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EFI+ 0044096 Deliverable 3 4 New Metrics Development http://efi-plus.boku.ac.at/ Project no.: 0044096 Project acronym: EFI+ Improvement and spatial extension of the European Fish Index Instrument: STREP Thematic Priority: Scientific Support to Policies (SSP) - POLICIES-1.5 D 3.4 - Report on development of new metrics for the assessment of all European rivers including European historical diadromous fish species distribution Due date of deliverable: 31.12.2007 Actual submission date: 07.05.2008 Start date of project: 01.01.2007 Duration: 24 Month Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: CEMAGREF (HYAX), 3275 Route de Cézanne, CS 40061, 13182 AIX EN PROVENCE Cedex 5, FRANCE Final version Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Contents Task 3.4 Diadromous species distribution Responsible author: Gertrud Haidvogl, University of natural resources and applied life sciences, Vienna, Austria. Task 3.5 Central/Eastern Rivers assessment Responsible authors: Klaus Battes and Karina Battes, Bacau University, Romania. Task 3.6 Mediterranean Rivers assessment Responsible authors: Teresa Ferreira and Pedro Segurado, Instituto superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, Portugal. Task 3.7 Large Floodplain Rivers assessment Responsible author: Christian Wolter, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany. Task 3.8 Low species diversity rivers assessment Responsible author: Didier Pont, CEMAGREF Aix en Provence, France. 2 Table of Contents 1. Objective of the task...........................................................................................................................3 2. Data.......................................................................................................................................................4 2.1. Selection of diadromous fish to be considered......................................................................4 2.2. Information sources for historical distribution .....................................................................5 2.2.1. Using historical data on fish species distribution.........................................................6 2.3. Collection of data on present distribution..............................................................................7 3. Methods................................................................................................................................................7 3.1. Data collection............................................................................................................................7 4. Results – historical distribution.........................................................................................................9 5. Modelling of the potential distribution ..........................................................................................17 6. References ..........................................................................................................................................18 3 1. Objective of the task The existing EFI developed in the EU-funded FAME-project showed only very weak response to continuum interruptions. This was true for the overall index as well as for the ten singular metrics of the EFI with the exception of the metric for migratory species. Thus, it was one of the aims of the EFI+ project, to improve the ability of the index to detect pressures on river continuum by enhancing the data basis and by calculating particular metrics. With respect to the improvement of the data basis data we integrated in EFI+ a larger number and more precise pressure variables for river continuum. While in FAME only the connectivity situation at the river basin scale and at the segment scale was considered in general (existence of a barrier preventing the upstream migration of diadromous and potamodromous fish), we integrated in EFI+ altogether seven pressure variables in the central database. One variable accounted again for the catchment scale (existence of barrier downstream to the sea), six further variables are related to migration barriers at the segment scale (existence of barriers up- /downstream, number of barriers in the segment up-/downstream, distance to next barrier up- /downstream). Apart from the more detailed information on connectivity pressures, we aimed further in improving the data on fish. It was a characteristic of the FAME data set that long-term impacts on migratory fish (both, diadromous as well as potamodromous) could not have been considered since even unimpaired or only minimally disturbed reference and calibration sites may have been impacted already by the absence of migratory fish due to migration barriers. In order to improve the information on fish our approach was therefore to reconstruct “reference conditions” for the distribution of migratory fish species based on historical data. Due to the enormous amount of work necessary for the preparation of historical data we limited our data collection to diadromous species, even if data sources and case studies are available for some potamodromous species from former projects performed especially in Austria, Germany and France. Hence, the objective of subtask “continuity disruption” in work-packages two (data collection) and three (data analyses and modelling) was to compile information on the historical distribution of diadromous fish species and to compute metrics which can be compared later on with the present situation. Due to the well known incompleteness of historical information (occurrence not registered; loss of records, log term human impacts on the occurrence of migratory fish etc.) we will also analyse a potential distribution of fish species. This is based on models of the historical presence of diadromous fish species as a factor of environmental characteristics. Due to the particularities of historical data special modelling techniques have to be used (see for this the subchapter on used methods). Further analyses will consider the existence of barriers if a species is absent at present or any other type of pressure that may impact the occurrence of a diadromous species. 4 2. Data 2.1. Selection of diadromous fish to be considered In a first step we selected the fish species to be considered for the data search. The prerequisites for species selection were a broad geographical distribution, (former) commercial interest leading to a better chance of exact species determination and to more frequent recordings in historical information sources (see below for the limits of historical data on fish). However, we also tried to take into account all important European catchments. Thus we also considered diadromous species endemic to the Danube catchment. Finally, we also agreed to select only fish species which are obligatory diadromous. This excluded fish species which are potamodromous or even resident fish in many catchments and undertake diadromous migrations in others. Such situations occur e.g. for fish species of the Baltic Sea and its connected rivers (species such as Vimba vimba). Against this later rule we kept Acipenser nudiventris, Acipenser gueldensaedti and Acipenser naccari for data collection, since it seemed possible for these three Sturgeon species of the Danube catchment and Adriatic Sea, respectively, to distinguish between potamodromous and diadromous forms. Based on these prerequisites we selected the following list of 17 species: Family Genus/Species Lampreys: River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Sturgeons: European Atlantic sturgeon (A. sturio/A. oxyrinchus1) Adriatic sturgeon (A. naccari) Beluga (Huso huso) Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstädti) Ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris) Shads: Allis shad (Alosa alosa) Twaite shad (Alosa fallax) Danube shad (Alosa immaculata) Salmonids: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) Coregonids: Coregonus sp. diadr. (houting, c. whitefish) Eels: Eel (Anguilla Anguilla) Smelts: European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) Flounders: Flounder (Platichthys flesus) According to information about the distribution on native species, which was compiled for 400 European catchments during the FAME project (see Reyjol et al., 2007; trout was only considered on species and not on sub species level, Sea Trout was not represented in this dataset) the most frequent species is the Eel. It occurs in 316 of the 400 catchments and in 22 main river regions and marine areas, respectively. Also the Atlantic salmon has a wide biogeographical 1 Latest genetic studies show that historically also A. oxyrinchus occurred in Europe; however it is not possible to distinguish between the two species only based on written historical records; therefore the two species are mentioned in common 5 distribution. It is native in 155 catchments, however only in 15 main river regions or marine areas ranging from rivers of the Bay of Biscay to the Gulf of Riga. The two Lampreys (River and Sea Lamprey) as well as the two shad species (Alosa alosa and Alosa fallax) are less frequent in terms of catchments, but the have a broad biogeographical distribution ranging from the Aegean and Adriatic Sea (Alosa fallax) to the Gulf of Riga (all three species except
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