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A Case of Leveraging a Mega-Sport Event for a Sport Participation and Sport Tourism Legacy: a Prospective Longitudinal Case Study of Whistler Adaptive Sports

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A Case of Leveraging a Mega-Sport Event for a Sport Participation and Sport Tourism Legacy: a Prospective Longitudinal Case Study of Whistler Adaptive Sports sustainability Article A Case of Leveraging a Mega-Sport Event for a Sport Participation and Sport Tourism Legacy: A Prospective Longitudinal Case Study of Whistler Adaptive Sports Tracey J. Dickson 1,* , Simon Darcy 2 and Chelsey Walker 3 1 Canberra Business School, University of Canberra, Canberra 2601, Australia 2 UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia; [email protected] 3 Whistler Adaptive Sports, Whistler, BC V8E 0K3, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Sport participation legacies are often offered as reasons to host mega-sport events, yet there is little evidence to demonstrate the claim’s legitimacy, thus we examine “What did Whistler Sports do to leverage the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games to facilitate a sport tourism legacy?”. Through a prospective longitudinal case study of WAS and application of the temporal extension of the socioecological framework, multiple data sources were analyzed from over a decade beginning before the event until 2019. The findings reveal the situated and embedded nature of mega-sport event legacies i.e., context. These depend upon a network of facilitators such as local, provincial, and federal policies; pre-event and post-event vision and strategies from local communities and sport organizations; the development of a pool of willing and flexible volunteers. Together these were strategically leveraged to overcome sport participation and sport tourism barriers for people with disabilities. The sport, tourism, and sport tourism experience reflected Whistler’s natural and infrastructure advantage and the needs and desires of locals and visitors with access needs that could not have occurred without the capital injection of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Citation: Dickson, T.J.; Darcy, S.; and Paralympic Games. Leveraging the mega-sport event opportunities required leadership and Walker, C. A Case of Leveraging a a strategic vision for repositioning to a year-round program. This strategic change also opened Mega-Sport Event for a Sport new sport and sport tourism opportunities for current participants but importantly brought new Participation and Sport Tourism participants and their friendship groups to Whistler over the post-event decade for year-round Legacy: A Prospective Longitudinal sustainable adaptive sport opportunities. Case Study of Whistler Adaptive Sports. Sustainability 2021, 13, 170. Keywords: disability; sport participation; legacy; mega-sport event; Paralympic; sustainability https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010170 Received: 5 December 2020 Accepted: 19 December 2020 1. Introduction Published: 26 December 2020 Host communities are commonly told that after hosting mega-sport events (MSE), Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- including the Olympic and Paralympic Games, beneficial social legacies would remain such tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- as increased sport participation and physical activity (e.g., [1–4]). For parasport events the ms in published maps and institutio- legacy potential is reflected in the International Paralympic Committee’s (IPC’s) Paralympic nal affiliations. legacy goals including, “sport structures/organizations for people with an impairment, from grassroots to elite level” [5]. Despite these opportunities, community/grassroots, and para/disability sport participation and legacy research and practice languishes behind the mainstream [6,7]. This translates into more ad hoc approaches to disability sport and Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Li- tourism, including event leveraging, through inadequate facilitating policies, poor policy censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. operationalization, relatively underdeveloped sport development pathways, inadequate This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and con- training resources, and inaccessible environments and transport [7–9]. ditions of the Creative Commons At- For beneficial sport legacies to remain after MSEs across community and elite sport de- tribution (CC BY) license (https:// velopment pathways and whole-of-life participation, requires a strategic vision to leverage creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ opportunities [10]. Converting the latent potential to an actual increase in sporting partici- 4.0/). pation across the lifespan will also facilitate greater social impacts beyond sport [7,11,12]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010170 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 170 2 of 19 To achieve these legacies the design, delivery, and leveraging of MSE must involve mul- tilevel strategies across policies, programs, activities, interventions, facilities, built and natural environments to support the change [13]. These will target “individuals, social environments, physical environments, and policies” [14] (p. 63). Multilevel approaches par- allel applications of socioecological frameworks (SEFs) applied elsewhere [15–18]. Legacies from parasport events may also facilitate sport tourism with participants enabled to travel and stay within MSE host communities, utilizing accessible environments, accommodation, and program offerings, thus enabling broader social and economic legacies [7]. However, most legacy research merely theorizes legacy or is conducted either too soon after the event to be deemed a legacy, or even before the event (e.g., [7,19–21]). To redress the research gaps, we conducted a longitudinal prospective case study of Whistler Adaptive Sports (WAS) analyzed via a novel temporal extension of the SEF (TESEF) [13] to examine an example of how WAS leveraged a MSE for a parasport partici- pation and tourism legacy. The case was examined before, during, and for nearly a decade after the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (Vancouver2010). This research occurred over a period when Whistler’s modest tourism growth was outpaced by WAS’s phenomenal participation day growth (Figure1). T he enabling factors that facilitated and sustained WAS’s legacy from Vancouver2010 are investigated and deconstructed below. Figure 1. Whistler Adaptive Sport (WAS) annual lessons/participation days and Whistler visitation (data sources: WAS AGM Reports https://whistleradaptive.com and RMOW https://www.whistler. ca/municipal-gov/community-monitoring/whistler-facts-and-figures/whistler-visitation). Following, we review the theoretical framework in which this research is situated, the conceptual framework used for analysis, i.e., the TESEF, then the research question and methods. The discussion draws together the case’s threads and points the way forward for future research and practice for MSE legacies, identifying the research’s methodological and practical implications. With the various nomenclatures for people with disability (PwD) [22,23] and their sporting contexts, such as disability sports, parasports, adaptive sports, and inclusive sports, the preference is to use the language of the case study, thus ‘adaptive sports’ is used from hereon. 1.1. Theoretical Framework As this case is focused upon adaptive sport participation and tourism as a Vancou- ver2010 legacy, the theoretical framework considers legacies and leveraging, adaptive sports, and constraints to participation by PwD. Sustainability 2021, 13, 170 3 of 19 1.1.1. Legacies and Leverage Legacies are what remains after the MSE and are event-centered, while leveraging re- lates to the strategic planning and activities to achieve beneficial MSE outcomes [24,25]. The panoply of MSE legacies include infrastructure (stadia, roads, and transport); volunteering and sport participation growth; and enhanced destination competitiveness [7,19,26,27]. As explored in Figure2 the level of planning, scale, cost, and temporal and spatial dimensions of legacies may vary, as does whether it is considered positive or negative [27]. Crucially, for legacy research and practice, the legacy radar or web [27] expands previous legacy frameworks by adding the spatial and temporal dimensions [27,28]. The sport participation outcome explored here would be considered to be planned, tangible, large scale for WAS, but small scale for a NSO, ongoing temporally, while spatially it could be international given the tourism aspect. Overall, it is a positive legacy. Figure 2. Adaptation of the event legacy radar or web (Dickson et al., 2011). Realizing legacies requires strategically leveraging the MSE planning, activities, and opportunities across the event’s life, from the pre-bid phase through the post-event legacy phase [25,29]. However, despite repeated claims that MSE will leave sport participation legacies for host communities, there is little evidence supporting this claim, as most re- search is not conducted in a period necessary to demonstrate a legacy. Not to say legacy is unachievable, it just has not been demonstrated, yet [1,2,4,30]. While, theoretically, this paper draws on the work of Chalip and others (e.g., [20,25,31,32]), significantly this longitu- dinal research differs by providing empirical evidence that sport participation and tourism legacies are possible, and insight into how this may have occurred in one community. 1.1.2. Adaptive Sport and Participation Constraints Adaptive sports are sport or recreational activities that are modified through equip- ment, protocols, or rules to enable PwD to participate [33]. In contrast, Paralympic sports are governed by strict classification schemes that aim to promote equal competition be- tween athletes with similar abilities
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