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Negotiation for Extended Gender Roles in Islam: Women in Tablighi

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Negotiation for Extended Gender Roles in Islam: Women in Tablighi Doctoral Dissertation Negotiation for Extended Gender Roles in Islam: Women in Tablighi Jamaat in Bangladesh BEGUM MOMOTAJ Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University March 2015 Negotiation for Extended Gender Roles in Islam: Women in Tablighi Jamaat in Bangladesh D116149 BEGUM MOMTAJ A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation of Hiroshima University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2015 Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction 1-63 Introduction 1.1 Tablighi Jamaat and women 1.2 Women, Islam and Socio-Political Context in Bangladesh 1.3 Women in Contemporary Islamic Movements 1.4 Gender Roles in the Study of Islamic Movements 1.5 Objectives of the study 1.6 Conceptualizing and Theorizing Gender Roles 1.6.1 On Muslim Women’s ‘Willing Submission’ and Resistance 16.2 Power, Subjectivity and Women’s Agency 1.6.3 Negotiation within Patriarchy: Tablighi Women’s Agency and Power 1.7 Fieldwork and Methodology 1.7.1 Research Area 1.7.2 Period of Fieldwork 1.7.3 Data Gathering Methods and Techniques 1.8 Organizations and Outlines of the Study Chapter 2: Tablighi Jamaat: Origin and Development, 64-102 Concept and Principles Introduction 2.1 Origin and Development of Tablighi Jamaat 2.1.1Mewat and Meo peoples 2.1.2 Socio-Economic Crisis and Meos Move for Islamic Identity 2.1.3 Ilyas and TJ 2.1.4 TJ and Women 2.1.5 TJ a Transnational Movement 2.2. Concept of TJ 2.3 Six Principles of TJ 2.4 Conclusion Chapter 3 Genealogy of Gender Ideology of Tablighi Jamaat 103-132 Introduction 3.1 Politics of Women’s Reform and Colonial Gender discourse 3.2 Politics of TJ 3.3 Core Gender Discourse of TJ 3.4 Genealogy of Gender Ideology of TJ 3.5 Conclusion Chapter 4: Tablighi Jamaat in Bangladesh 133-177 Introduction 4.1 Changing Socio-Economic Status of Women in Bangladesh 4.2. Beginning of TJ in Bangladesh 4.3. Female TJ Activities 4.4 Recent Developments in TJ 4.5. Beyond the Kin Networks 4.6. TJ among Rural Women 4.7 Educated Women 4.8. Working Class Women 4.9. Alternative Group of Female TJ 4.10. Female Tablighi 4.11. Conclusion Chapter 5: Reconstructing Self: TJ lessons and Practices 178-242 Introduction Section one: TJ’s Reformist Activities 5.1. Talim 5.2. Bayan 5.3. Missionary Tour and Kakrail Mosque Activities 5. 4 Local Dawa Tour 5.5 Piety Practices of Islamic Etiquette in Dawa Tour 5.6. Piety and Stories of Veiling 5.7. Remaking Self and Three Case Studies Section 2: Discussion and Analysis 5.8. TJ and Cultivation of Piety 5.9. Reconstructing Self and Veiling 5.10. Contested Notion of Islamic Piety 5.11. Refashioning Community/ Society 5.12. Conclusion Chapter 6: Reconfiguring Gender Boundary and Female 243-297 Religious Leadership in Religious Sphere: An Alternative Group of Tablighi Jamaat Introduction 6.1 Changing Dynamics of Boundary in Religious Sphere 6.2. Conceptualizing Female Religious Leadership Section 1: Ethnographic Description of GFC Activities 6.3 Background of Emerging GFC Group 6.4. Similarities and Difference between GFC and TJ 6.5. Building Talim House as a Women’s Mosque 6.6. Performances of Rituals in the Talim House 6.7. Talim House a Community Property Section 2: Discussion and Analysis 6.8 GFC Women in Home and World 6.9 Female Religious Leadership is in Negotiation with Patriarchy 6.10. Women’s Resistance and Negotiation at Home 6.11. Conclusion Chapter 7: Conclusion 298-309 Glossary 310-111 Annex:1-4 312-317 References 318-339 Tables, Figures and Photographs List of Tables Table-3.1: Difference between Men and Women’s Tablighi Activism……………122 Table-4.1: Introducing the Female Tablighi by Age Category…………………….170 Table-4.2: Introducing Female Tablighi through Education Level ……………….171 Table-4.3: Introducing Female Tablighi Based on Economic Status …………......172 Table-5.1. List of Daily Activities of Female Tablighi in Dawa Tour…………….203 List of Figures Fig-1: Location of Research Areas in the South Asia… ………………………..312 Fig-2: Location of Research Areas in Bangladesh. ………………………………312 Fig-3: Subject Formation Process and Agency………………………....................313 Fig-4: Tablighi Jamaat and Women’s Extended Roles……………………………314 List of Photographs Photograph-1: Kakrail Mosque (Dhaka) the Headquarter of TJ in Bangladesh…..48 Photograph-2: Nizamuddin Mosque the Global Headquarter of TJ, Delhi, India…..52 Photograph-3: Tablighi Man preaching Bayan to Women Followers who Gather in a Separate Room……………………………………………………….191 Photograph-4: Visiting Room for Male Partner at Kakrail Mosque………………197 Notes on Transliteration Throughout the thesis, I use many Arabic, Persian, and Bengali words by using English translation. Within the whole thesis, I use the words Tablighi Jamaat and Masturat Jamaat in many times. To write both these two words I borrow the commonly used spelling, used in earlier studies. In some cases, the word Tablighis (Tablighi followers) is used to make it plural by adding with ‘s’ . Although the word madrasa is used in many styles, i.e. madrasah, I render the usual spelling –madrasa, used in many recent academic works. The word Jamaat-e-Islami is used in different ways such as Jamaat-i-Islami, in this study I use the official spelling which the party in Bangladesh use– Jamaat-e-Islami. For all transliteration used in italic form, I avoid the diacritical marks. The Bengali transliteration is used according to their phonetic sounds, for example, Akheri Munajat, burqa, purdah, dua, salwer-kameez etc. Meaning of the loan and transliterated words are given in the glossary at the end of the dissertation. Acknowledgement This dissertation is a product of continuous efforts for many years. It was impossible for me to complete this dissertation without receiving several people’s intellectual, technical and emotional supports and assistances. I am particularly indebted to Professor Masahiko Togawa, my academic supervisor, for his dynamic guidance and insightful suggestions. Scholarly advices and materials I received from him were immensely useful for this study. I would like to express my very great appreciation to my dissertation committee members: Professor Yoshida Osamu, Professor Seki Koki, Professor Ikeda Hideo, and Professor Ikeda Keiko for their insightful comments and suggestions that inspire me to enrich this thesis. The guidance I received particularly on developing the theoretical argument of this dissertation from Professor Seki Koki was very much useful. My heartfelt thanks go to Professor Ikeda Keiko for her insightful comments and suggestions in writing this dissertation. I wish to express my great appreciation to Professor Toshie Awaya for her valuable criticisms and comments about my paper, which I presented to an international conference held in Japan. Her comments provided me some specific suggestion to examine my research on historical perspective. Advice given by Professor Awaya has been a great help in rewriting the argument of the dissertation. I would like to offer my special thanks to Professor Subhasis Bhadra and Professor Manosh Chowdhury for their assistance as host supervisors during my fieldwork in India and in Bangladesh. I am very much grateful to the Tablighi leaders of the Nizamuddin Mosque, the world headquarter of Tablighi Jamaat in India, and of the Kakrail Mosque, the headquarter of Tablighi Jamaat in Bangladesh. I am particularly grateful to Mawlana Sulaiman, Mawlana Wasiful Islam, Md. Faruk Hossain, Md. Hafiz Uddin and Md. Abdul Hadi for providing valuable information about female Tablighi activities. My special thanks go to the female followers of TJ in Dhaka, Rajshahi, and Gaibandha. In this study, I use the pseudonyms of the respondents to observe the confidentiality, and I would like to pay my gratitude to all of them. I am very much grateful to Dilruba Begum of Dhaka and Asma Begum of Rajshahi who were important sources of collaborators for this study. Besides in-person interviews with them, they continuously provide me information over phone during the entire period of writing this dissertation. I wish to pay my gratitude to Naher, Asma, and Beli, the female Tablighi lived in Dhaka, for sharing their personal experiences, life-struggles and success in their long-term Tablighi involvement. I would like to express my special thanks to Ayesa, Masuda, Gobaida Khatun, Minara who also shared their stories of struggle and commitment to establish and lead an alternative group of Tablighi Jamaat in Gaibandha. Their endless cooperation during the fieldwork period enables me to collect useful information. Tablighi experiences shared by the young female Tablighi at Rajshahi University—Hena, Roshne Ara, Mitu, Roufon, Humaira and Shamima—were also very supportive to my work during the fieldwork. I wish to acknowledge Hiroshima University for providing a research grant for fieldwork in Bangladesh and India under the ‘Young Researcher Long-term Overseas Dispatch Program’. Without this funding support, the fieldworks would have not been possible for me. I am also thankful to Japan Student Service Organization (JASSO) for its scholarship support within the period of my study at Hiroshima University. It reliefs me from livelihood concern and enables me to managing educational expense during the period of study. I would like to offer my special thanks to my husband Humayun Kabir for his continuous support and valuable suggestions in writing this dissertation. His cooperation as a co-researcher during the fieldwork period provides authentic data in this dissertation. He also sacrifices his time and provides a great support by taking care of my two years old daughter when I was busy in writing the thesis. I am grateful to my parents, brothers, and sisters for their inspiration and encouragement to my study.
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