Boron Groups Installed Directly Into Molecules

News & views was reduced in AD mice lacking astrocytic IL-3. macrophages, which reside at the brain’s personalized therapy for individuals with AD The authors next identified the targets of borders, might have been targeted by some who carry a risk-associated TREM2 variant? IL-3 in the brain. They found that microglia of the genetic tools used to manipulate IL-3Rα Further defining the roles of IL-3 in health and express the IL-3 receptor IL-3Rα, and that lev- expression. Such cells could also be affected by disease will be essential to fulfil the promise of els of this receptor are substantially increased IL-3 to alter the entry of molecules or cells into McAlpine and colleagues’ findings. with age and in the AD model compared with the brain. Although McAlpine et al. examined young, wild-type mice. Deleting IL-3Rα specif- some aspects of the integrity of the blood– Jerika J. Barron and Anna V. Molofsky ically from microglia in the AD mice resulted brain barrier and found it to be intact, other are in the Department of Psychiatry and in effects on Aβ plaque burden and memory unmeasured variables such as active transport Behavioral Sciences and the Weill Institute similar to those observed in AD mice lacking of blood-borne molecules to the brain could for Neurosciences, University of California, IL-3 in astrocytes. be affected11. San Francisco, San Francisco, California Strikingly, McAlpine and colleagues found In addition, it is possible that other brain 94158, USA. that injecting IL-3 into the brains of AD mice cell types could express the IL-3 receptor in e-mail: [email protected] could reduce Aβ build-up and stimulate the some contexts and respond to IL-3. Further clustering of microglia around Aβ plaques dissecting the impact of IL-3 signalling on 1. McAlpine, C. S. et al. Nature 595, 701–706 (2021). (Fig. 1). Continuous delivery of IL-3 into other cellular players will be a crucial next step. 2. Long, J. M. & Holtzman, D. M. Cell 179, 312–339 (2019). the brains of IL-3-deficient AD mice over Nonetheless, these findings are an excit- 3. Vainchtein, I. D. & Molofsky, A. V. Trends Neurosci. 43, four weeks resulted in a remarkable reduction ing advance in understanding the role of 144–154 (2020). 4. Wang, Y. et al. J. Exp. Med. 213, 667–675 (2016). in the size and amount of plaques and the lev- astrocytes and microglia in AD, a disease 5. Dougan, M., Dranoff, G. & Dougan, S. K. Immunity 50, els of soluble Aβ, as well as improvements in that is notoriously difficult to treat and that 796–811 (2019). short-term memory relative to results seen currently lacks any curative or restorative 6. Soares, H. D. et al. Arch. Neurol. 69, 1310–1317 (2012). 7. Ray, S. et al. Nature Med. 13, 1359–1362 (2007). in AD mice injected with an inactive control therapies. Although caution should be exer- 8. Oakley, H. et al. J. Neurosci. 26, 10129–10140 (2006). substance. This is a key finding with potential cised in translating these findings to the 9. Colonna, M. & Wang, Y. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 17, 201–207 therapeutic implications. clinic, particularly given the role of IL-3 and (2016). 10. Keren-Shaul, H. et al. Cell 169, 1276–1290 (2017). 12 Interest in the role of microglia in AD has IL-3Rα in certain autoimmune disorders , 11. Yang, A. C. et al. Nature 583, 425–430 (2020). increased dramatically since the discovery that this study raises the intriguing idea that IL-3 12. Renner, K. et al. JCI Insight 1, e87157 (2016). a variant of the gene encoding the receptor or related molecules could have therapeutic The authors declare no competing interests. protein TREM2, which is expressed by micro- potential in AD. Could this be one step towards This article was published online on 14 July 2021. glia, is associated with risk for AD9. McAlpine et al. show that Il3ra is enriched in a previously Organic chemistry described subset of ‘disease-associated microglia’ that are activated through the TREM2 receptor10. Moreover, the authors found that Boron groups installed deletion of Trem2 prevented the increase in microglial expression of IL-3Rα in their AD model, raising the question of whether TREM2 directly into molecules mutations associated with AD risk in humans might prevent this protective IL-3-dependent Christine M. Le response. Indeed, the authors also found evidence Compounds called borylated azines have untapped potential that this pathway is at work in the human for organic synthesis, but have faced problems associated brain. In brain tissue from individuals who with their preparation, stability and reactivity. A new class of had died with AD, the authors observed astro- these compounds provides a solution. See p.677 cyte expression of IL-3 and higher microglial expression of IL-3Rα than in the brains of age- matched individuals without AD. Moreover, the amount of microglial IL-3Rα expression The search for new pharmaceutical drugs by Azines are nitrogen-containing ana- correlated with the length of time for which medicinal chemists relies on the synthesis logues of benzene rings and are present in these individuals had been diagnosed with AD, of diverse compound libraries for biolog- many of the top-selling pharmaceuticals as well as with the accumulation of Aβ plaques. ical testing. Of the reactions used for this approved by the US Food and Drug Administra- How does IL-3 promote the protective func- purpose, those involving boron-containing tion (see go.nature.com/2dirpwf). These med- tions of microglia? The authors found that in organic molecules (known as organoboron icines target several disease areas, including AD mice lacking IL-3, microglia did not cluster compounds) are among the most popular arthritis, diabetes and several types of cancer. around plaques, and plaque deposition was because of the commercial availability and If a boron-containing group is attached to an greater than in AD mice. In experiments with wide reactivity of these reagents1. On page 677, azine, the resulting borylated azine can be human microglia in culture, treating these Kim et al.2 report a method for the synthesis used as a reagent for the synthesis of many dif- cells with IL-3 promoted migration towards of organo boron compounds called borylated ferent azine-containing molecules — a crucial AD-associated protein aggregates. azines. The authors demonstrate that these process for diversifying compound libraries. It is important to keep in mind that IL-3 compounds can participate in reactions Kim et al. explored the use of transformations might offer protection through more than one common to other organoboron compounds, called C–H functionalization reactions to mechanism. For example, IL-3 was particularly but offer distinct advantages, such as ease of prepare borylated azines. abundant in astrocytes at the blood–brain bar- preparation and impressive stability. Impor- Although once regarded as an academic rier, which controls the passage of proteins tantly, these reagents will allow a full explora- curiosity, C–H functionalization reactions are and cells from the circulatory system to the tion of the therapeutic potential of molecules now a powerful methodology in organic syn- brain. Populations of immune cells called that have previously been difficult to prepare. thesis. In these processes, a carbon–hydrogen 652 | Nature | Vol 595 | 29 July 2021 ©2021 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All rights reserved. ©2021 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All rights reserved. (C–H) bond is converted into a carbon–X bond, where X can be any atom other than a Conventional hydrogen. C–H functionalization can greatly Several steps methods streamline a synthetic procedure by reducing Boron-containing N N Br N the number of steps it takes to get to a specific group target molecule. Azine Brominated Borylated azine azine Borylated azines are typically synthesized from their bromine-containing analogues b Direct C–H (Fig. 1a). But although these brominated start- borylation ing materials are commercially available, they are more costly than the equivalent azines that N N lack a bromine atom. For example, 2-bromo- pyridine can be about 25 times more expen- sive per mole than pyridine, which reflects the Figure 1 | The synthesis of borylated azines. a, Azines are analogues of benzene rings that contain one or cost of the synthetic steps needed to attach a more nitrogen atoms — the example shown is called a pyridine. Azines that bear a boron-containing group bromine atom to pyridine3. are called borylated azines, and are useful intermediates for organic synthesis. Conventional methods for A C–H functionalization reaction that making borylated azines involve adding a bromine atom to the starting azine (which might take several 2 directly introduces a boron-containing group steps), and then replacing the bromine atom with the boron-containing group. b, Kim et al. now report that to an azine can bypass these steps, saving valu- a method known as C–H functionalization can be used to attach a boron-containing group directly at the α-position of an azine. The resulting products are useful for making compounds with various other groups able time and resources. If the conventional at the α-position — a common molecular motif in pharmaceutical compounds. synthetic approach is like a bus route that has multiple transfers, C–H functionalization is like a non-stop express train. But before board- discovery was that an amine-borane reagent of the boron group with a hydrogen). ing this train, it is crucial to make sure that it (Me3N·BH3, where Me is a methyl group, CH3), It would now be useful to know whether stops at your desired destination: azines often in the presence of an organic catalyst, acid these borylated azines can participate in have several C–H bonds, which means that syn- and light, can form boron-centred radicals reactions in which the amine-borane group thetic chemists must devise clever strategies with the necessary reactivity for Minisci-type is replaced with a fluorine atom6.

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