a bl ck tipped hairs on the tail , espe ially along the orsal , ba al p rt ; a u m d u also slight sprinkling of s ch hairs on the e ian line of the dors m , um u u from crown to l bar region ; pper throat Avellaneo s , changing on d b M umm chin to Hair Brown , streake with white ; order of lower lip y Brown ; posterior mid - venter Vinaceo us - Cinnamon ; under fur Pal e Neutral

Gray to white ; nails dark brownish , tips horn color .

On S e 6 1 47 u da d ept mber , 9 (a raw , clo dy y with a brisk north win

u m u tw o and several snow fl rries at te perat res a degree or above freezing) ,

e d m ut S r. u as o Fr d chweder, J, notice a Wolf j st it ca e of the water on m the southwestern bank of Little River a mile or so above its outh . It

fur d u d Shook the water off its as a og wo l have . This was the only time ’ in Fred s ex perience that he had had direct evidence of swimming on u t d the part of a Wolf . As it proceeded so thwes ward towar the tract of

u u - d d d spr ce timber along Fo r hill Creek , Fre en eavore to intercept it

while keeping under cover of the rolling conto urs of the Barrens . In w this manner he kept ahead of it , ith the wind in his favor , for a m u u e . distance of a co ple of miles , ntil he reach d the ti ber tract There , u b d giving p hope of getting within reasona le range , he riske a Shot with m bu uc b d 0 . his . 3 at a distance of half a ile The llet str k eyon the ’ u u d d d and tu d Wolf , which there pon t rne in Fre s irection ac ally passe c d within 40 yards of his place Of concealment in a spruce thicket . A se on

d be m m . Shot dropped the ani al in its tracks It prove to a ale , slightly

- 1 4 . 90 1 0 0 u d . 3 . . ; fat , with an estimated weight of po n s (pl , fig pl fig

m u m : t 50 5 51 5 . 5 . pl , fig Its eas re ents were leng h , tail , ( after HAR PE R : T H E M AM M ALS -OF KEEWATIN

287 1 1 5 u 860 u ‘ skinning) ; foot, ; ear, ; height at sho lder , ; Sho lder j oint to

660 Of u 500 o hip joint , ; girth of neck in front sho lder , ; girth of b dy u 830 t 2 20 behind sho lder, ; gir h of foreleg below elbow , ; testes ,

N O c a The iris was yellow , with a brownish tinge . e topar sites were detected .

1 0 u un a The hide was prime ; it weighed po nds when fresh . The cle ned d skull (with lower j aw ) weighed 5 poun s .

a r The general color is pale cre my white, va ying on the legs between Cartridge Buf f and Cream - Buff ; a wash of Cartridge Buff along sides and on buttocks ; a dorsal stripe of black - tipped hairs from crown to

3- t b end of tail ( inch tip of la ter mostly lack , with a few white hairs ) ; top and Sides of head (to below and in front of eyes ) a grayish mixture of black and white hairs ; from in front of eyes to nostrils a mixture of Hair Brown and white hairs ; o uter surface of ears varying from Cream

u a u tu B ff b sally to Cartridge B ff apically , with an increasing mix re of black hairs toward tip an d margins ; inner surface of ears whitish ; upper

V u - M umm throat Pale inaceo s Fawn , varying to y Brown along border of lower lip ; posterior venter Light Vinaceo us - Cinnamon ; underfur Pale

al u u Neutr Gray to white ; nails f sco s .

dd u d u u m Five O sk lls were secured . I picke p one in the spr ce ti ber

- S m u west of Four Hill Creek . In epte ber I noticed fo r skeletons not far from camp , and learned that the animals had been trapped by Charles

S m ru 1 4 - d u chweder approxi ately in Feb ary , 9 3, in sand ri ge co ntry at u f E u u O l . vario s places along the pper co rse Red River , east of nnadai ake

d h ad u The bo ies been bro ght on a dog sleigh to the vicinity of camp ,

d M a th e and had been skin ne in the following y. I gathered three of

u m u u Sk lls as speci ens . A little later I picked p another sk ll ; this ’

m u S S r. ani al had been capt red at imons Lake by Fred chweder , J, in 1 942 (probably M ay) .

’ M easurements of skulls (incl uding those of the type of Goldman s budronicur S ul - from ch tz Lake , of the above mentioned male and female m fro Windy River , and of three other animals from Red River and ’ m a Simons Lake) are given in the acco panying table . In the c se of the odd

u - m sk lls from the two last entioned localities , the sex is provisionally b S u indicated on the asis of Size . ome of my meas rements of the type skull differ slightly from those supplied by Goldman

Local range and babitatr m S r. According to Fred chweder, J, the Wolves are com oner on the Barrens ex tending north to the Kazan River than they are about ' e Ch arles as Windy River . Beyond the Kazan they are report d by far as the

D ubawnt th 1 5 . e Little River He spoke of seeing , on average , perhaps M S N AT T 0 N ER T OF N F E . U . . . 5 U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , HIS

M R M N T OF S OF CAN Is H UDSON IC US K T N EASU E E S KULL LUPUS , EEWA I

Greatest length Condylobasal length Zygomati c breadth Squamosal constri ction Width of ros trum Interorbital breadth Postorbital constri ction Length of mandible Height of coronoid process

M ax illiar t - y ooth row , crown - length

c Upper arnassial , crown - length

c Upper arnassial , crown -width

F u m irst pper olar, antero posterior diameter

F u m irst pper olar , transverse diameter

c Lower arnassial , crown -length

20 u c -u in li t o t . to Wolves in the open d ring the rse of a year . He reported ( , ” ” M 1 5 1 48 M a 1 6 1 4 m du arch , 9 , and y , 9 9) lots of the ring the winters

1 4 - 4 1 - u u of 9 7 8 and 948 49 . He also referred to their irreg lar occ rrence in

ma t u winter ; they y come to a given locali y at intervals of a co ple of weeks ,

u o be to feed on what caribo b dies they can find , and then absent in the b u u d meantime . The Wolves may seem to follow the Cari o so thwar in winter as the latter pass from the Barren Grounds into the wooded t cu u r bu . co nt y, it is diffi lt to tell Those that stay far north on the Barrens in winter must feed to a considerable extent on the carcasses of

2 N ER T OE K AN SA F E M N AT 5 S . US . . T. U IV SI Y U LS , HIS was evidently to put plenty of distance between itself and the unarmed u a u u d h m n intr der into its ha nts . It was istinctly thrilling to secure this

- - in- a- one glimpse lifetime of a Wolf in its native wilds . The impress of tu u 0 one of its feet in soft earth by the ndra pond meas red 9 mm . in d 1 1 . u O b wi th and 9 mm in length (incl ding the claw mark ) . In cto er ’ the print of a front foot on a san dy beach at Simons Lake measured approximately 6 inches ( 1 52

D enr

On J une 1 2 Charles Schweder drove his dogteam 4 miles over the ice of Windy Bay to Show me a couple of dens in a spur of the huge " E dm Wolf sker , which forms a prominent lan ark overlooking the m d n d m u S an . O j nction of ith Windy Bays all si es the i pressive , lonely hills of the Barren Grounds stretched away in endless s uccession to the b u 1 8 d u horizon . The dens were a o t feet apart , at the e ge of a spr ce 4 thicket ; one of them extended beneath a thick snowbank (pl . , fig . u u and The entrances had been blocked p by Charles on the previo s day , there was no evidence of attempts on the part Of the parent Wolves to

t u One w as x dig ou the problematical c bs . of the entrances appro imately

a there w ere a foot and half in diameter . In the vicinity a few old scats On and one that was fairly fresh . a higher level , near the top of the u esker , was a bare spot that may have served as a looko t point for the

u d b u 4 . Old Wolves . Tracks in it meas re a o t by 5 inches

Relationr to Caribou

as uma The first choice of food for the Wolf, well as for the h n f u But O . u natives the region , is caribo meat it is virt ally axiomatic that no predatory species (other than modern man ) exterminates its own food u s pply . D uring three or fo ur months of the year (say late J une to September ’ or October) the Caribou s readiest mea ns of escape from its chief u m m nat ral ene y is by water . There is always so e lake , pond , or river so close at hand that the Caribou can cover th e distance to it at a better u b rate than its pursuer . Its s perior speed i n the water is proba ly so well u um b u nderstood by the Wolf that the latter pres a ly desists , as a r le , ’ d at the water s e ge . It is quite another story when the Barrens are i n the grip of

winter and there is no escape by water . It is perhaps significant that most of the locally reported killings by Wolves have taken place on the u u m ice of lakes . It wo ld be diffic lt to say whether these ani als have

b d m on m disad deli erately riven their victi s to the ice , to get the at a

or b u m u vantage , whether the Cari o the selves have chosen s ch a place R R : TH E M M M O F EE T N HA PE . A ALS K WA I

e for their last stand . It might be reasonabl to assume that claws and rough toe pads are better adapted than hoofs for quick turns or other

n . u u movements o ice A fall on the slippery s rface , after being bro ght to ba u m u u y, wo ld be al ost certainly and q ickly fatal to a Caribo .

u u A Caribo fawn , at an age of no more than a co ple of months , is said to be able to o-utdistance a Wolf if the ch ase is not too prolonged ; tu u it will tire sooner , however , and so may be cap red event ally .

S r. u u u I owe to Fred chweder , J, the following acco nts of p rs it of um b u b . Cari o y Wolves In a n ber of years of experience on the Barrens ,

‘ these were apparently the only cases that h ad come to his personal b attention . His rother Charles spoke of practically never seeing a Wolf e m ou following any of thes ani als ; also , of knowing no case of Carib

- killing a Wolf in self defense . M a 1 945 u u In y, , a black Wolf was seen in brief and silent p rs it u u O 1 46 of a h ndred Caribo on the ice of Windy Bay . In ctober , 9 , Fred

u N ueltin a watched a Caribo on the ice of L ke , as it kept two white

u two u d Wolves at bay d ring the last ho rs of aylight . The next morning

1 6 1 4 - . On O 7 u it was dead , and half eaten ctober , 9 , fo r fast traveling ’ Caribou at Simons Lake were being followed by a white Wolf half a mile in their rear . 7 1 947— a u November , day of blizzard , with the air f ll of drifting — snow found Fred at one of his trapping camps 1 0 miles north of d . a u u an Windy River Three animals c me dashing p thro gh the storm , u at first he took them all for Caribo . By the time he recognized the d an imal in the rear as a Wolf , and fire , it had gotten to a distance of u 1 00 u abo t feet ; it was merely wo nded , an d escaped . In the last week of November Fred found two full -grown bucks and

of e a doe on the ice Windy Lake, where th y had been killed by Wolves . ” two m so - u d u The for er were called stink b cks , with flesh ren ered nfit b u y reason of their r tting condition , and so they had not been eaten

e u Since their death , apparently several w eks previo sly . The doe had b u u and een killed more recently (perhaps a co ple of weeks previo sly) , b u was still only a o t half eaten . The stomach of a wolf collected on Sept ember 6 was crammed with u u several po nds of caribo meat . In mid - October Charles Schweder pointed out to me a partly eaten b u Cari o , with antlers in the velvet , lying in a little pond by a willow ’ u S n a u h ad thicket j st above imo s L ke . He s rmised that the animal been killed by Wolves . The food remains that Charles has noticed about the dens consist of a u Off c ribo hides and bones . He believes the animals will gnaw the 4 N ER T OF N F EL M N AT 5 . US . . T U IV SI Y KA SAS U S , HIS . hind leg of a caribo u carcass and carry it (rather than drag it) to the d n h as u d e . u d He fo nd no evi ence that Arctic Hares are se as food .

The local trappers , while concentrating on Arctic Foxes , appear to make no great effort to secure Wolves except as they be come a pest on

- u u d m u . the trap line by tearing p the capt re Foxes , witho t eating the

d e S r. u an Fred chweder , J, spoke of one band of fo r another of sev n

- u d following his trap line and destroying the Foxes . Altho gh the or inary l d u d 1 5 m u fox trap generally fails to ho d a Wolf , Fre sec re Speci ens d ring

1 4 - v 6 4 . u b the winter of 9 7 Fish as well as Caribo ser e for ait . A Wolf e u and g nerally walks all aro nd a fish bait before seizing it , in the d process it may step into the single trap place there .

10 e u u Joe Chambers , a trapper of Goose Creek , mil s so th of Ch rchill , s d u d u u and poke of fin ing a n mber of ead Caribo , with only the tong es u u out the nborn yo ng eaten by Wolves .

Relationr to man

d m u Asi e fro diseases and parasites , Virt ally the only enemy of the

man d Sc Wolf in this region seems to be . Accor ing to Charles hweder , the E u 6 . 2 m skimos (pl . , fig ) apparently ake little or no effort to sec re m m m . Wolves , as if they ight be so ewhat apprehensive of the

D ireare Charles Schweder had never heard of a normal Wolf attacking a

um e But h ad h an b ing in this region . he a report of one in the spring — of 1947 that was presumably suffering from disease (encephalitis cf.

e 1 40 172 Clark , 9 ) and attacked an old man on North Knife River , Manitoba ; it bit him in the hand and arm and tried to get him by the d u throat . The man seized the animal by the ears and hel it nder water d u u b till it was rowned . D ring the same season another Wolf (pres ma ly likewise afflicted) was reported by Joh n Ingebrigtsen to have been run

m c b u u d u . over by an ar y tr ck on a roa near Ch r hill Ro ert Urq hart , of u d du u Ch rchill , spoke of getting his hands in fecte ring the previo s year through handling mangy or otherwise diseased wolf and fox skins .

- d Apparently this condition among the animals was serious and wide sprea .

Voice

Sc d Charles hwe er states that the Wolves howl mainly in winter , u um d m and and only infreq ently in s mer . He has hear the both by day

t t the u l . by nigh . He hinks p rpose of the how ing is to call others A

Wolf may be heard in one place , and then another answering from a

d x m distance . In the mid le of a certain night , appro i ately i n the early part d u u u 1 47 S r r. of A g st , 9 , Fred chwede , J, hear three or fo r Wolves howling HARP ER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN 55

m d ud d be u 2 m a ong the Win y Hills , at a distance he j ge to abo t iles . With d d d t d . On a goo win , he said , they can be hear at wice that istance the d b u 20 d m present occasion the howling laste a o t secon s . The an i als seemed

- be . u u to staying in one spot D ring the previo s winter , along his trap line

x d e ten ing north to the Kazan River , he had heard Wolves howling

m d x d m al ost aily . In his e perience the principal vocal season exten s fro u d b u 4 d November to Jan ary . He sai a single howl will last a o t secon s .

When the dogs hear it , they will generally respond in kind .

One of my fondest desires on th e Barren Grounds came to fulfil l me mb 1 5 mu m nt on Nove er , when I finally heard this wolf sic with y

wn e b u m dd 1 0 - - M S d o . ars A o t i ay , when year old ike chwe er and I were u d b m u d p the river a short istance a ove ca p , he heard the so n several m but did m du out ti es , it not co e clearly to my ller ears ; al l I made was

mmmm u c m a . sort of distant At d sk , while we were sawing wood at a p , m d M ike drew attention to the sound once ore . It was i n the irection of

d c m Windy Bay , apparently at a istan e of a ile or less ; and it was m u repeated a co uple of times while we listened for some in tes . It was a softer call than I had anticipated ; there was nothing i n the least fierce

' o b / — - oo or terrifying abo ut it j ust a gentle u ooo (with a rising inflection ) . d u m It was scarcely even oleful . I co ld i agine the animal pointing its nose in the air and emitting a little vaporo us clo ud in the frosty atmos ph ere (temperature 3 or 4 degrees above zero ) . There was no answering

cr w our . u y any here , at least within the range of hearing It so nded as if the

m u u ani al were p rposely ttering a fairly low note , not letting itself go ’ u with anything like all its might . In fact , it was one of nat re s pleasant

u d m ub u d b m u so n s , ore s d ed or restraine y far than the so ewhat cacophono s m ul ulations of the H usky dogs . (None of the latter were in ca p at this period . ) There was a m uch more prolonged musical performan ce by the u Wolf j st a week later . In the early afternoon a visiting Cree trapper was h c u m and x d it hing p his team at ca p , the yelping of his e cited ogs was

u d c m m b d tho ught to have started the Wo lf off . The so n a e fro eyon the

m out u Of d b u . mo th Little River , at a istance of a o t a ile I set w ith the d b m but i ea of possi ly seeing the ani al , or at least getting closer to it , deep snowdrifts and a temperature j ust a little above zero disco uraged me m u d m du after half a ile . The so n kept co ing at intervals ring half “ M d b d an u or m d . ho r so , fro the farther Si e of a ridge eanwhil e a istant ir

( do ubtless a Raven ) was seen flying toward the approx imate spot . Perhaps the Wolf was feasting on some Caribou that had been killed

u u thereabo ts several weeks previo sly . M There was a certain amount of variation in the howls . ost of them 6 N ER T OF N F M A 5 E . US . N T . ST . U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , HI

m u e d S m u d see ed to last abo t 3 s con s . o e so n ed like those of the previo us ’ One bo m - n week . kind re so e resemblance to a dog s barking : woonwoo l” woo/o- woo- oo o d oooo - oo o- I set own still another as o ooob . And these

c w were not the only variations . A striking haracteristic as the low pitch b m d nd . u a of the howls It was a slow , agreea le, extre ely interesting so n ,

e u — distinctly doglik . The atmospheric conditions were s perb one of those d umm fairly bright and nearly calm ays of an Arctic winter . The treeless s its

- uc of the ridges , the snow laden spr es in the hollows and on the slopes , the drifts with their sides more brightly ill uminated than th eir tops by the — low midday sun these mad e a fascinating picture of the Barrens in their winter garb and a peculiarly appropriate setting for the melody beyond d the ri ge . At dusk M ike heard the Wolf a couple of times more ; but when I u f o t O . u went the cabin to listen , there was silence Altho gh there was a

-m m d half oon shining brightly over the hillock across the river , y frien Fred did not think that the Wolf becomes inspired in the manner of a do m but was u g baying the oon . There were stars there no a rora in the cl ear Sky; there was still some light in the west ; and the air was so nearly still that I almost had to watch the smoke from the cabin chimney

a u to be certain of a zephyr out of the northwest . The temper t re was then

u and M d several degrees below zero . An ho r a half later ike reporte another howl .

Reproduction and growt/J

u d ul m m I sec re no partic ar local infor ation on the ating season , um u M which is pres ably in late Febr ary or arch . According to Charles

d un M a d m d S . chwe er , the yo g are born in April or y He has eter ine the m d u u n u ber of cubs by digging out abo ut half a dozen ens . The s al m u m but u . n mber see s to be seven , once he fo nd three The ale parent m m d On u 2 1 1 47 b b . 9 re ains with the fa ily and helps y ringing foo J ne , ,

u m d b - cub Charles saw an ad lt Wolf , acco pan ie y a half grown , on Goose S d m 2 5 m u a . River , so e iles so th of the K zan River By eptember, he sai , the young will resemble the adults in color and closely approach them

in Size ; by November it becomes difficult to distinguish them by size .

N umberr in a b and d When Charles fin s the tracks of a band of Wolves , they generally

mb u a d u u b t n . n er seven , he has also noted three fo r He is inclined to b uc d m but ma elieve that s h a ban represents a fa ily party , that it y

m m u O c ud b . incl e merely the e ers of one litter , witho t their parents n e in the fall he noticed two Old Wolves and seven young ones together . HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN

D irtribution

In M ay the M o unted Police at Churchill reported a good many

u b u . Wolves being bro ght in for o nties Joe Highway , a Cree trapper , o b u u end N ueltin rep rted Wolves a o t the so th of Lake , where they are b u t nd of appa rently the same Size and color as those a o t the nor h e . The Chipewyans at the south end of the lake are said to get comparatively

l . rireo b u d m um C. few Wolves . A o t Rein eer Lake the ani als (pres ably g albur d 1 8 58 d Sc be mu m Bair , ) are sai by Charles hweder to ch s aller than ,

u x m u d . tho gh of appro imately the sa e color as , the Barren Gro n Wolves

On d th e u the other han , meas rements given by Anderson b dm and d u y Gol an on prece ing pages of the present acco nt ,

- w indicate that grireo albur is the larger animal of the t o .

l occidentalir M u C . . John . Bo rassa told of chasing three Wolves ( )

S M 1947 . with a plane over Yellowknife Bay , Great lave Lake , in arch , ur Two of them were black . The other , a white animal , took a zigzag co se u u fi u and when p rs ed , looking rst over one sho lder , then over the other , finally it threw itself on its side as the plane skimmed over it . Wolves are so thoro ughly distributed in K eewatin and adjacent regions dm that there is little point in citing published records at great length . Gol an ud l . bud o ni ur K c 1 44 1428 the C . r c as t ( 9 ) gives range of nor hern eewatin , in l ing the c ud Fu and to a northwestern oast of H son Bay (Cape llerton ) , west northe stern ’ 1 4 ma . M c c R 20 m b a Beeche . a kenzie ( Ba k s iver , iles elow L ke y) His p (fig , 4 14 d c t muc d x d ut to a Saskatche p. ) in i a es a h wi er range , e ten ing so h northe stern m the c m and to a M a b . wan L ke Winni peg , nito a A ong nine s pe i ens of this ub c t x m d t are m Sc u t a and f m s spe ies hat he e a ine , here three fro h l z L ke one ro b 1 2 16 1 u d the c a c mm 25 m Wager River . Pre le ( 90 ) fo n s pe ies f irly o on iles m an m 1 2 z t a the so uth of Eski o Point . Sutton d Ha ilton state ( 93 33) h t Wolf S u m d d c a a b u and is rare on o tha pton Islan , where it fee s prin i p lly on C ri o takes It b m x t c t b 1 7 to c ct c F x out a . c 93 Ar i o es of tr ps e a e e in t here y , owing la k of ” b u M uc - 2 1 7 c d b T mb Cari o ( anning , B hanan ) re or s oth i er " - m Wolf and Barren Ground Wolf from the Reindeer L ake area and fro east of ” ” d F b and S 19 1 1 1 351 K b . t ) as a ( White Partri ge ) Lake ar her west , Pre le eton ( c d m b if — a m m and - d present re or s fro Artillery , Cas a ( Pt r igan ) , Ayl er , Clinton Col en

ri hell- u c 1 0 1208 - 20 c d m a and lakes . C tc B llo k ( 93 9) re or s Wolves fro Artillery L ke w a d to t d c ud S a and c other points east r Ches erfiel Inlet , in l ing ifton L ke Di kson

1 4 1 1 8 m b at the bu and T n Canyon . H ornby ( 93 0 ) entions o serv ions along Han ry helo

D e erb l 1 120 c d c m m S u m t d c rivers . g io ( 935 ) re or s s pe i ens fro o tha p on Islan , Ba k 4 122 the c R and a . 1 9 5 9 iver, near W ger Inlet Gavin ( ) writes of s pe ies in the R d 1 4 1 4 x d the budronicur Perry iver distri ct . An erson ( 9 7 5 ) e ten s range of as " l far the S ad C . . west as region east of Great lave Lake, intergr ation with o ccidentalir taking place at Artillery and Ptarmigan lakes .

Alopex lag opus innuitus (M erriam) CON TIN EN TAL A RCTIC Fo x

O No personal bservations were made on this species , which provides c m the chief returns of the local trappers . Pra tically all my infor ation 8 N ER T o r N F M N A 5 E . US . T . T U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , HIS .

c m m S d and S d concerning it o es fro Charles chwe er Fred chwe er , J r . Apparently the breeding range of the Arctic Fox is roughly coex ten

u u u c u m sive on the so th with the Barren Gro nds . Th s it o c rs to so e

x u m in m c mm u e tent in s m er the Windy River area . It beco es o oner d ring some w inters (pres umably through migration from other parts of the u but Barren Gro nds ) , not in other winters . At this season some of the a m d u d ni als wan er as far so th as Rein eer Lake . Joe Highway , a Cree t d m cu m m b u u rapper , reporte the as oc rring so eti es a o t the so th end of N ueltin Lake and at the neighboring Putahow Lake ; the Chipewyan

d u m In ians of that area capt re co paratively few . Charl es spoke as if Arcti c Fox es were much on the move during the

1 46- 47 h e d d u w inter . In the season of 9 notice three istinct r ns passing thro ugh the area north or n orthw est of N ueltin Lake ; the first occurred

h i h ell - u mb t e d M f . Cr tc i n Nove er , thir in arch ( f B llock ,

E c m m m n u d a h of these ove ents was fro east to west . O a single ro n of

h mb b h cu d 70 x m t eir traps in Nove er the two rot ers se re Fo es , ost of

m h b u 0 h ad the being of t e present species . A o t 3 others in the traps

u d d b Suc d uc u d been torn p or ragge away y Wolves . h estr tion of capt re

x m Fo es is a serio us proble for the trappers .

u th e ma but m D ring winter the an i ls generally travel singly , so etimes th — m d m d d d two toge er not ore . They are sai to ake their ens in san ri ges

c u u b u m u or eskers . On e Charles saw fo r yo ng ones playing a o t the o th

d h c b d of a en in September . While t ei r tra ks have een note fol low ing

s h o w d th e c u th e those of Arctic Hare , t ere is no l cal kno le ge of apt re of

m x h ad o r ic ih latter ani als by Arctic Fo es . Charles has on ly once tw e

x k th But h e x perien ce of hearing on e of these Fo es bar in e open . t ey

seem to bark common ly when approached after being trapped . The white

b S mb d and w inter coat egins to appear in epte er , it is sai , lasts at least

till the middle of M ay.

In S mb 194 7 d c Fox 30 the latter part of epte er , , Fre saw an Ar tic

m d c mm c d iles north of Win y River . When the trapping season o en e in

mb c d c be u d Nove er , ex ee ingly few tra k s were to fo n on the Barrens lying

ma betw een th e Windy and the Kazan rivers . This state of affairs y have

mm 1 4 On - da been correlated with a scarcity of Le ings in 9 7 . a five y tri p

u mb Putahow d d so th in late Nove er to the vicinity of River , Fre reporte

M c b fin ding no tracks of this species . By the following ar h the two rothers h ad secured only 20 specimens ; but during the winter of 1 948 - 49 the itt M 1 1 48 m u Sc d in l . 5 9 ani als were again plentif l (Charles hwe er , , arch , ,

and M a 1 6 y ,

Preble ( 190 2 162 ) records the Arcti c Fox from northern Keewatin so uth to N u and Ox d u M t b and S R ( in winter ) orway Ho se for Ho se , ani o a , evern iver ,

60 N ER T o r N M A = S F E . US N T T U IV SI Y KA SA U LS , . . HIS .

D uring th e early part of winter they are said to usually travel but d b u singly ; after the bree ing season starts in Fe r ary , they travel by pairs .

Red u u Like the Wolf , the Fox prefers to den in sandy co ntry . Th s th e - d O u fox trapper plies his tra e along the sandy eskers . nce in J ly, at m 40 a point so e miles northeast of the Windy River post, Charles S d u u u chwe er saw two yo ng ones playing abo t the mo th of a den . He reports finding bones of the following food species abo ut various dens :

b u du m and Arctic Hare , Cari o , ck , ptar igan , fishes (mostly Pike) . The

m um b d du l h ad u last ite pres a ly represents in ivi a s that been picked p dead .

d l x t Accor ing to Char es , the Wolves treat trapped Red Fo es as hey do x — u m out u Arctic Fo es p lling the of the traps , tearing them p, playing m but with the , not eating them .

“ d b Fox A strange inci ent , observed y Charles and involving a Red and bu b u a small ck Cari o , has been reported elsewhere (Harper ,

d C h ad Fox c . Inci entally, harles n ever seen a trying to cat h any prey

d r S . Fred chwe er , J, says that a Fox gives the same kind of bark when approached in a trap as when it is free .

n c m u d U til snow a e in the fall , I fo n no evidence of Foxes in the

t m u uc O u was but vicini y of ca p . D ring m h of ctober the gro nd bare, on

8 6 d d . On the th , in inches of snow , a track appeare near Win y River

4 d d r m S . 5 November Fre chwe er , J, saw a Cross Fox at a point iles m u m northwest of ca p . D ring the latter part of Nove ber tracks were m l fairly nu ero us both on the land and on the ice of the river . At severa S m places two or three sets of tracks came together . o e of the footprints

ne m h ad du were abo ut inches long . O of the ani als g into the snow

d m u h ad d b u on a ri ge , as if for a o se ; another been attracte to a cari o

u - u m m d b u mb carcass . A fine , fl ffy f rred ale speci en was trappe a o t Nove er u 26 by Fred along Windy River 2 miles above its mo uth . D ring the

m h ad Fox earlier part of the onth he not trapped a , whereas in the

x previous w inter he h ad obtained 48 Red Foxes and 24 Cross Fo es .

b 1 0 2 162 c d the Red Fox f m Ox d u Pre le ( 9 ) re or s ro for Ho se, Cross Lake , 1 1 0 1 1 1 u m b . . S and u c M t . 9 ) plit Lake, Ch r hil l , ani o a J A Allen ( lists a sk l l fro - c d F R c S . uc 1920 12 17 218 u ort elian e, Great lave Lake B hanan ) has vario s re or s Critch ell- u c 1 0 12 10 m S c m from the Reindeer Lake region . B llo k ( 93 ) entions pe i ens from Artillery Lake and the east end of Great Slave Lake ; also tracks ( probably h R I c d 1 2 124 m the T of this species ) on t e Thelon iver . have re or s ( 93 ) fro azin n T f m S u m d Sut and a d Taltson Rivers . here are even reports ro o tha pton Islan ( ton m 1 932 124 and m Fu M i Ha ilton , ) fro Cape llerton ( ann ng , Clarke f w states ( 1940 135) that the species wanders far out on the Barrens an d that a e i d d a k a 1 4 1228 c d c mm but t t . 5 sk ns are ra e Ba er Lake G vin ( 9 ) re or s it as not o on , HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS o r KEEWATIN 61

r u R d r ct . d 1951 1 1 14 c a eg lar, in the Perry iver ist i Banfiel ( ) reports it as in re sing n u d t ccu c u and M u x and w o the t Cont o to . n ra, wi h o rren es at Bath rst Inlet sko y lakes

E uarctos a mer icanus americanus ( PallaS ) A M ERICAN BLACK B EAR

Local recordr The Wi ndy River area constitutes a northern o utpost i n the range u d d of the Black Bear . Altho gh consi ere a forest animal , it here ranges

d m u freely over a terrain consisting pre o inantly of Barren Gro nds . It

u k u u 1 44 a was apparently n nown locally ntil J ne, 9 ; in that ye r Charles

S u and d the m chweder sec red three , his brother Fre , one . In sa e season E m b u another was Shot by an skimo , Pa ala , along the Kazan River a o t 20 miles east of the north end of Ennadai Lake ; and a female with a cub was seen by another Eskimo abo ut 1 8 miles northwest of the mo uth m of Windy River . These last are a ong the northernmost records of the s pecies in Keewatin ; its occurrence in Eskimo co untry is evi dently u u u 1 44 d tw . O 0 b u b o n s al In ctober , 9 , when 9 Cari o had een kille on s uccessive days during a big movement in the vicinity of the Windy River

d d 70 and m d b d post , Bears estroye of the carcasses , re aine a roa ti ll nearly

November .

1 45 b d Sc S b In 9 a Black Bear was o taine by Charles hweder in eptem er , an d b b d d r c b . S . O one in the rown pelage y Fre chwe er , J, in to er The latter d d d m is sai to have iffere fro the others in no respect save color . In April ,

1 46 b N ueltin and u m 9 , Charles shot a Bear etween D ck lakes ; i n the sa e year one or more of the animals cons umed half a dozen caribo u bodies

- u bu d . in the vicinity of Fo r hill Creek , a tri tary of Win y River Along this creek is one of the largest spruce tracts within a long distance ; it u m 1 953 17 probably covers several sq are iles (Harper , , fig It furnishes so much better cover than the adj acent Barren s that the local

Bears apparently utilize it as their headq uarters and place of refuge . In 1 947 depredations by Bears on caribou carcasses in the Windy

m u On S mb 17 d S r. River area beca e serio s again . epte er Fre chweder , J, u d u d m fo n n ine carcasses cons me a few iles northwest of camp , where m u the an i als h ad been left when killed abo ut 1 0 days previo s ly . The manner in which they h ad been torn apart and demolished indi cated the

m u x . work of Bears rather than of lesser ani als , s ch as Wolves or Fo es Three days later S ix more carcasses h ad been treated l ikewise in that

On S mb 0 uc b w u d vicinity . epte er 3 several s h odies ere fo n along Little

m r m mb S River withi n half a ile of ou ca p . By Nove er Charles chweder u estimated that some 40 caribou bo dies h ad been lost to the Bears . D ring preceding weeks he and Fred h ad made several trips before daybreak 62 N ER T OF N F E M . US . N AT T U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , . HIS . or on moonlight even ings to keep a vigil for the marauders abo ut Fo ur - hill but u u S . u Creek , witho t s ccess ince no signs of Bears are ordinarily fo nd on the north side of Windy River for a distance of more than 1 0 miles out d m k O b i n the Barrens , the resi ents were a ing plans in cto er to go north some 20 miles and there kill eno ugh Caribo u for their winte r

e n eds .

Black Bears are still more numero us abo ut the so uth end of N ueltin

S m c Lake . o etimes , according to Charles , the lo al Chipewyans lose so many b u l of their cari o ki ls to the Bears that they go hungry . These Indians do

and not hesitate to tackle the animals , they endeavor to kill every one m u . u but u h they enco nter , for food They sec re so e every year , not eno g um b e . O to thin their n b rs In late cto er three of these Chipewyans , visiting

d d h ad the Win y River post , reporte that they lost a good many of their b u u d b t . On cari o carcasses to the Bears , had kille two of the latter a certain June day Charles himself had seen eight Bears abo ut the south end On u m d M a 1 47 . 9 of the lake a trip to that area abo t the id le of y, , k d r. 1 S 7 . Fred chwe er , J, saw the trac s of Bears

Charles Schweder h ad an interesting theory to acco unt for the recent spread of Black Bears from the so uth end of the lake (where pres umably E they have always been ) to the north end . vidently the animals have long been accustomed to fattening up in the fall on the Caribou killed b th e m u m y Chipewyans in the for er area , and th s getting into pri e

But o ula condition for hibernation . a recent decline in the local Indian p p u tion has resulted in a smaller kill of Caribo u . Conseq ently some of the d u d Bears have Shifte their q arters to the Win y River area , where they fin d good shelter in the Spruce tract along Four - hill Creek and plenty of

- fall killed Caribou in the adj acent Barrens .

In J une I came upon the sk eleton of a Black Bear on the Barren s

m d o u d u as a ile northwest of the Win y River p st , and I sec re the sk ll a

m had b b S u u speci en . The animal een shot y Charles chweder i n A g st ,

1 44 as b u . s 9 , it was feeding on one of his cari o carcasses Later Charle

. b u u h ad d u u 7 ro ght me the sk ll of another Bear that he kille on A g st ,

- 1 944 u m u . , in spr ce ti ber along Fo r hill Creek

Coloration and mearuremontr Late in the afternoon of October 2 I was returning from a visit to the fish camp on Windy River j ust above the mo uth of Fo ur - hi l l

u b out u mb . Creek , when a f sillade of shots egan to ring in the spr ce ti er

d and u d I recrosse the creek , presently enco ntered Charles , who reporte

- had d m b u having j ust killed a 40 0 po und Bear . He hear it oving a o t in im u o u u and h ad h . the thick b sh , the Bear heard It had req ired ab t HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF K EEWATIN

0 - O 0 eight shots from a . 3 3 rifle at a distance of perhaps 5 yards to S u m u finish the animal . everal of the sl gs had erely gone thro gh the tough hide and were recovered in the skinning process (which was m d u . completed in eep d sk and oonlight , with the help of a bonfire) This

m - ecu u ani al , like the half dozen others s red previo sly in the Windy River

m fur u . t area, was a ale The general color is black ; basally Bister ; sno

M um u u my Brown above , changing to pale brownish on sides ; nails f sco s ,

u m : t 1 7 50 1 20 265 tips paler . The meas re ents were leng h , ; tail , ; foot , ; mm 1 30 ul 1 0 50 . ear , ; height at sho der , ; testes , A search revealed no ectoparasites on it . It had a rank odor . Rich feeding had given it a b u road strip of back fat , p to inches in thickness ; the weight of this 70 u d strip was estimated at po nds by Charles , who state that it was the

had d u d fattest Bear he ever killed . In a dition , m ch fat was obtaine

m c t d out u from the abdo inal avi y . The fat was to be trie and sed for

d - l ard ; it is said to be especially goo for pie making .

ma mm . Th e height at the S houlder in this specimen ( 10 50 . or in ) y be compared with the s ame measurement as recorded by others for variou s du and c m 1 84 ub c Eua rctor a merimnur : 37 . u b 9 s spe ies of in (A on Ba h an , , 2 n m 2 am 5 . t in (A hony , slightly ore than feet ( H ilton ,

2 to 3 f u t 25 40 c 27 to 36 . eet (B r , to in hes (Cahalane, in m m m x mum d m b x (Pal er , A ong the a i i ensions given y Grinnell , Di on , and L d 1937 - 10 3 c the ins ale ( , ) for California or Alaska Bla k Bears are 14 f 1 u d 6 . : t 70 . 777 3 9 ollowing leng h , in ( height at sho l er , in ( foot , 6 In mb 1 I ma d u d . 2 7 955 in ( Nove er, , esti te the sho l er height of a

- - F d m me good sized animal in the National Zoo at 31 32 inches . re Ul er gives 35 inches as the closely approx imate height in a seven - year- old male from the

Poconos in the Philadelphia Zoo ; it h ad been raised in captivity from its cub days .

- A height of less than 30 inches for a fu ll grown male hardly seems reasonable .

There is evidently a scarcity of measurements by field zoologists .

On October 1 8 Charles found tracks of at least two Bears on the

i - north s de of Win dy River several miles above Four hill Creek . Joe

a d u b Highw y , a Cree trapper , reported consi erable n m ers of the species

Putahow -M u d N ueltin at Lake , on the Keewatin anitoba bo n ary west of

Lake .

m d u b — u Unli ite q antities of edi le berries partic larly crowberries , m u b u — the o ntain cranberries , and l eberries are available for Bears of N ltin the ue Lake region .

' D irtribzttz on

Preble ( 1902 164 ) records the Black Bear in Manitoba north to Robinson Ox f d S R and h u c R b u 1 00 m m its Portage , or Lake , teel iver, C r hill iver a o t iles fro " “ ” m u uc 1 n o th . B hanan ( 920 12 18 ) reports Black Bea r a d Brown Bear along the u c R S c a I d ec d 1 2 122 f m Ch r hill iver in askat hew n . have presente r or s ( 93 ) ro the Ta and T u 4 1 2 t b anbur zin altson rivers . Clarke s ggests ( 19 0 3 ) that repor s y H y 64 N ER T OF N P BL M U N AT T U S . S . . IS U IV SI Y KA SAS , H .

( 1904 1 14 ) from the Thelon River and by Freuchen ( 19351 10 1 ) from the vi cinity of Baker Lake and Eskimo Point pertain actually to the Barren Ground Grizzly h an m m 2 c a t . 30 3 rather t to the Bla k Bear ; at the s e i e (pp , ) he presents c d f m th e end La and f m h d d r re or s ro east of Great Slave ke ro t e Pa lei ist i ct . nd 1 4 m 1 a . a meri mu A erson ( 9 7 36) li its the northward range of E. a r in the “ " Ath abaska-Mackenzie region to the southern part of Northwest Territories ; he e l ces it fr m h R i o ba nter . r p a t e Liard iver northward with E.

Urs us anders oni Merriam ’ AN DERSON S GRIZZLY Anderson indicates ( 1947 143) that this species (type locality : a n e st branch of Dease River, near Great Bear Lake) may ra ge as far a 4 as u a . u 19 7 e st the pper waters of the K zan River However , inq iry in elicited no definite info rmation concerning the occurrence of any form of Barren Ground Grizzly about N ueltin Lake or the upper Kazan R iver . d u Grizzlies of the western Cana ian Barren Gro nds , whether belonging

to one or to several forms , seem to be largely restricted to the range of

’ S ermo bilm undulotur orr iz u u p p p y , which , with its ndergro nd stores , m may play an important role in the economy of these big ani als .

Th alarctos mar itimus maritimus (Phipps) POLAR B EAR

i n The following notes were obtained from John Ingebr gtse . In 1 u 945 9. Polar Bear came swimming up the Churchill River at Ch rchill was u u and shot . Another was shot near the local airport abo t Jan ary , 1 46 4 1 1 42 u d 9 . u 1 In the spring , abo t 9 or 9 an Indian capt re a little u 1 2 u u one, abo t inches high , in the b sh , probably beZtween Ch rchill and a u oo . C pe Ch rchill . It was shipped to the Winnipeg There was also some account of a Polar Bear being captured or fenced in at the

u u but d . h ge grain elevator in Ch rchill , I did not learn the etails

” According to Preble Polar bears occur regularly all along the coast of Keewatin [ incl uding the present M anitoba] as far

1 45 1228 south at least as Severn River [Ontario] . Gavin ( 9 ) refers

d a to them as sometimes common on the ice and shores of ! ueen M au Se .

Ma r tes a mericana abieticola (Preble) HUDSON BAY M ARTEN

u S Sr . u Fred chweder , , of Ch rchill , i nformed me that a q arter of a century previously 50 0 - 600 M artens were traded (annually) at Reindeer do team Lake . He used to see bales of their Skins being transported by g " ” u u and E d at the south end of that lake . The b sh abo t Kasba nna ai HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN 65

' us u r a lakes ed to be good marten co nt y . The Chipewy ns about the south N ueltin end of Lake got a few in former years . Long ago there were said to be a few i n the patches of timber about the north end of N ueltin t ut bu o . cu Lake , they were trapped None is known to have oc rred in mm t S that i ediate vicini y in recent years . Charles chweder corrobo rates m this state ent .

S 1 4 Sc d r u M 9 7 . a a However , in eptember , , Fred hwe er , J, fo nd rten

u m r on the Barren Gro nds a dozen iles no th of Windy River . It was not

and a and in a trap , it had been dead for year or so . The Skeleton some fur a b u of the rem ined . Joe Highway reported a few of the animals a o t

Putah w -M o u . Lake, on the Keewatin anitoba bo ndary ub t t um In describing the present s species ( ype locali y , C berland

u S 1 0 2 168 Ho se, askatchewan ) , Preble ( 9 ) gave its range as extending “ ” u u m thro gho t the region north to the tree li it , with definite records from

u Ox u u . Norway Ho se , ford Ho se , Cross Lake , York Factory , and Ch rchill 1 1 Hearne ( 795 12 ) mentions the animal in the vicinity of Seal River . B uchanan ( 1 920 12 19) records it from Th eitaga (K asmere) Lake and

D 1 40 1 r from north of u Brochet Lake . Clarke ( 9 33) presents repo ts

u S and (s bspecies not specified ) from Reliance , nowdrift , Thelon River ,

Yathk ed k 1 4 1 8 u abietirola y La e . Anderson ( 9 7 5 ) gives the distrib tion of ” b M S . as wooded parts of northern anitoba , askatchewan , and Al erta u So thern Keewatin may be added to this range .

‘ The Fisher (M ortar penflaiz z i) seems never to h ave been recorded

N ueltin in the Lake area .

Mus tela erminea rich ards onn Bonaparte ’ ’ RICHARDSO N S ER M IN E ; RICHARDSON S WEASEL

N umber;

Weasels evidently occur througho ut the N ueltin Lake area . Charles — Schweder reports them as far as his trap - line extends along the Little

D ubawnt u D ubawnt u out River , so th of Lake . They are fo nd , he said , in m am the Barrens as well as in the ti ber ; on top of the highest hills , ong rocks , in grassy areas , and among willows along river banks . He has

u u seen a Weasel in thick spr ce growth , j mping from tree to tree at a

u 4 u 1 46-47 height of abo t feet above the ground . D ring the winter of 9

m D ubawnt u a a u they were com on on the Little , freq ently appe ring bo t

m m M m . ca ps and becoming rather ta e . ice were com on at the same time Charles secured 2 1 specimens during the winter of 1 946- 47 ; 10 of

D ubawnt these were on the Little , the rest along the Kazan and Windy rivers . The bigger hides fetched as much as He has seen the th e animals stirring abroad both by day and by night . He expected 66 N ER T OF AN PUBLS M U N AT T S . . . U IV SI Y K SAS . , HIS

th e 1947 - 48 Weasels to be rather scarce in winter of , their cycles of frequency apparently corresponding (to a certain ex tent) to those of

1 4 -4 d i litt M a . 8 9 n . the Arctic Foxes For the winter of 9 he reporte ( , y " ” 1 1 d c 6 4 ou u . , 9 9) Weasels as so scarce y wo l not see any tra ks in weeks

Food

s b M Fish heads are regarded as one of the be t aits for Weasels . ore h t an once Charles has caught them in traps inside caribo u carcasses . He h as noticed their tracks going down into the s ubterranean burrows of

u i h u h Red Sq irrels . He has seen the animals carrying m ce in t eir mo t s .

N ertr

The only nest of young that had come to his notice was found in J uly of a previous year beneath the floor of the abandoned trading post ’ ’ S u S m a ( imons Ho se) at i ons Lake . It was pparently revealed by the

u a u so nd of the voices of both the old and the youn g ones . The d lt ar u u then st ted to remove the yo ngsters , one at a time , to a storeho se a a u 0 a u t . at distance of bo t 5 yards . There were at le st fo r in the li ter m u On After a time they were moved again to so e nknown location . another occasion he found that a weasel had brought some caribou hair inside a carcass to make a nest of it ; this was on the south side of

Windy River . Charles has caught Weasels in October that h ad ass umed the white m d . winter pelage . When cornere in a trap , one will ake a hissing noise

M eara rementr and coloration

On S m 2 u u h ad epte ber 9, when the gro nd was bare, altho gh there M S been a little snow at intervals for several weeks , ike chweder trapped m a u . 8 . 5 . 2 u an d lt female ( fig ; pl , fig ) in the brown s m er pelage in u u b d a spr ce m skeg near the mouth of Windy River . The trap was aite w as u u with a piece of Whitefish . The whitish rim to the ears a conspic o s th e ul u d mark . The soles of feet were so f ly f rre that the toe pads d E were nearly hi den . xternally there seemed to be a Slight indication of the forthcoming change to the white winter pelage ; yet the hide was u u entirely prime . There was a rather niformly thick layer of fatty tiss e ’ u u u . on the inside of the skin . The ter s was small The animal s meas re mm m : 280 74 37 . ents were length , ; tail , ; foot , ; ear , ; weight ,

H aemo amarm alaré emir grams . Three mites , each of a different species ( g

E Laela r alaré emir d wing , p Grant , and Listrophori ae (hypopial were collected from it . u u In this specimen the pper parts , incl ding the basal half of the u and u pper side of the tail the pper portions of the limbs , are near

S u fur u a ar n ff Brown , with basal grayish white ; narrow pper m rgin of e s

68 N ER T OF N PUB L M U N AT T S S . S . U IV SI Y KA SA , . HIS . where the prints were only abo ut 5 inches apart ; also in two log u m u h ts at camp , in one of which so e caribo fat was stored . On a five- day trip in late November to the vicinity of Putahow

S r River, Fred chweder , J. , noted a single weasel track . Joe Highway

u u end N ueltin Putahow reported the species abo t the so th of Lake, at

and an u m a - M Lake, at nnamed s all l ke to the west , on the Keewatin anitoba u bo ndary .

D irtribzz tion h f w e . ric ards oni m u R e Preble ( 190 2 167 ) records M . ; fro Ch rchill iver a m b u c and f m u d b ubb iles a ove Ch r hil l ro the Barren Gro n s elow H art Point, Manitoba; he mentions ( 1 908 1231 ) specimens far to the westward at Lake Atha u 2 2 d m f m baska and Great Slave Lake . B chanan ( 19 0 1 18 ) recor s speci ens ro R d and c R d d c 1 47 16 t ein eer Lake Co hrane iver . An erson in i ates ( 9 3) hat the meeting -gro und between f it /aa rdronii and remploi is on the west coast of H udson b u ud d b and 1 1 1 1 6 . 1 10 1 1 1 an S 5 Bay at a o t latit e J A . Allen ( 9 ) Pre le eton ( 9 3 ) to ub a r ti a m f m - d m refer the s species c c a speci en ro Clinton Col en Lake . So e of the c t m c H 1951b1 1 1 7- 1 18 S c m ric/Jardro nii nearest lo ali ies fro whi h all ( ) lists pe i ens of , k K e F Rae and F R u o M c a are Baker La e ( e watin ) , ort ort esol ti n ( a kenzie ) , Popl r and F ba and u c t Point air Point (Lake Atha ska ) , Ch r hill ; the nearest of hese u (Ch rchil l ) is about 2 50 miles distant . The local trappers evidently have no knowledge of the Least

M a rtela rix ora Weasel ( ) .

Mus tela vis on lacus tris (Preble) HUDSON BAY MIN K This hardy M ink not only occurs throughout the forested region t u S k but be ween H dson Bay and Athabaska and Great lave la es , it also ventures northward into country consisting predominantly of Barren mm d S u . u Gro nds Altho gh it is not co on along Win y River , Fred chweder ,

r u t . J. , sec red six here in one season Along the Little River, a dozen miles u S M above its mo th , Charles chweder once trapped a ink beside a caribou carcass ; it had been going inside the carcass to feed . In a

u M certain Jan ary , when the waters were frozen over , he saw a ink in the country east of Ennadai Lake and abo ut 1 5 miles south of the

u d do m Kazan River . When he t rne a g loose to chase it , it cli bed a

u 1 5 e . tamarack abo t fe t to its top , where it was shot Charles has also E d u secured M ink along the Kazan River close to nna ai Lake . D ring the winter of 1946-47 he obtained a specimen on the Little D ubawnt

u bu D ubawnt m and River , a so therly tri tary of Lake ; this strea is swift m u re ains open thro gh the winter . In the Windy River area there was little evidence of M ink until

m ea u the snow ca e in the fall . Then their tracks app red at vario s places HARPER : THE M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN 69

u . On O 28 2 along the lower co rse of the river ctober , at the fish camp ’ m u - miles above the river s o th , I noted one or two half eaten fish in one

- o of the gill nets , and a portion of a fish lying on the b ttom near by . u M k This was pres mably the work of a big ink , which had left trac s and ’ a furrow in several inches of snow on the river s bank . Charles reported Similar depredations in former years at nets that had been set in the ’ m d r M S . S . th e u river above i ons Lake Fre chweder , J, saw a ink at pper 1 end of this lake on October 4 .

- the t Putahow In late November , on a five day trip to vicini y of

River , Fred saw a good many mink tracks in places where there was t open water . At that time there was a distinct scarci y of Arctic Foxes on the Barrens to the north ; consequently Fred was turning his attention

' M u x m d u to ink in the co ntry e tending fro Win y River so thward . By the u 1 0 m following March he had sec red speci ens .

M earurementr and coloration On October 1 7 Fred trapped an adult male of abo ut average size b d o on the ank of Win y River at the Crooked Rapid , a mile ab ve the

u u m : 60 x 1 8 . 5 5 mo th Its meas re ents were length , (appro imate) ; tail , ; foot ,

60 1 d fur 5 X 5. 5 . ; ear , ; testes , 9 mm (descen ed ) ; weight , when the 2 lb u . t was sat rated , % It was distinctly fat ; the stomach was emp y . The hide was unprime except for a small spot on the throat and one on the V d chest . The general color above is near an yke Brown , changing insensibly into a Slightly paler color below and into Light Seal Brown d u on tail (above and below ) ; chin , half a ozen spots of irreg lar size

u a and arrangement on throat and pper breast , and sever l small spots u in ing inal region , white .

Food M m The ink are said to feed on Ptar igan occasionally , in addition to u ltin fish . There are apparently no crawfish available in the N e Lake u a area . According to Charles , one of the best things with which to l re M ink to a trap is the body of another M ink ; its object is apparently not ’ ut b . to eat , merely to investigate , the carcass When the residents winter u M s pply of Whitefish is left on the bank of Windy River , ink will

m and u u so etimes come feed pon them . When the water level drops d ring the winter , air spaces are left beneath the ice at the edges of lakes , and M here the ink and the Otter gain access to the water . They also find

Similar places at the rapids on the rivers . On December 1 Fred brought to camp a 1 3- inch Burbo t or Moray (Lota maczclora) that had been left by a M ink on the ice at the edge t of the open water of Crooked Rapid on Windy River . He had no iced 70 N ER T OE N S S F EL M US N AT T U IV SI Y KA A U S . , . . HIS .

- the same sort of thing here on two occasions in previo us winters . Evidently the M ink does not relish this slimy species sufficiently to eat tu d d d it after cap re . The fish that it oes eat are generally ragge over the u m n ice to a hole among rocks on the Shore . J dging by the arks left O

n - u the s ow covered ice, Fred thinks that the fish capt red are generally not u b - m d M m ch larger than the a ove entione oray .

D irtribntion

Charles Schweder spoke of a trapper who h ad secured 175 Mink

200 s ak in one season , and perhaps in another season , in the Wolla ton L e

c f r c area . He also reported this spe ies as part of the u atch of the

b u u end ueltin Chipewyans a o t the so th of N Lake .

b 1 02 166 c d the ub c m the Echimamis h R Pre le . ( 9 ) re or s present s spe ies fro iver d S t ca Ox f d u S m a and u c near Painte tone ( ype lo lity ) , or Ho se, wa py L ke , Ch r hill R m h u b M b . uc 1 920 12 18 t e c t iver, anito a B hanan ( ) reports it fro o n ry etween K asb and N ueltin I c rd d 1 2 12 c m m the T a lakes . have re o e ( 93 3) a spe i en fro azin R M c 4 u c th M . 19 0 135 m cc e iver, a kenzie Clarke ( ) entions the o rren e of ink on R d 1 4 1 c ud its the Back iver and Ptarmigan River . An erson ( 9 7 67 ) in l es in range " wooded parts of K eewatin distri ct and Mackenzie district to Great S lave L ake .

Gulo lus cus lus cus (Linnaeus ) HUDSON BAY WOLVERIN E

N umbers and local range

n S d cu c c Accordi g to Charles chwe er , the Wolverine oc rs pra ti ally

u u i D ubaw nt thro gho t the reg on he is familiar with, between and u u Reindeer Lakes . He considers its n mbers approximately eq al on the mm u but . Barrens and in the wooded co ntry , it is nowhere co on He is not aware that specimens from the two types of co untry differ in size

or color . He meets with them on the Barrens , where practically all his

u m trapping is done . In most winters he sec res one or none ; never ore

u u m . than three . He s ally sees fro one to three in the open per year

run u and When detected , they away aro nd a hill so escape , leaving no c do u run d in tra k on the hard snow . He es not think he co ld one own an

u e open chase , tho gh he might be abl to overtake one on a lake with

do team has u u u b m his g . He had to give p p rs it when the terrain eca e too

u u two m E m ro gh . He may sec re or three skins per year fro the ski os of the upper Kazan River ; some of these natives may go as far as 30 miles m u but m b u 1 0 . from their camp to trap , most of the only a o t iles D ring

1 46- 47 u m the winter of 9 he sec red three speci ens in his ow n traps , two ” D u awnt d du of them within 30 miles of b Lake . He reporte lots ring " ” - 1 47 48 and u u . the winter of 9 , q ite a few d ring the fo llowing winter Charles believes a Wolverine has a more limited range th an a Wol f H AR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN

' Or F x Fr d hw d r r e Sc e . o . e 1 0 a , J, says that one will travel as far as m h as d iles from its den . He followed for a istance of 3 or 4 miles the a m tr cks of one that had ade off with a trapped Arctic Fox . The Wolverine commonly carries off such trapped animals ; apparently it does not kill

m but u deadf S m m bu the in the trap , waits ntil they are o eti es it ries the d u d Fox ; sometimes it takes it into a den . Fre has fo n no actual evidence

u and u ma of the Fox being eaten , tho gh a whole leg sho lder y be torn off w e m u - x hile it is b ing re oved from a trap . He gave p a trap line e tending ’ west of Simons Lake because of the number of troublesome Wolverines

tw e in that area . Charles has ic recovered a Fox that had been taken away bu d and ried . Wolverines w ill also rag away themeat of a Caribou that _ h as n d d been killed by either man or Wolf . O September 7 Fre shot a oe Caribo u w ithin a few miles of camp ; three days later he found that some animal (probably a Wolverine) h ad gnawed off the head and neck t and made off with these par s . Charles is inclined to think that the c d u mu spe ies oes not capt re ch live food . Fred knew of six Wolverines i nhabiting the territo ry along the b n l ine of his travels etween the Win dy and the Kazan rivers . O

S m 2 m b u m d w epte ber 9 he saw one of the a o t i way between the t o rivers . On October 1 1 he reported tracks in the snow miles northwest Of our ’ a n 1 c mp . O October 5 I noted tracks on a sandy beach at Simons Lake ; ? ' d n a d d u the i e tific tion was confirme by Charles and Fre . Abo t five weeks later Joe Highway reported that some caribo u meat we had left in the ’ - b S u b u near y imons Ho se was gone , and that Wolverine Sign was all a o t

c u m the pla e . D ring the previo us winter a Wolverine had visited the ain c m a p on Windy River while everybody was absent .

Trapping m d These an i als are not rea ily held by a fox trap . If a trap is c le u ma hained to a horn or a hind g of a Caribo , the Wolverine y chew m b m off either part and get away with the trap . In ti e it may eco e free

u h M u d of the trap thro g the loss of toes . ost of those finally capt re are

d ix d du d sai to have two or three toes missing . S in ivi als have escape ' m u 1 46 - 4 7 fro (or with ) Fred s traps . D ring the winter of 9 Charles trapped a specimen in the rocky Windy Hills near th e mo uth of Win dy River ; i n the following October he bro ught the Skeleton to camp for my ” m inspection . He says that the Species growls the sa e as a dog when

in u cu m be approached a trap . It is considered too to gh a sto er to d han led with any instrument less powerful than a gun .

D ent

c m . A cording to Charles , the Wolverines like to den a ong rocks They go down among s uch big boulders that one sees no dirt thrown out 2 N ER T OE N F E M N AT 7 . US . T U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS , . HIS .

u the of a b rrow . The location of den is revealed by the caribou bones u m strewn abo t it . The only local infor ation available about the young pertains to a half -grown individual seen along the Kazan River by Fred S m 1 4 6. in epte ber , 9 In recent years the hides seem to have generally fetched only $ 5 to

1 th e fur m ut u 22 $ 5 in arket ; b occasionally as m ch as $ .

D irtribution

10 u Joe Chambers , a trapper of Goose Creek , miles so th of i u n . Ch rchill , spoke as if there were few Wolverines his vicinity

u o u u According to Joe Highway , there are j st a few ab t the so th end of

ueltin Putahow N Lake and at Lake .

Preble ( 1 90 2 169) records the Wolverine throughout the region between " Lake Winni peg and H udson Bay ; also on Melville Peninsula and in the vicinity M a b d 1 08 12 t i s u c m c of r le Islan . Later ( 9 39 ) he no es t occ rren e at any lo alities

the t b - M c c ud S and in A ha aska a kenzie region , in l ing Great lave, Great Bear , d rt a and a R . b and S 191 1 1253 358 c A illery l kes De se iver Pre le eton ( , ) have re or s f d m F d du Lac b F R a c and t . ro on on Lake Atha aska , ort eli n e, Ar illery Lake An erson ( 191 3 : 524 ) records it at Great Bear Lake and along the Arcti c coast from Franklin u and ct d uc 1 20 12 1 m Bay to Coronation G lf Vi oria Islan . B hanan ( 9 9) entions

b K b and u l n Critchell- u c seeing skins etween as a N e ti lakes . B llo k records the species from Ptarmigan Casba River and Smart Lake (northeast u and H m 1 2 12 t ts ccu c at of Artillery Lake) . S tton a ilton ( 93 3 ) refer o i o rren e R u D e er o l 1 m L and c R ep lse Bay . g b ( 935135) reports it fro yon Inlet Ba k iver ; ' F uc m F St R c m ak and re hen fro rozen rait , oe s Wel o e , B er Lake, near Eskimo Point ; Clarke from the Thelon and Hanbury rivers and Lake d o Beechey; and Gavin from the Perry River distri ct . A ccor ing t Anderson its range ex tends from Ellesmere and Melville islands south M Iv 2 um cc u the into the United States . ac er ( 195 ) gives an ill inating a o nt of " Z w ? c rd m Wh o ldaia and S Sel n . Wolverine , with re o s fro ylvan ( y ) lakes

Lutra canadens is preblei Goldman MACKEN ZIE OTTER The Otter seems to be somewhat sparingly distributed in south

cu western Keewatin . It oc rs in the Windy River area in fall and winter , but d umm b has not been note in this river in s er , according to the o serva

d S d u 1 4 . 9 5 tions of Fre chwe er , Jr In J ly , , he saw two on a little lake d n b 28 d . O O near Win y Bay cto er of that year , when the ice extende out m O u only a few feet fro the river shore , six tters , in two gro ps of

c m mm d m u and three each , a e sw i ing down the Win y River near its o th , d m u 1 4 . 5 Fre shot on e of the In Jan ary , 9 , he saw three of the animals b u E (two together , one y itself) on the Kazan River at the o tlet of nnadai u Lake , where the water never freezes . He had not s cceeded in trapping On mb 2 1 47 u mu O . 5 any tters Nove er , 9 , he fo nd ch otter Sign at the HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

S m ’ . S d Windy Rapid , miles above i ons Lake Charles chwe er saw one on October 14 in Windy River half a dozen miles above its mouth ;

h ad 4 u u u 19 8 . he shot abo t fo r altogether, p to O d Fred once saw what he considered an tter den at the Win y Rapid . ’ u 20 m b It was abo t feet fro the river s edge , and a ove the water level .

There were otter tracks going in to it . In mid -November Joe Highway Shot an Otter (besides wounding

u 1 5 Putah ow and another ) on a small river abo t miles west of Lake ,

u -M b u d probably j st below the Keewatin anito a bo n ary . The skin , which d m 5 . I examine at the Windy River ca p , was close to feet in length It

and was brown , with a pale grayish throat chest ; it was notably fat .

d r d S . O u Fre chweder , J, sai that the tter eats its capt red fish on d m M . the e ge of the ice , whereas the ink drags its fish off to so e hole ’ Thus the Raven gets some of its provender by picking up the Otter s

d d and u leavings . At the Win y Rapi at vario s places along the Windy

M b Core onnr atié arne manitobenrir River , anito a Whitefish ( g g ) , weighing 3 4 u d Red Su Catortonz z / r catortomnr to po n s , and ckers ( ) are the principal

” u M Lota maca lora species preyed pon . Apparently a oray ( ) is also u capt red occasionally .

T 18 1 166 a s t h to d J . B . yrrell ( 97 ) st te hat in t e region the eastwar of Lake b h u h d d c u Atha aska t e Otter occurs on all the Streams througho t t e woo e o ntry . b 1902 165 r c d m and u c u Pre le ( ) presents e or s fro H ill Ch r hill rivers , Norway Ho se , Ox d u nd M b 1 08 1228 t d a . 9 for Ho se, Cross Lake, anito a Later ( ) he repor s fin ing the species more common between Fort Rae and Great Bear Lake than elsewhere ’ in the Athabaska -Mackenzie region ; he also mentions M acFarlane s records from the c a and d uc 1 20 12 18 the O Lo kh rt lower An erson rivers . B hanan ( 9 ) reports tter R d 4 h T R . at ein eer Lake . I have recorded it ( 1932 12 ) on t e altson iver Clarke ( 1940 135) mentions Baker Lake and the Vi cinity of Padlei as loca lities where the O ccu d far out the cc d to d 1947 z 70 tter has o rre on Barrens . A or ing An erson ( ) , the ub c m the M c to ud and present s spe ies ranges fro a kenzie Basin H son Bay , u M n so th to northern a itoba .

Lynx cana dens is cana dens is ( Sch reber) CAN ADA LYN x Altho ugh the Lyn x has been known to venture beyond the limit of u d trees to the Arctic coast , I sec re only negative information concerning

ueltin E nd d N . u e it in the Lake area ven at the so th of the lake , accor ing S d to Charles chwe er , the Chipewyans apparently get none of these m ani als . Preble ( 190 2 161 ) reports the Lynx thro ughout th e region between Lake and ud t c c c d m d Winnipeg H son Bay , wi h spe ifi re or s fro Islan Lake, Cross Lake, Ox d u an m f h m c d u c . S o t e for H o se, near Ch r hill o e ore easterly lo alities in the Athabaska- Mackenzie region where the animal has been recorded by Preble

: S R a a R 5. a and are lave iver, Cle rw ter iver , Isle la Cross L ke, 4 N ER T O F N F E L M N A T 7 . US T U IV SI Y KA SAS U S , . . HIS .

b w the a end f t nd u S t 1 1 1 et een e stern o Lake A habaska a Ch rchill River . e on ( 9

1 0 - 1 1 m t d h n In 9 9 ) e with two in ividuals near t e east e d of Great Slave Lake . the Reindeer Lake area B uchanan ( 1920 12 16 ) found evidence in the form of tracks h u m d 1 2 126 t e t in c nt R d R . I 93 only at so h , the vi i i y of ein eer iver have entione ( ) a r m 1 2 1 S c d Tsalwor S c . Sutt and t 93 36 ight re o at Lake, askat hewan on Ha il on ( ) report isolated occurrences at Coats Isl and and in the region of Repu lse Bay. “ Anderson remarks Frequently wandering to the Arcti c coast of N f u and T . T c c Alaska Y kon , orthwest erritories here is signi i an e in ’ Preble s statement Though this animal extends its range nearly

to th e m of its c for the a d d c d d . li it trees , preferen e C na ian zone is e i e

Ph oca vitulina Linnaeus SEAL O F TH L EWIAZA RIV ER The occurren ce of a fresh water seal in the vicinity of the o utlet of

N ueltin b u b 1 43 120 9 ma Lake was ro ght to attention y Downes ( 9 , p) Sm . . u c d 1 20 5 I H ith , of Ch r hill , who live in the 9 on the northwestern a rm N ueltin m d me of Lake , infor e that he had noted Sign of seals on

c Sealhole x Thlew iaz a u b th e ro k s in Lake , an e pansion of River j st elow

u N u l i u ccu h o tl et of e t n Lake . He said f rther that they o r all along t is

far h er d t m c ud Ed h n e o . river own s rea , in l ing Lake E S m d m . til l ore efin ite infor ation was k indly supplied by W . ’ d m d m u 1 27 u . 9 Brow n , istrict anager of the H son s Bay Co pany In J ne , or

1 928 h e c u u N ueltin u , saw a o ple of seal s in the o tlet of Lake , r nning d . Sealh le S ix O d into o Lake . He saw al so five or thers while he was escen

th e Thlew iaz a H ud c d ing River to son Bay , which he rea he in the first

k u ne Ed h n and b and . O b e o wee of J ly was seen a ove Lake , one elow it , ’ h M r E m c m anoth er was shot in t is lake . . Brown s ski o o panion , who took ’ h ’ 1 0 8 127 t e c d m h O l fi . C . . K JJ . 9 9 sk in , al l e it so et ing lik e g ( f J W Tyrrell s ( ) E m - - Pli oca vil l i /1714 K anr e ea S i. a ski o word g for the Freshwater eal ( ,

S u h m E m m K arbi iaé m also , the o t a pton ski o na e of g for the sa e species

Su and m 1 32 1 7 and E m m ( tton Ha ilton , 9 3 ) the Port Harrison ski o na e of

K ai i ia M c m - b d d g ( an ning , The spe i en was rather heavy o ie , a m bi th e d d S S u - Eri natna r l ost as g as Bear e eal or q are flipper ( g ) , or ” ’ h — P/o a bi ia a al f as big again as a good sized Jar Seal ( oc rp ) . Its weight

m bo u 1 50 u u u . was esti ated at a t po nds ; its length , at abo t fo r feet (The

o a s d do relative proporti ns of the three seals . here reporte , not agree closely w ith the published literat ure . ) ’ M r u l u Thlewiaz a . Brown s acco nt strong y s ggests that the seal of the

P/ooca oita lina b bl River is some form of the Harbor Seal ( ) . It pro a y remains permanently i n this fresh water ; if it retired to H udson Bay for

u c d u N ueltin the winter , it wo ld s arcely have reache the o tlet of Lake as ’ u be early as J ne . There appears to no real obstacle to a seal s progress ,

76 N ER T O F N F M N AT EL US . T U IV SI Y KA SAS U S . , . HIS .

Putahow Lake and at a smaller lake 1 5 miles to the west ; in the latter u two locality he had recently sec red of the animals . Joe Chambers , a 10 m u u trapper of Goose Creek , iles so th of Ch rchill , spoke of his area M as a good one for oose .

“ m d a in Tho as Lamb , of The Pas , informed me that the In i ns that

- m vicinity practice moose calling . He hi self gave a very realistic exhibition of the art . Preble ( 1 90 2 143) reports the species at various localities between Lake Winni e and ud c ud Echimamish R R b t Ox f d u p g H son Bay , in l ing iver , o inson Por age, or Ho se m m R u St S am t R and S . (where for erly al ost nknown ) , eel iver , h a tawa iver, plit Lake S m of m t c M the t b -M c o e the ore eas erly lo alities for oose in A ha aska a kenzie region , as listed by Preble are : Stone ( the present Fond du Lac) River;

T R and R . b and S 191 1 1 340 m helon iver, Dease iver Pre le eton ( ) ention the eastern x m t S uc a 1 20 12 14 u d the M b u e tre i y of Great lave Lake . B han n ( 9 ) fo n oose a o t R d and c R T c d m the T and ein eer Lake Co hrane iver . here are re or s fro azin T t a c m d b d 1924 128 al son rivers ( H rper , Lo alities entione y An erson ( ) are and 40 - 50 miles southwest of the mouth of Chesterfield Inlet ; by A r and Yathk ed and E m Clarke rtillery , Beve ly , y lakes near ski o Point ; by Banfield Yellowknife and Lockhart rivers and the region b 1 48 126 u d etween Eskimo Lakes and Liverpool Bay. Manning 9 ) fo n signs only t M b c d S d and N c a a . c as far nor h as Big an Lake e k L ke , nito a A or ing to Peterson ’ 1 4 a na r o ni x d f m 952 12 . the m e r ( , fig northern li it of the range of e ten s ro t O a th M c wes ern nt rio to e a kenzie Delta .

Rangif er a rcticus arcticus (Richardson) BARREN GROU N D CAR IB OU

m u N ueltin and This species igrates thro gh the Lake area , spring um but m fall . It generally appears in very considerable n bers , its ovements are so erratic that in some seasons comparatively few are see n locally . The 1 northward migration ceases about J uly . The animals are then absent u u till the early part of A g st , when they begin drifting back from the

u u e north . The b lk of the Keewatin pop lation pass s the winter in the u u m wooded region on the so th , altho gh a s all proportion may spend

this season on the Barrens about the Windy and Kazan rivers . A comprehensive acco unt of the Barren Gro u nd Caribou of Keewatin

b u has een p blished elsewhere (Harper ,

R ang if er caribou s ylves tris (Richardson ) WESTERN WOODLAN D CAR IBO U The marked dearth of recent information concerning this Caribo u u in northern M anitoba and adj acent regions is omino us . It is most obvio sly

a vanishing animal . S h u ou th e According to Charles c weder, it is totally nknown ab t HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O F KEEWATIN

l in no rth end of N ue t Lake . He has never heard of any being secured u u h by the Chipewyans abo t the so th end of this lake . He as never seen

um u u any tracks on his s mer trips to Reindeer Lake and ret rn . In J ne , 1 4 5 u m Su m 40 9 , he did see a Caribo enter and swi across cker Lake , so e m u N ueltin but u iles so thwest of Lake , he disting ished no differences

u u and ma between it and the Barren Gro nd Caribo , it y have been a u belated individual of the latter species . He knew of a Woodland Caribo b u 1 25 b 40 m u having been Shot a o t 9 near the Rab it River Post , iles so th a of Reindeer L ke .

d as Joe Highway , who has live at Brochet on Reindeer Lake well

u N ueltin a u as at the so th end of L ke , reported that no Woodland Caribo u are left in either area , altho gh they are said by the local Chipewyans to u d have occ rre in the latter locality a long time ago . Half a century ago Preble ( 1 90 2 140 ) co uld report the species thro ughout the region between Norway Ho use and H udson Bay d one of the localities mentioned was Steel River . He also referre to its occurrence thro ugho ut the year on the Barrens between York Facto ry and u m u Ch rchill . It is possible , however , that the an i als then occ rring on

M r these Barrens were actually the Barren Gro und species . . G . W M l d M m and n m a aher , irector of the an itoba Ga e Fisheries Branch , i for ed me that n umbers of the latter species now remain d uring the summer and breed on certain areas of Barrens between York Factory and Churchill . It is not at all likely that the Woodland Caribo u co uld have s urvived h d d u t ere in appreciable n umbers to the present ay. I have isc ssed this q uestion at more length elsewhere ( 1 955 17

As long ago as 1 91 5 Buchanan ( 1920 12 14 ) was able to report only t a few tracks of the present species in the vicin i y of Pelican Narrows ,

u u - m man So th of the Ch rchill River . Joseph Bird , a well infor ed who had b d E O 50 een statione at a post on nglish River in western ntario , miles m u 1 918 1920 fro Albany River , for some years p to , informed me in that Woodlan d Caribo u were so common thereabouts that one resident asserted it was easier to hunt them than Snowshoe Rabbits . In the same

m m c u . e year J A . Wilson gave infor ation con erning their recent occ rrence S Atha a uskow at Lac la Ronge and Pelican Narrows , askatchewan , and at p p

K ississ in M 1 47 1 1 8 1 u . 9 and g lakes , an itoba Anderson ( ) i ncl des northern M M anitoba and northern Saskatchewan in the range . anning after investigating seven localities between Reindeer and N ueltin Lakes

ud on the west and H son Bay on the east , does not even mention the u Woodland Caribo .

- d In the Athabaska Mackenzie region there seem to be ex tremely few recor s R MacFarlane b e h d to . t e t ba and R . ast of A ha ska Slave ivers Accor ing ( in Pre le , 78 N ER T OF N PUB LS M U N AT T S . U IV SI Y KA SAS . , . HIS .

the species occurs on both the northern and the southern shores of

a b . In u 1914 I c b u t c b b of the L ke Atha aska J ly , , saw fresh ari o ra ks , pro a ly d d c at Thainka t S c woo lan spe ies , Lake, northwes ern askat hewan In stad 1 1 1 1 d u N onacho f d 1 1 1 1 20 r t g ( 933 ) kille fo r at Lake . Ban iel ( 95 ) epor s a small group of Caribou (pres umably the Woodl and species ) on the northwest S a S u 1 4 hore of Gre t lave Lake in J ly , 9 9.

Ovibos mos ch a tus mos ch atus (Zimmermann ) BARREN GR OU N D M USK ox Altho ugh this species must have occurred in the N ueltin Lake a m m d m are in for er ti es , no efinite infor ation to that effect was obtained . It has long sin ce retreated far to the northward of the type locality

t S and u M be ween the eal the Ch rchill rivers , anitoba . Charles Schweder spoke of an Eskimo report of two of the an imals b b u 1 944 An ikuni but having een seen a o t at g Lake on the Kazan River, m d he had no great faith in its credibility . He also said that Pa ala (age about 60 in 1947 ) was the only one of the Eskimos on the upper Kazan bo u u u who remembered or talked a t m skox h nts . These probably took place between the D ubawnt and the Thelon rivers and probably about

0 u . 3 years previo sly . There were said to have been lots of the an imals There seems to be a tradition that the Eskimos came all the way from u u u . H dson Bay , via Padlei , to ndertake these h nts

a m m P mala, who is believed to have co e originally fro the Baker S u d b Lake area , told Charles chweder how his people se to make ows of

u o u d m e and m sk x horns , p tting grease on them , hol ing the ov r a fire ,

m u m b bending the ntil they beca e springy . They proba ly also thinned the E d two u . horns own . Apparently were sed to make a bow The skimos

also used the horns for side pieces (not the points ) of fish harpoons . Preble ( 190 2 143) s ummarizes previo us records from the following localities : b u a b t F ct and u c and b S and Barrens a o t halfw y e ween York a ory Ch r hill , etween eal u c M t b t E m d t d Ch r hill rivers , ani o a ; nor hwest of ski o Point , near hea of Ches erfiel b and c R u and t u Inlet, etween Wager Ba k rivers , ep lse Bay , Boo hia Penins la , d d um b t to Keewatin . ( Recor s from Chesterfield Inlet northwar pres a ly per ain the ' ' i /ao n 1 40 180 c m. n ec r. somewhat doubtfu l s ubs pecies 0 . p ) Clarke ( 9 ) ites Hearne s M t o ld records from the region of Kazan River and Yathkyed Lake . ore han a c u af T m The E m K a ent ry ter Hearne, J . B . yrrell re arks ski os on az n d River reported that there were no musk ox en in their neighbourhoo . Yet they t d b u Yathk ed 1 929 d were repor e a o t y Lake as late as ( An erson , in Hoare, m ” M acFarlane ( 190 5 1686 ) mentions the trading of skins from the inland Eski o R 1 14 uc 1 20 12 1 K b at eindeer Lake . As late as 9 B hanan ( 9 5) saw skins near as a ” White Partridge ) Lake th at h ad been taken by Eskimos in territory further ” north . T are um u o ld c d M c c m of the here n ero s re or s in the a kenzie Distri t , so e

- u x f m b m m t d S S , y, eastern ost ones eing fro Ayl er , Clin on Col en , sse , i ton Artiller M u -ox an d D ubawnt a t u t and ac bu and T sk , l kes , Ba h rst Inle , B k , Han ry , helon HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O E KEEWATIN

r e b 1908 1 1 50 r b and S 19 1 1 1 34 1 b iv rs (Pre le , ; P e le eton , ; H orn y , " According to Anderson the present s ubspecies is now restri cted to a few small isolated bands from upper Thelon and upper Back Rivers d u t ur and few ca t t t k . s t ere so h of Ba h st Inle , a in region north of Great Bear La e r c u d c d m u x c d m b d However, e ent aerial s rveys have is lose so e ne pe te re nant an s (numbering apparently more than 200 individuals ) south of Coronation G u lf b w T R and u th e d u d R at et een ree iver Bath rst Inlet , on hea waters of B rnsi e iver ,

Contwo to m - d and and S m u a y , Ayl er, Clinton Col en , Wharton lakes , on i pson Penins l d ( Banfiel ,

ADDITION AL KEEWATIN MA M M ALS

d 34 m d u c d u 1 Besi es the ammals isc ssed in the pre e ing acco nts , 3 other terrestri al forms that have been recorded from Keewatin are listed b . u u S elow Locality data and a thorities for the records are incl ded . even of the 1 3 forms are merely more bo real subspecies than those occu rring in the N ueltin Lake region ; and two others (Laria rur cinerea r and Canir la/ra nr) represent accidental or exceptional occurrences .

in ?R u r x r c M s d . S o e c e eur ugyunaé Anderson and Rand . Ar ti c a ke Shrew ep lse Ba m u c R Su and m f d y region ; o th of Ba k iver ( tton Ha ilton , Chester iel and 40 m u d d and R d Inlet iles so thwest of Pa lei (An erson an ,

La riurur inereu l e d u m c s Pa iso t de u . . On c S t t ( Bea vois ) H oary Bat re or , o ha p on d d Islan ( An erson ,

Le n i a r d d r r u a r ud . S p a ct c r l b o izcr M il ler . H son Bay Arcti c Hare West i e of H udson Bay from Ch urchil l north to Cape Fullerton and So uthampton Island d ( An erson , i x r i d Lem D crorto ny g oenlandicur g roenla nd cur (Traill ) . Greenlan Varying m u m a T u and ing . So tha pton Island; Repulse B y distri ct ; Baker Lake ; win Lake ( S tton m 1 932 : 58 M 1 943 : 1 04 d and R d 1945a 1 304 ; Ha ilton , ; anning , ; An erson an , d 1947 1 148 M 1 948 125 An erson , ; anning , )

D i rorton x ro n a ndicur ila n miu a R M c a c y g e l é g t é Anderson and and . a kenzie V ry

mm d and R d 1 4 a 1 0 x d the t ing Le ing . An erson an ( 9 5 3 5) e ten known range of his ub c t to u M ud u f and and c um 1953 1482 s spe ies east at leas ! een a G l Hall Co kr ( ,

fi . 1 2 x d I On d d 9 to . g ) e ten it still farther east Chantrey nlet the other han , An erson seems to place the eas tern limit on the mainland at Coronation u f f m the u G l . Determination o this li it must apparently await acq isition of

c m m M -K d spe i ens fro the ackenzie eewatin borderlan . ' - Cletbrio nom r rutila r da rt/ Jo ni M Red b c d M u . y ( erri am ) . Dawson s a ke o se a ct and Sm M Baker L ke ( Clarke, Vi ory oke Lakes ( anning , m a T S ut see ingly lso avani ( ton ,

Microtu ennr lz f ani b r e mu u d K r p y cur ap o od r Preble . Barren Gro n Vole ; eewatin M d M u m Th lew iaz a R b 1 0 2 1 2 d . u 9 5 ea ow o se Near o th of iver ( Pre le , ; An erson ,

Cani latra nr a ub n d d m E m r S s s . . O e c y p Coyote re or , inlan fro ski o Point

(Clarke , M ud Sea Ca nir lu i n ma cé enz ii d M ac Tu d . u p An erson . kenzie n ra Wolf ! een a d (An erson , ' ’ Ur T c ma m r ri bardrom R c a d . c S . wainson i h r son s Grizzly his spe ies , whose in 80 N ER T OF N F E M US N AT T U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS . , . . HIS .

n t M c b c d d b 1 40 1 as far ra ge lies in nor hern a kenzie, has een re or e y Clarke ( 9 33 )

a as K . d rr ni t b and U. a n o a e st Beverly Lake , northwestern eewatin Whe her this ear w c h b n m i as d . ar u e c d ct u i c . ( hi h ee ent one on p a t ally istin , is a q est on ( f R u ch S m f m of u d b m a s , o e or Barren Gro n Bear has een known fro bb and f m M t are Cape Do s ro west of Wager Inlet ( anning , hese the r m c h d f apparently easte n ost lo alities of record on t e west si e o H udson Bay .

M urtela erminea a rctica M m d ct c E m . O ( erria ) . Western Ar i r ine g en Bay

( Hall ,

M a tela ermi ea m l i u m r n re o S and . E ct c E m u p tton Ha ilton astern Ar i r ine . So th ampton Island ; north of Wager Inlet ; Cape Fullerton ; Chesterfield Inlet ; Tavani ; E im 1951 b1 108 . sk o Point ( Hal l , )

Gaibor morc/oa tzcr ni bo e a E ud M u x O c mm c r . c p lliot H son Bay sko . n e fairly o on b Rae t mu and M etween Is h s Daly Bay ( anning , Wager Inlet region A d ( n erson ,

u d c um 1 4 fi 4 n 4 fi . 1 2 an 953 1 35 . 5 a d 77 6 Altho gh Hall Co kr ( , g , , g ) plot ’ th e ranges of th e Yellow-cheeked Vole (Microtur x ant/oognat/ozcr) and Smith s Bog Lemming (Synaptomyr borealir rmit/ai) as ex tending across southwestern K t d t c u c d for c the d c as eewatin , here is evi en ly no a t al re or either spe ies in istri t

M urtela rix ora . 1 951 61 180 . 28 d c the yet Likewise Hall ( , fig ) in i ates range of f ix ora as incl uding th e southern half of K eewatin ; but s ubstantiating specimens apparently remain to be taken .

A SYS EM C L S O F M M M EC O A S ES T ATI I T A ALIAN T P RA IT , H OS RECO DS OM SOU ES E WITH T R , FR THW T RN K EE C D WATIN , ANA A

m umm d m The present list is erely a s ation , in ifferent for , of the notes on ectoparasites that have appeared on preceding pages i n the

u th e u mm u acco nts of vario s ma alian hosts . If there have been any previo s u m d m reports on mites or s cking lice fro Keewatin , they have escape y

Cerato /Jllnr tt mdrenrir Oro r /la alaré emir notice . Two fleas ( p y and p y ) are reported by Holland Among the 1 7 species of mites (Acarina) collected by the Canadian

E 1 1 3- 18 c M Arctic xpedition , 9 , principally along the oast of ackenzie u n m mm u (Banks , not one was parasitic po a als . It is not s rprising

m u um m in therefore, that the approxi ately eq al n ber of ites the present Of report are entirely different from those listed by Banks . the three

u u m x d and u s cking lice (Anopl ra) of the sa e e pe ition (Ferris N ttall ,

two and were of different species , from different hosts , from S x d those recorded herein . The fleas ( iphonaptera) of that e pe ition were

e th e m mm lost befor they were identified (Hewitt , three a alian

o m c d Le nr Citella r and Alo ex h sts fro whi h they had been obtaine ( p , , p ) were of different species from those providing the fleas listed in this HAR PER : T H E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN 81

u a Pe i paper . Th s there is only a Single species of ectopar s ite ( d cala r bumanar two ) common to the reports of the expeditions . This is also the only mammali an ectoparasite incl uded in the Report of the Fifth

Ex 1 2 1 -24 Thule pedition 9 . Realizing what interesting contributions might be made to our knowledge of the geographical distribution and the host relationships of

t tu u r these lit le crea res , I caref lly searched for them in nearly eve y fresh mamm m d al speci en that p assed thro ugh my han s . These efforts were

d r rewar ed in the case of eve y species except the Black Bear , the Wolf , M u u the ink , and the Barren Gro nd Caribo . It may be worth remarking

u our as that I never observed the H sky dogs of camp scratching for fle ,

c and that their owners had never observed fleas on them ( f. Weber , 1950 11 54) um u 1 7 m 3 u The species of the present report n ber abo t ites , s cking

- 5 u . lice , and fleas , collected d ring a six months period By way of com d u 4 5 2 2 parison , it may be mentione that abo t mites , ticks , biting lice M 1 0 u 1 3 and 1 u ( allophaga) , s cking lice , fleas , beetle were fo nd on mammals in northeastern Pennsylvania d uring less than four months of d 1 46 M u m 1 45 an S . field work in 9 9 (Harper , ) No ticks (s perfa ily I x odoidea ) and no chiggers ( family Trombiculidae) were fo und i n

u e d Keewatin . Apparently the ectoparasitic fa na b comes impoverishe

c toward the Ar tic . The only species common to the present list and to a corresponding

M S : list from northeastern Pennsylvan ia (Harper , ) are the following

Haemo arnarzz r alaré enrir M oco ter nz a rczz lintcr H o /o lea ra acan g , y p , p p tli zz Pol lax ab ci a Pero m co lla catatina o r r r r r . p , yp , and y p y Both lists also

tr /oorz/ I ud u Laela r P me /oorur and Lir o . incl e nidentified species of p , yg p , p A considerable proportion of the species of Acarina and Anopl ura in

m two u m and Keewatin were co mon to , three , or fo r species of le mings

D i r to /o io /o a icrotnr On c or n x Clet r norn r P en com r M . mice ( y , y , y , and ) the

S u Ta rniarcit/ rnr londronicnr rebloi d other hand , the Red q irrel ( p ) share only one mite ( En/:z aemogamara r amba lanr) with any of these smaller

Orr/oo ear caedenr u u rodents , and the flea ( p ) fo nd on many of the sq irrel m i speci ens was not detected on any other host . The three k nds of mites ’ collected from Richardson s Weasel (M a rtela erininea ric/oardronii) were common also on the three mice on which it doubtless preys . Although mites of the genus Pygmepborzxr are said not to be para sitic u be m m , I have fo nd them to com on on small ammals in Pennsylvania as well as in Keewatin . The local ectoparasites of widest host distribution were one (or more) undetermined species of Listrophoridae (on six hosts of two N R OF N P BL M N A 8 E T S U S . U T T S . . . 2 U IV SI Y KA SA , HIS

different orders) and Laelapr alarleenrir (on five hosts of two different orders) . Few of the species listed here were fo und on the ears of their a u hosts , ltho gh these appendages form a favorite point of attack in u t u more so therly regions . Perhaps the severi y of the climate disco rages the ectoparasites from attempting to maintain a hold on such an exposed d M m portion of the bo y . ost of the were well sheltered in the thick fur body . d For the etermination of the species in the following list , I have been wholly dependent on the courteous and generous s ervices of a E m sever l specialists and collaborators of the nto ology Research Branch ,

u ur u United States Department of Agric lt e . The gro ps of ectoparasites — and those responsible for their determination are : Acarina chiefly E u — E u . S S W . Baker, also H gh L . Keegan ; Anopl ra . W tafford ; iphonaptera

M ue e k s bec . C . F . W . The sequence of species in Acarina is that of Baker and Wharton u S in Anopl ra , that of Ferris and in iphonaptera , that of Holland Host records constituting additions to those supplied by Keegan 1 51 u H aemo amasinae ( 9 ) for mites of the s bfamily g , by Ferris for the

A u a S l : nopl r , and by Holland for the iphonaptera are indicated as fol ows u two for the s bspecies , by one asterisk ; for the species , by asterisks ; d u b . u and for the gen s , y three asterisks No compendi m of host recor s

for the North American Acarina as a whole seems to be available . Order ACARINA (mites ) Family Haemogamasidae Haemogamarur alaré enrir Ewing : * Clet/9rionomyr gapperi atbabarcae (June 19 and 20 ) unga va mackenzii (August 2 1 and 2 2 ) * Microtur pennrylvanicur d rummondii (August 29 to September 23) erminea ricba rdronii ( September 29) Eubaemoga marur amba lanr (Thorell ) * Tamiarcinrur budw nicm preolei ( September 5) * Cletbrionomyr gapperi at/oa barcae (Ju ly 22 to October 4 ) Family Dermanyssidae D erman ssinae m y , ny ph Cletbrionomyr gapperi at/oa ba rcae (Ju ly 2 5 to O ctober 1 1 ) c oronyrrur sp D icrorto nyx g ro enla ndicur ric/aardroni (August 1 8 ) ' Cletbrionomyr gapperi at/aa barcae ( A ugust 1 7 to September 2 Microtur pennrylvanicur drummo ndii (August 23 and 29) Family Laelaptidae Laelaps alaré enrir Grant D icrortonyx g roenlandicur richards oni (June 26)

84 UN IVERsrrY OF N F E M N AT US . T KA SAS U LS . , . HIS .

* * ' Microtur pennryl z a nicur drummondz t (August 29 to November

ol lax a brcira Fa c . F 1951 1205 P yp hrenholz f erris , , gapperi atba barcae (June 20 to August 1 7 ) ungara ma cé enz ii ( A ugust 2 1 to 23 ) Family Pedi cu lidae Pedicul a r buma nur bumanur Linné — H o mo rapier) ; aria ticur Eskimo ( A ugust 1 ) Order SIPH ONAPTERA (fleas ) Family Ceratophyllidae Orcbopear caedenr (Jordan ) Tamiat ciurur budronicur problei ( A ug ust 27 to November 4 ) M alara enr penicillig er dirrimilir Jordan : gapperi atbaoarcae ( September 24 )

' M egabot/Jrir ario (Baker)

' Microtur pen/tryl z anicnr drummo ndii (June 1 2 to September 6 ) M ega botbrir quirini ( Roths child) Cletbrionomyr ga pperi a t/ya barca e (September 2 )

' ’ M icrotnr pemz ryl z a nicur drummo na ii ( September 28 ) Per o myrcoprylla catatina (Jordan )

' Microtur pennryl z a nicur drummondz t (A ugust 29 to October 18 )

LITERATURE CITED

N ALLE , J . A .

- mm . u . 1 910 . Ma als from the A thabaska Mackenzie region of Canada B ll

- Am . u N at. t 1 . M s . 1 H is ,

N R N R M RT N SO O . A DE , UD LPH A I

1 R M mm . th u h x d . 1 9 3. eport on e nat ral history collections of t e e pe ition a als

- In : amu St fa M t the E m : 494 527 1 l . Vilhj l r e nsson , y life wi h ski o , p

New York .

24 d-N a u a R h m x d d . a d F 1 9 . ange of t e oose e ten ing northwar C na ian iel t r list

- 29.

v . N at . 1 4 . M ammif r d d u b P ancher oc. ro 9 0 e es e la Province e ! é ec . S H ist R 1 1 —1 1 1 d . 7 Cana a apport Ann 939 3 . m f a d d r t t 1 943. Sum o the a t c ary l rge wolves of C na a , wi h es i p ion of hree

- M mm 1 ma . a ct c r c . u . 393 new r i a es Jo r a alogy , p da u N a . M us . a a 1 4 u a d R c m mm . t 9 7 . Catalog e of C na ian e ent a als C n B ll 1 2 v + 1 4 0 1 2 8 1 ma 6 . 3 , p, 9

ND R N AN R M RT and . R . SON O . A E , UD LPH A I , A L D d a 4 a t he cu u Eret/yiz o n d . a a 19 3 . V ria ion in t por pine (gen s ) in Cana a C n i n

- R 2 1 0 4 fi 1 ma . u . rc sec. 3 9 Jo r esea h , , D . g , p d F d 44 t mu f h e u Euta mias a d . 1 9 . No es on chip nks o t gen s in C na a Cana ian iel " - N u 57 7 1 35 1 943 . at ralist, ( , M amm a d u . l 4 a The a mm u D icrorto n x a . 9 5 . v rying le ing (gen s y ) in Can a Jo r l

- o 26 06 . gy, 3

d F d-N atu a t 4 m c N t m ca . a 1 55. ct 9 A new shrew fro Ar i or h A eri C na ian iel r lis ,

- 59 64 . HAR PER : THE MAM M ALS O F K EEWATIN

N E. T ON . A H Y, H

- m - F d m c mm . t 1928 . iel book of North A eri an a als New York London : x xv

2 4 . 4 6 5 8 l 1 1 fi 37 m . , p , g , aps B N N M nd O N M N O O a . AUDU , J H JA ES , J H BACH A

h d u d w - + 18 4 . T e u N t m V l N e v 4 . 5 c . o . 3 . : 3 9 6 l q a r pe s of or h A eri a York , p R R W E . an . ART N d . O . BAKE , DWA D , G W WH + 1 2 . An duc 4 o l . . 95 t c . : x 65 1 377 intro tion a arology New York iii . p , fig

N F F. BA IELD, A . W . 1 m mm T 951 . the M c c Notes on a als of the a kenzie Distri t , Northwest erri

- c 1 2 1 4 . ma . . c 1 tories Ar ti , , fig , p

N N N T . BA KS, A HA

- 1919. The c c c d b the ad c c Ex d 19 1 3 18 . A arina olle te y Can ian Ar ti pe ition ,

R d - - fi d . 1 1 1 H 1 1 1 2 . . c c Ex e 9 3 8 3 t . : 3 ept Cana ian Ar ti p , , , p , g R R T M E N . BA A , DWI B M 4 ulae 1 . h N ot 950 t e N ueltin Ex d K 1 9 7 . osses of Lake pe ition , eewatin ,

d - i. d 22 u c . 1 Sc 6 1 . . 5 Nat rae A a Nat Phila elphia ,

BEE M W nd E RA M N S . a O . , JA E , . Y D HALL 1 M K 6 . mm h . 95 t e c c . a als of northern Alaska, on Ar ti slope Univ ansas

- 44 M l . . m . Mus . . b . c. u . 8 1 1 309 5 8 3 Nat Hist , is P l , p , fig , aps

N T BLA CHE , G . H . 1 2 x and 9 5. An e ploration into th e northern plains north east of Great a h m R T d S c ud th e u c t e . lave L ke , in l ing so r e of Copper ine iver [ hir

- - m d F d N u 39 34 2 . install ent ] Cana ian iel at ralist , , fig 1 - 1 2 . d . 5 7 d d u . . Soc 3 9 . Crossing a great ivi e B l l Geog Phila elphia , , 4 m 1 a . fig . , p

R N R CK D . . B E E I GE , W J

1 M mm . M mm 6 . a c ct d M a b u 93 . a ls olle e in northern nito a Jo r a alogy , 61 -62 .

N N N BUCHA A , A GUS .

- - 1 2 x 4 l ma . d a . x x 1 2 16 . 1 9 0 . da T : i 6 Wil life in C na oronto , , p , p

RT M BU , WILLIA H .

+ 1 0 . 1 4 v 1 . The m mma M c . b x 288 l 7 9 6 . : 3 a ls of i higan Ann Ar or , p , fig , 6 m 7 aps .

N TOR . CAHALA E , VIC H 4 m + fi M m a m x 2 2 . 1 9 7 . N c . : 68 9 a ls of orth A eri a New York , g

R CLA KE , C . H . D .

M us . 1940 . A biological investigation of the Thelon Game Sanctuary . Nat . + v 4 m . d u . 96 1 i 1 35 4 l . 2 1 . Cana a B ll , , p , fig , aps

R T H ELL- C I C O M . BU LL CK , JA ES C

1 x - 4 - 2 m t b d 1 2 1 . 930 . d t to su c c 9 9 5 S An e pe i ion ar ti Cana a , [ eventh install en ]

- - d a F d u 2 1 3 . Cana i n iel Nat ralist ,

D EGER B L o M N . , AG US Ex ed 1 2 1 -24 F T u . 1 . 1 m R . M mm . 9 5 . S c . 93 a als Part yste ati notes ept ifth h le p ,

- 67 1 2 . , fig

D IX , W . L .

1 1 a Ex d K i 1947 . 5 . c and c the N ueltin 9 Li hens hepati s of L ke pe ition , eewat n ,

- 288 3 fi . 1 950 . Bryologist , , g , 86 N ERS T O F N F EL M U N AT S . S T U IV I Y KA SAS U S . , . HI .

O N K H . an d . . . O . D A , , C W D UGLAS “ 1 f h . u o t e u c 953 Bel ga Ch r hill region of H udson Bay . Fisheries Research d d u . 8 : ma 9 7 . 1 . Boar Cana a B ll , fig , p

O N . D WLI G , D B . 1 893 . N of u e 1890 f m S to c arrative a jo rn y in , ro Great lave Lake Bee hy F R F m u M r . m Lake, on the Great ish iver . ro the jo rnal of Ja es

M i - - K nle . O 4 c u 92 1 1 . y ttawa Nat ralist, ;

O N . . D W ES, P G 4 w + 1 . a N v S d e ii 2 6 24 l . 9 3 . : 9 leeping Isl n York , p F N EILDE , H . W . ’ ’ 1 On f a M m 887 . the zoology o C ptain arkha s voyage to H udson s Bay in ' h f n t umm o 1 86 . T N a d N N u OC e 8 . c t S s er rans orfolk orwi h a ralists , 4 44 - 13 353.

F V RRI F. T R T AN VIC b t . O O H . . c S E S, G (with the olla ora ion of CHES E J )

1 - x - The u . M m c c E m . oc . i 1 20 1951 . c c e . S 1 3 s king li e Pa ifi Coast nto , iii , , 4 1 2 fig . F F. a H . RRI nd . . F TT E S, G . , G . NU ALL

- R d 1919. u d c c Ex d 1 91 3 18 . . a Anopl ra of the Cana ian Ar ti pe ition , ept C na ian

- ct c Ex ed . 1 1 1 8 3 t. D 1 1 1 . Ar i p , 9 3 , , p F R O T . . S E , J B F m d . O a d 1956. The c phena o ys vole in eastern Cana a nt rio iel Biologist ,

- 1 0 1 18 22 1 fi . , g

FR N T R . EUCHE , PE E

F and b r a R . mm 2 . M . r d t b c . 1935. a als Pa t iel no es iologi al o se v tions ept

- - 2 m f u x d 1 21 24 8 1 a . F T E e . 9 7 i th h le p , , p

N N . GAVI , A GUS 4 m mm b d R d t c u n M aud 1 5. 9 Notes on a als o serve in the Perry iver is ri t , ! ee

- 2 0 M amm . Sea . u . 3 Jo r alogy ,

O M N E R . G LD A , DWA D A 2 u and Ed a d S . 4 f c t . : 19 4 . Classi i a ion of wolves Part in tanley P Yo ng w r

- 6 44 l 1 ma . dm The m c : 387 63 . A . Gol an , wolves of North A eri a , p , p

Washington . N N M N S d . . R N N O O S . XO an G I ELL , J SEPH , J SEPH DI , JEA LI DALE

- 1 V . l . m mm of . o 1937 . Fur b earing a als California Berkeley , Calif

- - m . x ii 1 375 7 l . 1 2 5 . 1 3 iii , , p , fig , aps N R R N R nd RO SZ U D ON . L. . . CK D a . . . G E S , H , W J B E E I GE , J A JA M mma t c R T 1955. b a l o serva ions at lower Ba k iver , Northwest erritories ,

- 2 M mm . d u . 5 . 9 Cana a Jo r a alogy , H E R M ON ALL , . AY D .

K a sa ub . 1a f he m c m a . . 1 5 . o t 9 A synopsis North A eri an Lago orph Univ n s P l ,

- 2 2 . 1 m 0 . M u . . 5 5 s . 3 Nat Hist , , fig , aps

4 1 - 466 u M u N at . 1 1 K b . s . b. m c . 951 . . A eri an weasels Univ ansas P l , Hist , , 4 1 22 i l . f m 9 . p , g , aps

E. M ON and E LEN DE LL O R M . HALL , RAY D , . C CK U v K ansa d . S m m c . 1953. A ynopsis of the North A eri can i rotine ro ents Uni s - 4 2 fi . 2 m . M . 8 1 0 b . s Pu us . . 9 9 l , Nat H ist , , g , ap

AM T R ON M . . H IL , WILLIA J, J N Y 1 4 mamm d a . ca . . : 9 3. The S als of eastern Unite t tes Itha ,

l . m 1 98 fi 87 . p , g , aps HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN

H AN B-URY T . , DAVID 1 04 and t t f a d d and w S a d o . N e 9 , port ravel in the nor hl n C na a Lon on York + x x fi 2 m . x 319 37 l . 2 ii , p , g , aps

A R H R R F N . PE , A CIS

1 2 . M amm h b ur . 93 als of t e Atha as ka and Great Slave Lakes region . Jo M mm - 36 3 l . a alogy , , p 1 4 M d d d u ltin Ex d 1 m . . e K 7 953 N 9 . Bir s of the Lake pe ition , eewatin , A er i lan - 1 fi 1 m u 1 6 8 a . Nat ralist , , g , p 1 M u N a The n u d b K . . K s . t. 955. Barre Gro n Cari o u of eewatin Univ ansas

- M c. u . 1 1 2 fi 1 ma . b 6 1 63 8 . Hist , is P l , , g , p

RN M S . HEA E , A UEL ’ 1 m ’ 795. ur c of F t in Hud the A jo ney fro Prin e Wales s or son s Bay , to 2 d Oc the 1769 1 770 1 77 1 Sr 177 . Northern ean in years , , , Lon on x +4 l 58 9 . liv , p

TT . OR ON . H EWI , C G D

1 1 R d n - ZH r 9 9. F . . A c ic Ex ed . 191 3 18 3 t. D 1 I . leas ept Cana ia r t p , , , p oa e,

H . W . . B ’ 1 - a 930 . Conserving Canada s musk o x en ; being an acco unt of an investig tion

T m - O a : S ctu 1928 29 . of helon Ga e an ary Dept Interior , ttaw 1 - 53 22 fi 4 m . , g , aps

O N OR H LLA D , GE GE P . 1 4 . Th u . S d da c . T c . 9 9 e a . a . iphonaptera of C na a C na Dept Agri e h B l l ,

- 4 70 1 1 0 6 42 l . 4 m 3 . , p , aps

O T R H LLIS E , N . 1 1 1 . Am t m h m . . . N . . 9 c t e u . . S c A sys e ati synopsis of skrats U Dept Agri ,

Fau 2 1 - 1 4 l 1 . 3 7 5 . ma na , , p , p

ORN B N O . H Y, J H 1 4 . 9 3 d the T R t T t d . Wil life in helon iver area , Nor hwest erri ories , Cana a

F - - d a d u a 1 1 . Cana i n iel Nat r list ,

O . R ZR H WE LL , A B A IE . 2 1 . m 6 h b . . N . A . 9 t e u P ena co m r . S . t c . Voles of gen s y U Dep Agri , Fau 4 : iv + l 6 fi ma 8 66 . 7 5 . na , , p , g , ps

O RT R . H WE LL , A HU H

1 1 . m . R m N . 5 the m m U . . c . 9 c . . S evision of A eri an ar ots Dept Agri , A er

Fau 1 - 1 a 1 m . 37 80 5 l . 3 n , , p , aps 1 936a . Des criptions of three new red sq uirrels ( Ta miarcinrnr ) from N orth

- m ca . 1 Soc . 6 . . c . 3 A eri Pro Biol Washington , l 6o. h m u . M mm 93 t e c c c a . a A revision of A eri an Ar ti h res Jo r alogy ,

1 - fi 1 ma . 3 5 337, 3 g , p 1 8 . R . c . S . . 93 the N t Am c u d u . evision of or h eri an gro n sq irrels U Dept Agri ,

A - . m F u 2 2 6 1 1 6 2 l . 0 ma . 5 5 3 . N er a na , , p , ps

IN G D STA . , H E LGE

1 d - . a nd m 4 a d 1 2 2 l . 933 . : 35 L n of feast fa ine Lon on , p

A ON RT T . J CKS , HA LEY H .

1 tax - a 928 . A onomi c review of the Ameri can long tailed shrews (gener x n - x N m F u 1 1vi+ Sore a d M icrorore . c . . . S . . 5 ) . U Dept Agri , A er a na , 2 fi 8 1 l . 1 m 3 3 5 9 . , p , g , aps 88 N ER T OE N F E M N AT T US . I U IV SI Y KA SAS U LS . , . H S .

K N . EEGA , H UGH L

1 . 951 The mites of the s ubfamily H aemog amasinae ( A cari : Laelaptidae ) .

- c. S . . M us . 1 2 . 0 1 68 1 5 . Pro U Nat , , fig F R N M R . AC A LA E ,

190 5. Notes on mammals collected and observed in the northern Mackenzie R d c T d c. . S iver istri t, Northwest erritories of Cana a Pro U

- M us . 2 4 . 2 fi . l 8 76 5 . Nat , , p , g M R N F ACIVE , A GUS .

- 1 2 . he 28 22 24 1 . 95 t . 3 1 Devil of north Beaver, , fig

M N N N T . . A I G , H 1 42 m m and m mm u am t 9 . R a E S e rks on the physiography , ski o , a als of o th p on

- d . u 1 fi 1 d . m . 33 6 a . Islan Cana ian Geog Jo r , , g , p 1 a d r u d nd M 943 . N otes on the co stal istri ct of the eastern Ba ren Gro n s a elville F d 2 u m to u t . u . 6 Penins la fro Cape ller on . Cana ian Geog Jo r , - 1 1 fi 2 m 0 5 6 . , g , aps

1 4 n m m d d . d 9 7 . Bird a d ma mal notes fro the east si e of H u son Bay Cana ian

“ F d-N u a - 85 4 fi 1 ma iel at r list , , g , p, 1 4 h b d and m mm ud 9 8 . t e c u Notes on o ntry , ir s a als west of H son Bay

d a F d-N u b t R d and . t e ween ein eer Baker Lakes Cana i n iel a ralist ,

- 1 28 8 fi 1 ma . , g , p

M RR M N TON RT . E IA , CLI HA

1 4 Th b the d dac t . 88 . e verte rates of A iron k region , nor heastern New York

- m T a a . 2 1 4 S c d t a . Soc 5 2 1 . [ e on install en ] r ns Linn e n New York ,

M O N G UI LLE . ILLAIS, J H d x v + 4 l d a d and its u d a d : i 0 86 . 1907 . u . 3 Newfo n l n ntro en w ys Lon on , p , 2 m 1 fi . g , aps R R R M N T N K M R T . . and R O O S . ILLE , GE I , J, E I G ELL GG R m m mm . . . M us u . 1955. c c t a a . S N at . List of North A eri an e en ls U B ll , + 4 20 51x ii 95 .

M UN STER H ELM ER J , IK .

- - d . Th d and N w 2 4 1 ma . . e c b u . e : i vi 7 3 N win the ari o York , , p M R U O U S . IE , LA J f u d m x x + 1 4 . d c 95 to . : 37 5 u . A iel g i e ani al tra ks Boston iii , ill s

SON E. . NE L , W

m m . F u a 1 . . N Th e bb t t c S c . . 90 9 . . . ra i s of Nor h A eri a U Dept Agri , A er a n ,

- 4 l . fi m 29 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 16 . , p , g , aps S R ON E W . and F . TR NE L , DWA D , . W UE . R u the 1887 . eport pon natural history collections made in Al aska between

a 2 . M amm a . ct c years 1877 and 188 1 . P rt als of northern Alask Ar i

- 2 . m . Ser S a S c . S . 93 , ign l ervi e , U Ar y , R R OR R O B T T . , E

' - /orio no r da u ro ni u r d d m c u . 1 4 . u h let m b 9 5 A st dy of t e C y gro p of e acke i e . Jo r

m - M a ma 74 . logy , M R R S . PAL E , ALPH

1 4 m m M m m M x . Th am u d . m c c 95 . e al g i e a als of North A eri a north of e i o

- 4 4 f Y. 1 1 0 l . i 2 2 ma . d t . 38 37 5 Gar en Ci y , N , p , g , ps

N N N T T O M . PE A , H AS 1 Ed 2 d du t to th ct c . . . : 792 . Intro c ion e Ar i zoology Lon on

2 ma . 7 l . p , ps HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS OF KEEWATIN

T R ON R N O . PE E S , A D LPH L 1 2 he f l . e t t o h u A cor . b 95 A revi w of living represen atives t e gen s Contri . 2 + R a O t M us 0 1. and l 4 0 fi 2 m . . Pa aeont . 3 : 30 6 oy l n ario , [ ii] , g , aps R D PO SI L . E , A .

1 4 M mm M - 5. ac d ad F d N u 9 . a als of the kenzie elta Can ian iel at ralist , 4 - 22 .

1 . 0 u . M 95 c t N ueltin N t T . N at us . Vas lar plan s of Lake, or hwest erritories

1 1 1 2- 2 f d u . 8 7 8 i 1 ma 3 . Cana a B ll , , g , p R B E R P E LE , DWA D A . 1 2 0 . b ca B . S . 9 A iologi l investigation of the H udson ay region . U . Dept

m F 1 - 14 c . . 1 l . 1 ma . . u 22 1 0 3 Agri , N A er a na , p , p

1 8 - b c U . . 0 . the b a M c S 9 A iologi al investigation of Atha ask a kenzie region .

- m 1 4 2 . 1 2 m . . . F u 2 1 1 l fi 8 a . c . 7 57 Dept Agri , N A er a na , , p , g , ps R B E R d R T M T N A . an N N E T O SO S O . P E LE , DWA D , ES H P E

1 1 . 9 1 A list of the mammals no ted on the Seton Ex pedition of 190 7 . d x F : E T m S The c c : 339 Appen i in rnest ho pson eton , Ar ti prairies ub d 358 . New York . (This appendi x was p lished ostensibly un er ’ u Seton s sole a thorshi p. ) PR TT I M 0 R . UI , W LLIA , J

1 4 . r he ma d o r ex cin reu cine eu K . u 95 t S e s r . Aging in ske shrew , err Jo r

M mma - 39 1 . a logy , , fig RAE N O . , J H N ' 1 8 88 . otes on some of th e birds and mammals of the H udson s Bay ' C m and h m t e c c c ca . u . o pany s territory , of Ar ti oast of A eri Jo r Linnean

- . 14 Soc. 5. , zool , R N . A D , A L .

1 44 mz l i u 9 . Canadian forms o f the Meadow M o use ( M icro / a t pe ry va u c r) .

a d F d- N atu - 1 2 t 3. C na ian iel ralis ,

R B RT RO . AUSCH , E

1 On he a u of m - 14 1 1 fi . 8 953 t c c mamma . ct c st t s so e Ar ti ls Ar i , . g , m 6 aps .

RI AR ON O N . CH DS , J H

1 2 x - 85 . Arcti c searching e pedition : a jo urnal of a boat voyage thro ugh ’ Ru d and th Ed N ew : -x i e ct c Sea . pert s Lan Ar i [ York iii ,

1 - 1 3 5 6 8 . , fig

R I R B T O R . DGWAY, E 1 1 + 2 . d d and c m a u iv 44 l . 9 a c . a : 53 Color st n ar s olor no en l t re W shington , p

S T O N ER N T M N T O O . E . ES H PS 1 + 1 1 Th w ma . . e c c a N x v 4 1 2 1 1 fi i l . 6 9 . e : 5 3 9 Ar ti pr iries York , p , g , ps 2 m x x + 4 2 1 . V ma . l . . 1 d . Y 1 i 1 9 9 a o 3 t . t . Lives of ga e ni ls , p Gar en Ci y , N , 1 f 1 l . 4 6 i 5 ma . p , g , ps

F V S OR . E. HE L D , 1 4 l ndi ur 9 3 . Th e abundance of the collared lemming ( D icrorto nyx g ro en a c 4 1 . Tr . ri /oa d ni 1 2 0 r M e . he u c a a . c ro r t 9 9 9 ( ) var ) in Ch r hill re , to

Ec - 484 3 . ology , , fig

S TT N R O O M . U , GE GE

1 1 . d 93 Notes on birds observed along the west coast of H udson Bay . Con or

- 1 59 . 0 N ER T OF N PUB LS M N AT T 9 . US . . S . U IV SI Y KA SAS , HI

S TTON OR M . an U d M . M TON R . , GE GE , WILLIA J HA IL , J 1 2 Th m m . e m u m d M m 2 M u . 12 t . 93 S . e . s a als of o tha pton Islan Carnegie , p , c 1 1 -1 1 1 l . 4 . . 1 5 se t , p , fig T M R O M O K . H AS, LEY

- 1 . m i c f 953 t o a d . O t a : 3 253 74 c a t . Cli a olog al atlas C na a t aw , h r s TYRR M ELL , JA ES W

h - f - - 1 08 . d ub c c o . Ed . T : i 2 0 18 9 c t e s . 3 9 8 A ross ar ti s Cana a oronto viii , ,

l . fi ma 66 3 . p , g , ps T RR RR . U . Y ELL , J B

1 897 . R t D oobaunt K and F u R and epor on the , azan erg son ivers the north c o f ud o Ba and d ut f m ud west oast H s n y, on two overlan ro es ro H son

R . . . . d to S u a 9 . Bay Lake Winnipeg Ann ept Geol rvey Can a , (n P- 1 F m I S 6 1 I 2 1 1 l . 9 8 3 . , p , aps A R K S . . W L E , J

1 . nd c a d ud 2 R a . 193 Biologi cal o eanogr phi c con itions in H son Bay . eport d F Ex d 1 t on the H u son Bay isheries pe ition of 930 . B . Inves igations d u M t ba t b. a . and F at c . Ch r hill , ani o Con ri Can ian Biol isheries ,

- 4 4 . n . s . , 7

B R WE E , NEAL A . a d 1950 . A s urvey of the insects and related rthropo s of Arcti c Alask a E m o 6 1 14 -2 l . 06 . T m . . S c. 7 7 7 rans A er nto , , p

T a ns mitted une 1 6 . r J 4, 95

N ER T OE N PUBLS M U N AT T 2 . S . 9 U IV SI Y KA SAS , . HIS .

Ea ba emo a ma rur a mbula nr 2 31 4 1 K au -e- ea 74 g , 3, , , s g ,

8 1 82 K u L. 82 , eegan , H gh , Euta miar K ossi ir 74 g ,

winima r borealir, 18 mini h i ” mur uds o n us , 18 Laela r 4 8 1 8 p , 5, , 3 alaré enrir 29 3 1 37 4 1 66 8 2 iber ibe /Ji u -a u , , , , , , F z t c r lo r, 4 5 é o cbi 4 1 83 F 54 60 66 6 70 7 3 , , ish (es ) , , , , 9, , Laela tidae 82 F 65 p , isher , mb T ma 45 7 5 76 F 23 3 1 4 1 80 8 1 84 La , ho s , , , leas , , , , , , La rix laricina 6 F x 22 7 1 , o (es ) , , Lariurur cinereus 79 ct c 1 3 14 51 54 , Continental Ar i , , , , , u bo 7 7 6 66 6 7 1 La rel , g , 5 , 59, 0, , 9, - 7 46 5 60 Leather leaf, Cross , , 9, Ledum N ? Red 1 3 51 59 orthern Plains , , , , decumbenr 6 7 1 1 2 5 30 36 6 1 , , , , , , roenla ndicum 6 7 1 1 30 36 S e ac 59 g , , , , , ilv r or Bl k , mm 59 Le ing , ’ c 29 Ba k s , A . b R . 9 Gi son , , d 79 c d 83 Greenlan Varying , Gly yphagi ae, M c a 79 Gl c ha ur 1 8 a kenzie V rying , y yp g , 3 , 3 ’ R c d 2 5 fi a a rum 1 i har son s Varying , ( g c d ve , 3 , 8 3

2 l . . 1 6 . 3 25 30 36 40 4 1 ( p , fig Grass (es ) , , , , , ’ fig Sm 80 b u - t 6 40 ith s Bog , l e join , , r Lemma s t imucro natur trimucro natur, 29 Grizzly , ’ Le ur 80 d 64 p , An erson s , a mericanur americanur 8 16 u d 64 , , Barren Gro n , ’ a merica nur ma c a rlani 16 R c rd 79 f , i ha son s , a rcticur and erroni 7 1 3 6 14 0 lure/t r la rca s 8 0 , , 1 , , 7 r a cticur ca nur, 1 5 i la a oriur 1 arct cur br d , 5, 79 H aemo amas idae 82 g , Leucicbtb r c/aurcbillenrir 46 y , Haemo a marur alaré enrir 31 37 4 1 g , , , , c u ( ) , 66 8 1 82 Li e or lo se , , b 8 1 iting , Haemolaela r me a ventralir 31 8 3 p g , , uc 1 7 4 1 80 8 1 8 3 s king , 3 , 3 , , , , 1 d a O . r . 0 5 , , J, , 3 ‘ Han ley Ch rles c 2 5 30 36 Li hens , , , a H re, c b u 6 ' ari o , A d ct c 1 3 54 58 60 n erson s Ar i , , , , Li on ssinae 1 p y , 3 ud c c 79 H son Bay Ar ti , da 1 2 2 3 1 37 4 1 66 Lis rophori e , , 9, , , , , 20 t Hawk , Pigeon , 1 8 , 83 14 16 24 57 58 63 ’ Highway , Joe, , , , , , , Lirtro borur 1 1 1 7 4 1 8 1 83 p , , 3 , 3 , , , 65 68 7 1—7 3 75 77 , , , , Loireleuria rocumoenr 6 7 p , , H kw l . 6 2 i a . ’ , p fig o t ma culora 6 a , 9, 7 3 H o mo ra ienr ariaticur 84 p , Lutra ca nad enrir reolei 8 7 2 p , , H o l o leura aca nt/ao ur 3 1 4 1 8 1 p p p , , , , L mna ea ? 44 y , 8 3 x ad 7 3 Lyn , Can a , H o lo leuridae 83 p p , nx a nad enrir ca nadenrir Ly c , 73 a d 6 Horset il , woo ,

W . 7 c oro n rrur 2 1 4 1 M a . 9 7 y , 9, 3 , , laher, G , , la a eur enicilli er dirt imilir 1 84 d 62 7 6 M a r p g , 3 , In ian (s ) , , 1 2 45 M a 8 1 Chipewyan ( s ) , , , alloph ga, 6 Mall otur vill orur 46 5, 70 , 73, 7 5, 77 , 55 57 58 63 M b m M and Cree, , , , anito a Depart ent of ines u c In ebri tsen 9 1 7 N u R , 9 g g , John , , , at ral eso r es x a enri 1 6 64 M a rmo ta mona c nad r, Ix d d 8 1 Ma t ud 2 1 64 o oi ea, r en , H son Bay , , Marter

i t o a 8 64 K almia oli olia 6 7 a mericana a b e ic l , , p f , , K ashi iak 4 ennant! 65 g , 7 p ,

M . . K asi ia 74 , J, 9 g , artin D 2 M ad - 6 l . 6 fi K a . tello, p , g e ow grass , ‘ HAR PER : TH E M AM M ALS O E K EEWATIN 93

M e a botbrir Perom rco r lla ra tatina 4 1 8 1 84 g y p y , , , ario 4 1 84 Pero m rcur 1 , , y , 3 uirini 1 4 1 84 Petariter ra ittatur 7 1 1 q , 3 , , g , , M c 65 66 8 1 c m M ac 35 i e, , , Phena o ys , kenzie, M icrotur Pbenaco m r un a va ma ckenz ii 7 0 y g , , 3 ,

‘ lva ni ur a bor d em 4 2 4 2 4 8 1—84 l 1 ennr c o ur 3 79 3 35 3 . 3 . p y p , , , , , , ; p , fig ennr lva nicur drummo ndii 7 2 Plooca p y , , 5, 0 40 8 1—84 bir ida 74 3 , 35, 39, , p , ' x ant/oo nat/our 80 z itulina 74 7 g , , 9, , 5 M t rita lina mell o na ud 22 68 7 3 8 1 e . 7 5 ink , H son Bay , , , , Mia 1 1 23 29 31 37 4 1 45 icea , , , , , , , P 66 80—82 la uca 6 , g , M mm 1 1 ma ria na 6 25 ole, Co on , , , M u 44 60 oll sks , Pike, M N 7 7 Poa al i ena 6 4 1 , , , 5 p g , , " oose orthwestern M 69 70 7 3 ol lax a orcira 3 1 37 8 1 84 oray , , , P yp , , , , 1 d d 6 44 M m C . 0 orrow , Willia , Pon wee , ,

M E L . 25 30 l . 3 . 1 c 9 oss (es ) , , ; p , fig Poole, arl , over, M u d c R d 9 57 a b m 6 o nte Poli e, oyal Cana ian , , Popl r , alsa , M u Po ula r balra mi era 6 o se , p f , R - cu E d 4 b ed b c d 29 32 . 5 t 5 A h sk ke , , ( ) Por pine , as ern Cana a , t a a ' a a fig Red-b c d 79 Potamog eto n rierii 6 44 Dawson s a ke , f , ’ mm Pote ntilla alurtrir 1 1 u d M d 27 40 . 7 Dr on s ea ow , , p , K M d 79 t m 60 69 eewatin ea ow , P ar igan , , P emo tidae 8 M c S uc . 35, 37 y , 3 a kenzie pr e , ( fig P me /o ru 4 1 8 7 o r . 1 8 1 8 3 . 3 3 (fig ) yg p , , , M u esebeck . F. W . 82 , C , M u m 2 1 1 6 shroo s , , 3 , 3 R bb a it , M u x sko , m c S 1 3 1 6 77 A eri an nowshoe , , u d 7 8 B rren ro n , u 16 a G B sh , ud Ba 80 y, a n i er a rcticur a rcticur 6 H son R g f . 7 M u ud 4 , , 3 a n i er ca ribo u Jlz / ertrir 76 skrat H son Bay R g f y . M urtela R 55 7 3 aven , , r min r i e ed a ct ca . 68 80 , Reading Publi c M useum and Art G al er minea richa rdro nii 8 27 6 5 8 1 . , , , 9 lery , 83 bododend ro n la o nicu m 6 7 R pp , , er nz inea rem bl ed 68 80 / , R 9 ita , rix a ra rix ora 68 80 , , R b d 7 ose ay , Laplan , viron la curtrir 8 68 , , R m bo 7 ose ary , g , M oco ter murculinur 2 1 4 1 8 1 y p , 9, 3 , , ubur cba maemorur 7 1 1 0 6 R . , , 3 , 3 83 Ru 7 5 ssell , Charles ,

N a Sc c F u d ation l ien e o n ation , Salix 25 30 , , la ni olia 6 44 p f . , Odo coilez/ I , 7 5 calo ur 1 1 S p , bemio nur beinionur 7 , 5 Sc d hwe er , Offi c a a R c 5 9 e o l ese r h , , 9 1 1 1 3 14 16 17 19 f N v a Charles , , , , , , , 0 ndatra 2 1 24 2 44 4 48—54 56 , , 7 , , 5, , , z ibethicus a lbus 7 4 8 — — , , 3, 3 6 66 68 1 76 57 63, 5, , 7 , 7 3, 7 5, , z ibet/oicur S atulatur 44 4 p , , 5 4 . 2 78 l . ; p , fig Orcbo ear ca edenr 2 8 1 4 p , 3, , 8 4 2 2 1 F d r. 9 1 1 1 3 1 1 7 0 re , J, , , , , , , , Oro r lla alaré enrir 17 80 — p y , , 24 2 27 48 4 1 54 56 , 5 , , 9, 5 , 53, , , O t M a , c , 69, 7 2 — — t er kenzie 58 62 65 68 7 3 7 5 l . 3 . , , , ; p , fig O z/ ibor 1 2 l . 6 ; p , fig . morc/yatur morc/aatur 78 , F 4 d Sr . 6 re , , morcbatur ni boecur 78 80 2 p , , 6 6 l . M 9 2 1 55 5 6 . 5 ike , , , , , ; p , fig Owl S 14 22 , nowy , , cutacaridae 8 S , 3 S cutacarur 1 8 , 3 , 3 am 61 78 S a P ala, , e l , d cu d 84 d d 74 Pe i li ae, Bear e , Pedicula r oumana r oumanar F hw r 4 , 81 , 84 res ate , 7, 7 4 N ER T M N A 9 OE N PUBLS . US . T. T . U IV SI Y KA SAS , HIS

S u d T mb cu da 8 1 eal ( Contin e ) , ro i li e , Harb 74 T deidae 8 or , y , 3 74 T deur 31 83 Jar, y , , of Thlewiaz a R 74 iver , F 75 m F d 63 Ungava reshwater, Ul er , re , S d 6 1 1 26 30 36 40 4 1 44 d S ar m A ricul e ge (s ) , , , , , , , , Unite tates Dep t ent of g S tu 1 0 82 hrew , re , , ct c M s d 79 d Sta a M u um 9 Ar i a ke , Unite tes Nation l se , mm M 1 1 u r R b 4 d . 1 5 Co on aske , (fig ) Urq ha t , o ert , S t a 31 4 1 80 82 84 Urrur iphonap er , , , , , nd rr m 4 m t I . H 4 a e o 6 80 S . 7 i h , , , r x ri b dro ni So e c a r . 79 cinereur cinereur 1 1 8 , 7 , , 3 cinereus u unaé 1 2 Va ccinium gy , , 79 S ermo bilur undulatur a rr ii 1 7 64 uli inorum 6 7 1 1 2 5 0 6 p p p y , , g , , , , 3 , 3 - v mi u 2 2 S ba num 6 2 6 r itir idaea ar . n s 6 7 5 7 p g , , 5, 3 , , , , S um m 6 1 1 20 2 1 30 31 30 36 phagn oss , , , , , , , S uc 1 6 18 20 2 1 27 so 4 1 45 pr e, , , , , , , , , Vole, 48 49 52 56 59 6 1 62 65—67 u d 79 , , , , , , ; Barren Gro n , l 4 2 a 40 p . , fig . He ther , b c 6 1 1 19 2 1 30 36 40 -c d 80 la k , , , , , , , ; Yellow heeke , l ulu ?r ali l . 1 1 l . 2 . 1 l . u e a e r 8 . 3 V r 59 p , fig ; p , fig ; p , p f g , , 1 fig .

6 1 8 1 9 l . 1 . 2 a white , , , ; P , fig We sel , S u -fli er 74 a 68 q are pp , Le st , ’ S u R c d 2 1 65 8 1 q irrel , i har son s , , ,

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R b F. Tea u . 9 , Y le, Dr o ert , c mm ab d 7 o on L ra or , a - d b ad 7 l . 1 2 0 0 n rrow leave La r or , ; p , ,

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PLATE 2

ac uc , d . t d f m amp R p —F t Tu d d : a View eas war ro C i ge Bl k s r e 1 . Fig . irs n ra Pon 6 1947 . N mb 1 , w t . o e er mid- da d v c . y sh ows o in er t ma c and dwar bir h Long a f a ra k , f

d R p , d t . Win y iver ost u n ked and blin nes ling -M c Red S , a 2 . Fig . a kenzie q irrel

24 1 947 . J uly , PLATE 3

— A dr u m u d a ab a D icro rto n x and Pbena Fi . 1 . S u g y, t rfy o n in Be r lo gh ; h it t of y

d b - d a d a m u a b com r . c uc c b te c y Bla k spr e , warf ir h , narrow leave L ra or , o nt in ran erry, lad onia n m u 1 1 4 C a d . 9 7 . , oss J ly ,

F — i . 4 the 2 . 1 0 g K eewatin Tundra Wolf : an adu lt male specimen (orig . no . 9 ) in R d a ub c M u um and c d b F d Sc d r . ea ing P li se Art Gallery . Colle te y re hwe er, J, ne r d R mb 1 4 S 6 9 7 . Win y iver, epte er , PLATE 4

u ma . : d an ad ( —K eew ati n Tundra Wolf hea of lt le orig 1 . Fi . g 7 mb 1947 . d R S t , Win y iver , ep e er

-i " i I ' f two a ' e at ba o 1 - r d Ba : on se l rge ‘ - Wo lfi ESke y i ! ? TvVo w o lf dens on f Win y F g ’ ' Ex t b d - a Schw eder s . o h r beneath snowbank at Ch rles left ensive e s s pruces ; t e u 1 2 1947 . m dd d nc . , o f dw arf bi rch in i le ista e J ne

PLATE 6

— t f m Fi 1 A t a the u d : F d Sc d r . ou g . r pper of Barren Gro n s re hwe er , J, setting ro the d R t t a d the u K a R d and Win y iver pos ow r pper az n iver , with three ogs

- m 1 4 f r the t . S t b 1 t to r a t a o 7 9 7 . ravois , p ep re his r p line win er ep e er ,

i — d w 2 , E m c m a nd he F . a d d m c t g ski os , la en ith a p ge r tra e goo s , ar hing over Barrens from the Windy River post on the way to their camp on the upper K az an m River . They represent the h u an element th at h as the most direct effect upon th e mamma fau d K a F to a : Hikw a An w oko ok lian na of inlan eew tin . ront re r , g , l k h w m k K 1 4 A a a a A eloo Oc b 6 . . 9 7 , , atello to er ,