Wind Energy Feasibility Study for Generating Electricity at Al-Aqiq City, Saudi Arabia

January – June 2021 Volume 5 Issue 1

Saeed A. Al-Ghamdi

Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia

ALBAHA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCOPE

Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (BUJBAS) publishes English language, peer-reviewed papers focused on the BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES integration of all areas of sciences and their application. Supporting the concept of interdisciplinary BUJBAS welcomes January - June 2021 Volume 5 Issue 1 submissions in various academic areas such as medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, biology, agriculture, veterinary medicine, chemistry, mathematics, physics, engineering, computer CONTENTS sciences and geology.

BUJBAS publishes original articles, short communications, review articles, and case Editorial reports.

i Contents The absolute criteria of acceptance for all papers are the quality and originality of the research. Case Report

1 Horse Fatalities Likely due to African Horse Sickness in Al-Baha, Southwestern of EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Saudi Arabia Ghanem M. Al-Ghamdi Dr. Saeed Ahmed Al-Ghamdi

DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Research Dr. Muhammad Abdulrahman Halwani

MANAGER EDITOR 3 Antidiabetic Effect of Leaves Aqueous Extracts of Three Endemic Plants in Al-Mandaq Governorate, Al-Baha, KSA on Diabetic Rats Prof. Dr. Ossama Badie Shafik Abouelatta Khalid S. Al-Zahrani

ASSOCIATE EDITORS 11 Proposed PV Systems for Albaha University at Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia Gamal A.W. Hazza Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Ali Alzandi Dr. Mohammed Ahmad Alomari 25 Road Obstacles Detection by Learning the Driving Behavior Dr. Mohammed Abdullah Ali Alqumber Prof. Dr. Ossama Badie Shafik Abouelatta Nizar Alsharif Prof. Dr. Ashraf Mamdouh Abdelaziz Dr. Fatehia Nasser Gharsan 31 Wind Energy Feasibility Study for Generating Electricity at Al-Aqiq city, Saudi Arabia Saeed Ahmed Al-Ghamdi CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER

Papers for publication should be addressed to the Editor, via the website: https://portal.bu.edu.sa/web/jbas E-mail: [email protected] Author Guidelines ONLINE SUPPORT 41 Author Guidelines BUJBAS is published by Albaha University. For queries related to the journal, please contact https://portal.bu.edu.sa/web/jbas E-mail: [email protected]

Use of editorial material is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution – Non- commercial Works License. http://crea- tivecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

All scientific articles in this issue are refereed. L.D. No: 1438/2732

1658-7529/©Copyright: All rights are reserved to Albaha p-ISSN: 1658-7529

University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (BUJBAS). e-ISSN: 1658-7537

No part of the journal may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or via storage or retrieval systems without written permission from Editor in Chief.

https://portal.bu.edu.sa/web/jbas Published by BUJBAS, Albaha University, All articles published in the Journal represent the opinion of the 65451 Albaha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal.

Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40

Article available at Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

Journal homepage: https://portal.bu.edu.sa/web/jbas/

Wind Energy Feasibility Study for Generating Electricity at Al-Aqiq City, Saudi Arabia

Saeed A. Al-Ghamdi∗

Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Daily and monthly mean wind speed variations in King Saud airport, Al-Aqiq, KSA are Article history: collected and studied to investigate electricity generation feasibility. Diurnal, monthly and Received 6 December 2020 annual mean wind speeds and wind power are determined. The mean wind speeds in Received in revised form Al-Aqiq city, over one-year time period at a main direction of south-southwest, are about 23 January 2021 3.31, 5.09 and 6.13 m/s at hub heights of 10, 50 and 100m, respectively. The diurnal Accepted 25 January 2021 study showed that the wind speed at hub height of 10m remains above 3.0m/s from 09:00 AM to 10:00 PM and below it during the rest of the day hours. It also showed that the wind speed at hub heights of 50m and 100m remains above 3.0m/s during all hours of the Keywords: day. Wind energy generation was considered for 45 wind turbines of different sizes at hub Wind mapping heights of 10m, 50m and 100m. The highest capacity factors of the turbine models having Wind power a maximum hub height of 50m are recorded by Aeronautica Windpower 33-225 as Windrose 17.5%, and 37.1% at heights of 10m and 50m, respectively. The highest capacity factors Al-Aqiq city are recorded for Yinhe among turbine models having a maximum hub height of 100m as 40.0% and 48.1%, at heights of 50m and 100m, respectively. These results indicate that it is feasible to generate power from wind energy in the Al-Aqiq region for providing energy demands.

1. Introduction conversion systems [7,8]. A computer program has been introduced to perform all the calculations and optimization Saudi Arabia authorities recognize the importance of renewable required to accurately design the wind energy system and energy, especially, wind, and they will invest billions in this matching between sites and wind turbines [9-11]. promising sector of power. The electricity production from wind will save oil that can be exported for increasing national In addition, a long term wind data analysis was presented in income. In addition, the production of electric power from wind terms of annual, seasonal and diurnal variations at Yanbo [12], energy will reduce environment pollution that could be international airports in the Kingdom [13,14], Dhahran, Yanbo, generated from conventional power plants [1]. Al-Wajh, Jeddah, and Gizan [15], Rafha [16], Dhulom, Arar, Juaymah, Rawdat Ben-Habbas, NEOM city [17] and Dhahran Weather conditions and wind power were studied and modelled [18], Saudi Arabia. At most of the locations, the wind power using a linear regression technique to model the weather can be generated with 25–50.3% of plant capacity factor in parameters [2]. The wind map of Saudi Arabia indicates that the Saudi Arabia [13,14]. A vertical axis wind turbines of small Kingdom is characterized by the existence of two vast windy rated powers were used to find suitable and efficient ones for regions along the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea coastal areas power generation in the north-eastern region of Saudi Arabia [3,4]. Wind characteristics and resource assessment of Jubail [19]. The effect of hub height on energy output and the plant industrial city were presented using measured hourly mean wind capacity factor was investigated to recommend an appropriate speed data [5,6]. The availability of wind speed above 3.5 m/s hub height. The forecast wind values obtained from these was more than 75% with a prevailing wind direction in the autoregressive models are compared with the observed wind north-west direction. Hourly mean wind-speed data recorded at data for almost all the locations and are found to be in very the meteorological monitoring station, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, good agreement [20]. have been analyzed to report the monthly variation of wind speed and solar radiation, probability distribution of wind speed In previous work for the author, the analysis of recently and to investigate the feasibility of using wind-solar energy collected data at three sites in Albaha region, Saudi Arabia was presented [21,22]. Results showed that the highest average wind * Corresponding author: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Albaha University, 65451Albaha, speed has been recorded at Almorassaa site at a value of 3.88 Saudi Arabia. m/s in direction between NW and WNW. The highest average

Tel.: +966 50 540 7383. monthly wind speed is recorded at Albaha University, Al-Aqiq E-mail address: [email protected] (S. A. Alghamdi). in March, with values of 5.11 m/s at height of 10m with

32 S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40

The aim of this study is to evaluate wind energy potential in correlation coefficients (푅 = 0.91), as a nonlinear regression Al-Aqiq city, KSA, in terms of annual, seasonal and diurnal analysis [22]. variations and to analyze wind availability. These results were

utilized to estimate wind energy using wind frequency 35.0

distribution and some selected wind turbines. C] 30.0 ° 25.0 2. Site Description and Meteorological Measurements 20.0

Al-Aqiq is an important city in the south-western region of the 15.0 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, King Saud airport is located, Fig. 1. 10.0

The latitude and longitude of the King Saud airport are 20° 17´ [ Temperature Air 5.0 41˝ North and 41° 38´ 35˝ East, and it is 1651.88 m above sea 0.0

level. For the purpose of the current study, data was collected 1-Jul

regarding meteorological activity recorded in year 2014. The 1-Jan

1-Jun

1-Oct

1-Apr

1-Feb 1-Sep

1-Dec

1-Aug

1-Nov 1-Mar measured parameters included wind speed, wind direction, 1-May Month temperature, relative humidity, pressure, rain, and many others (a) Air temperature. at 10m above the ground surface [20].

865

860 855 850 845 840

Station Pressure [mBar] Pressure Station 835

1-Jul

1-Jan

1-Jun

1-Oct

1-Apr

1-Feb 1-Sep

1-Dec

1-Aug

1-Nov

1-Mar 1-May Month (b) Station pressure.

Al-Aqiq

100

60 40

Fig. 1. Geographical locations of meteorological stations. [%] Humidity Rel 20 0 Al-Aqiq's climate is fairly hot in summer and fairly cold in

winter. Regarding general weather conditions, the recorded 1-Jul

1-Jan

1-Jun

1-Oct

1-Apr

1-Feb 1-Sep

1-Dec

1-Aug

1-Nov 1-Mar temperature varied from a minimum of 9.4°C to a maximum of 1-May 32.0°C, with an average of 23.1°C. The highest temperature was Month recorded in August, and the lowest was recorded in January. (c) Relative humidity. The surface pressure changed from 844.6 to 859.3 mBar with a mean value of 854.6 mBar. The lowest pressure values were Fig. 2. Average monthly temperature, station pressure, and recorded in February, and the highest pressure was in August. relative humidity during year 2014. The relative humidity varied between 9.8% and 87.0%, with an average value of 41.6%. The lowest humidity percentage was 3.2. Calculation of Wind Energy recorded in February and the highest value was recorded in July, as shown in Fig. 2. The time series of wind speed data is organized in a frequency distribution format because this format is more appropriate for 3. Methodology and Mathematical Models statistical analysis. An example of such data is presented in Table 1 for year 2014. The second column represents the wind 3.1. Wind Power Law speed bins and the third column is the average of wind speed bins. The fourth column of Table 1 lists the frequency with The wind speed is calculated using power law equation which the wind speed falls within various ranges (bins). The 훼 fifth column lists the percentage frequency. The sixth and 푣2 = 푣1(ℎ2⁄ℎ1) is a simple yet useful model of the vertical wind profile which was first proposed by Hellman [23], where seventh columns represent the power which can be derived from 푣 and 푣 are simultaneous steady wind speeds at elevations ℎ Aeronautica Windpower 29-225 and Yinhe GX103-2 in 1 2 1 kWh/Year. Fig. 3 shows sample of wind turbine power curves and h2, respectively. The exponent α is the Hellmann (or friction) exponent, depending on wind speed, atmospheric that used in this investigation. stability and the height interval [24]. The monthly mean wind speed values for 10, 50, and 100m were obtained from NASA 4. Results and discussion Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (https://power.larc.nasa.gov/) from 2015 to 2019. Therefore, Wind energy represents an important energy source and, even friction exponent was estimated for King Saud airport, Al-Aqiq more, it is called to play a crucial role in the future energy city, using nonlinear regression analysis as (훼 = 0.268). supply. In this context, it is crucial to estimate the wind energy Parameter estimates was calculated using SPSS software with potential in in Al-Aqiq area, especially from King Saud airport, Al-Aqiq city, KSA. S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40 33

Aeronautica Windpower 33-225 Dewind D4-600 Enercon E40/500 Enercon E30/200 Enercon E40/600 Soyut Wind 500 Enercon E33/330 Soyut Wind 100

500 Nordex N27/250 800

Soyut Wind 250 400 Soyut Wind 200 600 300 400

200

Power (kW) Power Power (kW) Power 100 200

0 0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s)

(a) (b) Dewind D6-1000 Dewind D9 SouthWest Air X GE Energy 1.5 xle GE Energy 2.5 xl SouthWest Skystream 3.7 AAER Wind A-1000

3.0 3500

2.5 3000 2.0 2500 2000

1.5 Power (kW) Power Power (kW) Power 1500 1.0 1000 0.5 500 0.0 0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s)

(c) (d) Enercon E53/800 Enercon E82/2000 Enercon E82/3000 Enercon E101/3000 Enercon E70/2300 Enercon E82/2350 Enercon E115/3200 Enercon E101/3500 Enercon E115/2500 Enercon E138/3500

3500 4500

3000 4000 3500 2500 3000 2000 2500

Power (kW) Power 1500 2000 Power (kW) Power 1500 1000 1000 500 500 0 0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s)

(e) (f) Leitwind LTW77-800 Leitwind LTW86-1500 PowerWind 100 Leitwind LTW70-1700 Leitwind LTW101-2500 PowerWind 90 Leitwind LTW101-3000 Shandong Swiss Electric YZ90/2.5

3500 Shandong Swiss Electric YZ78/1.5

4500 Yinhe GX103-2 3000 4000 Nordex N117/2400 2500 3500 Nordex N131/3000 2000 3000

2500 Power (kW) Power 1500 (kW) Power 2000 1000 1500 500 1000 500 0 0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s) (g) (h) Fig. 3. Sample of wind turbine power curves, kW. The diurnal variation of wind speed provides information about the availability of suitable winds during the entire 24 hours of the 4.1. Analysis of Wind Speed day. To study this pattern, overall hourly mean values of wind speed are shown in Fig. 5 As depicted in Fig. 5, the wind speed at Hourly wind data, taken from King Saud airport in year 2014, hub height of 10m remains above 3.0m/s from 09:00 AM to 10:00 were used. It is clear that the minimum average wind speed PM and below it during the rest of the hours of the day. It also value occurs in December and that the maximum average value shows that the wind speed at hub heights of 50m and 100m occurs in August, with overall values ranging from 0.69 to 7.25 remains above 3.0m/s during all hours of the day. During the m/s during a year, as shown in Fig. 4. entire day, the mean wind speed reached its minimum values at 06:00 AM and reached its maximum values at 04:00 PM.

34 S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40

Table 1 Arrangement of the measured daily time-series data, in frequency distribution format, for year 2014. A height of 10m A height of 50m A height of 100m

- - -

𝑖 푣푖 푣̅푖

GX103

푓푖 푓푖 % 푓푖 푓푖 % 푓푖 푓푖 %

Aeronautica Aeronautica Aeronautica Aeronautica

2 (kWh/Year) 2 (kWh/Year) 2 (kWh/Year)

Yinhe GX103 Yinhe Yinhe GX103

225 kWh/Year) 225 kWh/Year) 225 kWh/Year) 225

Windpower 29 Windpower 29 Windpower 29 Windpower

1 0-1 0.5 205 2.70 0 0 26 0.34 0 0 25 0.33 0 0 2 1-2 1.5 771 10.15 0 0 192 2.53 0 0 180 2.37 0 0 3 2-3 2.5 1664 21.90 5.84 356.9 747 9.83 2.6 160.2 741 9.76 2.6 158.9 4 3-4 3.5 1560 20.53 24.56 614.7 1034 13.61 16.3 407.4 1023 13.47 16.1 403.1 5 4-5 4.5 1301 17.13 52.27 776.4 1555 20.47 62.5 928.0 649 8.54 26.1 387.3 6 5-6 5.5 1035 13.62 70.47 965.6 639 8.41 43.5 596.1 936 12.32 63.7 873.2 7 6-7 6.5 559 7.36 56.10 761.3 855 11.25 85.8 1164.4 618 8.14 62.0 841.6 8 7-8 7.5 294 3.87 38.48 538.4 1195 15.73 156.4 2188.6 868 11.43 113.6 1589.7 9 8-9 8.5 117 1.54 18.38 267.9 277 3.65 43.5 634.2 451 5.94 70.8 1032.5 10 9-10 9.5 57 0.75 10.25 142.1 401 5.28 72.1 999.3 753 9.91 135.4 1876.6 11 10-11 10.5 21 0.28 4.16 52.5 174 2.29 34.5 435.0 288 3.79 57.1 720.0 12 11-12 11.5 9 0.12 1.92 22.5 292 3.84 62.4 730.0 389 5.12 83.2 972.5 13 12-13 12.5 2 0.03 0.44 5.0 88 1.16 19.5 220.0 174 2.29 38.6 435.0 14 13-14 13.5 1 0.01 0.23 2.5 31 0.41 7.0 77.5 185 2.44 41.8 462.5 15 14-15 14.5 0 0 0 0 45 0.59 10.3 112.5 109 1.43 24.8 272.5 16 15-16 15.5 0 0 0 0 31 0.41 7.1 77.5 86 1.13 19.6 215.0 17 16-17 16.5 0 0 0 0 2 0.03 0.5 5.0 32 0.42 7.2 80.0 18 17-18 17.5 0 0 0 0 8 0.11 1.8 20.0 44 0.58 9.9 110.0 19 18-19 18.5 0 0 0 0 3 0.04 0.7 7.5 12 0.16 2.6 30.0 20 19-20 19.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 19 0.25 4.1 47.5 21 20-21 20.5 0 0 0.21 2.5 0 0.01 0.2 2.50 10 0.13 2.1 25.0 22 21-22 21.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.01 0.2 2.5 23 22-23 22.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.03 0.4 5.0 24 23-24 23.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7596 100% 283.31 4508.3 7595 100% 626.7 8765.7 7595 100% 781.9 10540.4

16.0 depth examination and understanding of the windrose are

14.0 extremely important for siting wind turbines effectively. For 12.0 instance, if the windrose diagram shows that a large share of 10.0 wind or wind energy comes from a particular direction, then the 8.0 wind turbines should be placed or installed against that 6.0 direction. Figures 6 and 7 show the windrose diagrams 4.0 generated for King Saud airport in Al-Aqiq during year 2014. It Wind Speed [m/s]Speed Wind was observed that the main wind direction ranged 2.0 approximately between east-southeast and south-southwest 0.0 during all the year except summer months (June-August) it

bellows from north-northwest.

1-Jul

1-Jan

1-Jun

1-Oct

1-Apr

1-Feb 1-Sep

1-Dec

1-Aug

1-Nov 1-Mar 1-May Month The highest average seasonal wind speed was 4.41 m/s with a Fig. 4. Average daily and monthly wind speed during year 2014. mainly north-northwest direction and recorded in summer which is calculated during year as given in Fig. 8. It represents 12.0

Wind Speed 10m about 22.13% form wind speed equal to or higher than 3.0m/s.

10.0 Wind Speed 50m The smallest average seasonal wind speed was 2.65 m/s with a 8.0 Wind Speed 100m mainly east direction and recorded in autumn. It represents about 12.53% of time for wind speed equal to or higher than 6.0 3.0m/s. 4.0

2.0 The annual monthly mean wind speed variations in Al-Aqiq are Wind Speed [m/s]Speed Wind 0.0 illustrated in Fig. 9. The monthly mean value of the wind speed is ranging from 2.08 m/s in December to 5.04 m/s in July at hub

height of 10m. The overall mean value of the wind speed is

1:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 9:00

4:00 AM 4:00 2:00 AM 2:00 AM 3:00 AM 5:00 AM 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00

1:00 AM 1:00 3.31, 5.09 and 6.13 m/s at hub heights of 10, 50 and 100m,

11:00 PM 11:00 12:00 PM 12:00 PM 10:00

10:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 12:00 AM 12:00 respectively with a main direction of south-southwest. Hour Fig. 5. Diurnal wind speed at different hub height during year 2014. The frequency distribution of wind at King Saud airport at A windrose diagram provides information about the occurrence Al-Aqiq was derived using the collected data during year 2014. of the number of hours or percentage of time during which wind The percent frequency distribution of mean wind speed in the remains in a certain wind speed bin in a particular wind different bins, at height of 10m, Fig. 9. This figure shows the direction. Windroses are constructed using hourly mean wind wind speed at height 10m remained above 3.0m/s for a speed and corresponding wind direction values. Like wind minimum value of 52.66% in November and a maximum value speed, windroses also vary from one location to another and are of 87.95% in July of the time during the entire period of data collection. known as a form of a meteorological fingerprint. Hence, an in- S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40 35

January February

Mars April

May June Fig. 6. Monthly windrose mapping of Al-Aqiq city, KSA (from January to June, year 2014).

The wind speed data for year 2014 were also analyzed by for the whole year above the cut-in-speed of wind turbines is a season. Seasonal variations in the wind characteristics in good indication of King Saud airport, Al-Aqiq, being a suitable Al-Aqiq city are illustrated in Fig. 10. It can be noticed that site for wind farm development. wind speed at height 10m remained above 3.0m/s for almost 60.81%, 62.29%, 77.93% and 56.60% of the time in winter, 4.2. Availability of Wind Energy spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The wind speed at height 50m remained above 3.0m/s for almost 82.49%, 87.04%, This section covers the wind availability in terms of a frequency 93.34% and 83.66% of the time in winter, spring, summer and distribution and the energy calculations conducted for selected autumn, respectively. The wind speed at height 100m remained wind turbines. Wind turbines were selected to cover a wide above 3.0m/s for almost 86.21%, 85.66%, 91.67% and 83.6% of range of rated powers, which is divided into two groups. The the time in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. In first group includes wind turbines with maximum hub heights of addition, Fig. 10 shows that about 65.11%, 86.96% and 86.21% 50m, Table 2. The second one of maximum hub heights of of the time, wind speed remained above 3.0m/s at heights of 100m, Table 3. The rated power of selected wind turbines are 10m, 50m, and 100m, respectively. Since many modern wind ranging from 0.40 kW to 4000 kW. The rotor diameters ranged turbines usually start producing energy above 2.5-3.0m/s, a from 1.17 m to 138 m, and cut-in wind speeds ranged from 1.5 minimum of 65.11% availability of wind speed during the time m/s to 4 m/s. 36 S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40

July August

September October

November December Fig. 7. Monthly windrose mapping of Al-Aqiq city, KSA (from July to December, year 2014).

For energy calculation purposes, several wind turbines were Table 2. Figure 11 revealed that the highest energy estimation selected. These were: Aeronautica Windpower (2), AAER (1), was generated by Soyut Wind turbine, with rates of 687.9 Dewind (3), Enercon (15), GE Energy (2), Leitwind (6), Nordex MWh/Year (CF = 15.7%) and 1390.8 MWh/Year (CF = 31.8%) (4), Power Wind (2), Shandong Swiss Electric (3), Yinhe (1), at hub heights of 10m and 50m, respectively. The second SouthWest (2), and Soyut Wind (4) — making up a total of 45 highest energy estimation was generated by Dewind D4-600 wind turbines. The technical data and power curves of these wind turbine, with rates of 358.2 MWh/Year (CF = 6.8%) and machines are available on the Internet. These winds turbines 1116.8 MWh/Year (CF = 21.2%) at hub heights of 10m and were selected to estimate the potential energy produced if they 50m, respectively. The highest capacity factors is calculated for were installed at Al-Aqiq, KSA. The technical data and Aeronautica Windpower 33-225 as 17.5%, and 37.1% at hub specifications for some of the selected wind turbines are heights of 10m and 50m, respectively. summarized in Tables 2 and 3. On the other hand, the power was calculated for another 30 Power was calculated for the 15 turbine models having a turbine models having a maximum hub height of 100m made by maximum hub height of 50m made by Aeronautica Windpower, AAER, Dewind, Enercon, GE Energy, Leitwind, Nordex, Dewind, Enercon, Nordex, SouthWest, and Soyut Wind. The Power Wind, Shandong Swiss Electric, and Yinhe. The estimated power of the different wind turbines is listed in estimated power of the different wind turbines is listed in Table 3.

S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40 37

(a) Winter (SSW, ESE) (b) Spring (SW)

10.0 120

Wind Speed 10 m (m/s) Wind Speed 10 m (m/s)

Wind Speed 50 m (m/s) 8.0 Wind Speed 50 m (m/s) 100 Wind Speed 100 m (m/s) Wind Speed 100 m (m/s) 6.0 80

4.0 60 40

2.0 Wind Speed [m/s]Speed Wind 20 0.0 [%] wind of Availability

July

May June

April Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn

March

August

January October

February Year and seasons

December Month November September Fig. 9. Average monthly wind speed during year 2014. Fig. 10. Yearly and seasonal availability of wind speed  3 m/s of the time at Al-Aqiq city, KSA.

Table 2 Main data and specification of wind turbines having a maximum hub height of 50m. Main data Hub height Wind speeds Power (MWh/Year) and CF (%) No. Type/Model 10m 50m P (kW) R (m) Min. Max. Cut-in Rated Cut-off R Power CF Power CF 1 Aeronautica Windpower 33-225 225 33 30 50 2 12 23 345.8 17.5 731.1 37.1 2 Nordex N27/150 150 27 30 50 3 13 25 137.6 10.5 394.2 30.0 3 Soyut Wind 500 500 39.2 50 50 1.5 12.5 24.5 687.9 15.7 1390.8 31.8 4 Aeronautica Windpower 29-225 225 29 30 50 2 14 23 283.3 14.4 626.6 31.8 5 Soyut Wind 100 100 26 40 40 1.5 11.5 26.5 116.0 13.2 259.7 29.6 6 Soyut Wind 250 250 41.5 45 45 1.5 12 28 273.1 12.5 605.2 27.6 7 Dewind D4-600 600 48 45 70 2.5 12 19 358.2 6.8 1116.8 21.2 8 Enercon E33/330 330 33.4 37 50 2.5 13 28 203.6 7.0 607.4 21.0 9 SouthWest Skystream 3.7 2.60 3.72 7 NA 3.5 13 20 1.6 7.2 4.7 20.5 10 Soyut Wind 200 200 36.8 45 45 1.5 12.5 28 149.7 8.5 349.8 20.0 11 Enercon E30/200 200 30 36 50 2.5 13 25 109.7 6.3 333.3 19.0 12 Enercon E40/600 600 40 50 NA 2.5 13 25 282.3 5.4 951.9 18.1 13 Enercon E40/500 500 40 42 65 2.5 13.5 25 249.2 5.7 782.0 17.9 14 Nordex N27/250 250 27 30 50 4 16 16.5 99.6 4.6 327.5 15.0 15 SouthWest Air X 0.40 1.17 7 35 3.6 12.5 26 0.1 4.0 0.4 11.3 38 S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40

Table 3 Main data and specification of wind turbines having a maximum hub height of 100m. Main data Hub height Wind speeds Power (MWh/Year) and CF (%) No. Type/Model 50m 100m P (kW) R (m) Min. Max. Cut-in Rated Cut-off R Power CF Power CF 1 Yinhe GX103-2 2500 103.2 80 80 2 10 23 Power CF 10540.4 48.1 2 Leitwind LTW77-800 800 77 61.5 80 2.5 11 25 8765.7 40.0 2952.4 42.1 3 GE Energy 1.5 xle 1,500 82.5 59 100 3.5 12 20 2318.2 33.1 5018.4 38.2 4 Nordex N117/2400 2400 117 91 141 3 11 20 3805.6 29.0 8014.4 38.1 5 Nordex N131/3000 3000 131 99 134 3 11.5 20 6024.5 28.7 9922.7 37.8 6 Enercon E115/2500 2500 115 92.5 149 2 12 25 7445.8 28.3 8217.3 37.5 7 Enercon E138/3500 3500 138 81 160 2.5 13 25 6125.4 28.0 10897.3 35.5 8 Leitwind LTW101-2000 2000 100.9 95 143 2.5 12 25 8123.8 26.5 6182.1 35.3 9 Leitwind LTW86-1500 1500 86.3 80 80 2.5 13 20 4655.0 26.6 4452.1 33.9 10 Shandong Swiss Elec. YZ78/1.5 1500 78 70 80 2.5 12 25 3276.1 24.9 4323.8 32.9 11 Shandong Swiss Elec. YZ113/3.0 3000 113 100 100 2.5 11 20 3043.6 23.2 8513.2 32.4 12 Enercon E115/3200 3200 115.7 92 149 2.5 14 25 5981.4 22.8 8961.7 32.0 13 Dewind D9 2000 93 80 100 2.5 12 25 6364.5 22.7 5591.9 31.9 14 PowerWind 100 2500 100 80 100 2.5 13 25 3994.0 22.8 6871.0 31.4 15 Leitwind LTW101-2500 2500 100.9 95 143 2.5 15 25 4873.5 22.3 6788.5 31.0 16 Enercon E53/800 800 52.9 60 75 2 13 25 4907.4 22.4 2155.0 30.8 17 Enercon E126/4000 4000 126 86 135 2.5 15 25 1512.6 21.6 10545.6 30.1 18 Enercon E101/3000 3000 101 99 149 2 13 25 7490.6 21.4 7890.4 30.0 19 Dewind D6-1000 1000 62 65 91.5 2.5 12 23 5469.8 20.8 2624.6 30.0 20 Enercon E82/2000 2000 82 78 138 2 12.5 25 1828.1 20.9 5240.3 29.9 21 GE Energy 2.5 xl 2500 100 75 100 3.5 13.5 25 3628.0 20.7 6297.2 28.8 22 Leitwind LTW101-3000 3000 100.9 95 143 2.5 15 25 4328.7 19.8 7488.3 28.5 23 PowerWind 90 2500 90 80 100 2.5 15 25 5317.9 20.2 6015.5 27.5 24 Shandong Swiss Elec. YZ90/2.5 2500 90 80 90 2.5 12 25 4167.3 19.0 5956.4 27.2 25 Enercon E101/3500 3500 101 74 99 2 15 25 3950.1 18.0 8071.7 26.3 26 Leitwind LTW70-1700 1700 70 65 65 2.5 13 25 5476.5 17.9 3779.9 25.4 27 Enercon E70/2000 2000 70 64 113 2 14 25 2520.0 16.9 4388.3 25.0 28 AAER Wind A-1000 1000 58 70 82 4 12.5 22 2890.7 16.5 2114.9 24.1 29 Enercon E70/2300 2300 71 57 113 2 15.5 25 1368.9 15.6 4631.3 23.0 30 Enercon E82/3000 3000 82 59 84 2 17 25 3055.9 15.2 5754.6 21.9

800 20

700 18 16 600 14 500 12 400 10 8 300 6

200 4 Capacity factor [%] factor Capacity Power [MWh/Year] Power 100 2 0 0

Wind turbine Wind turbine (a) Power generated at height 10m, MWh/Year. (b) Capacity factors at height 10m, %.

1600 40

1400 35 1200 30 1000 25 800 20 600 15

400 10 Power [MW/Year] Power 200 [%] factor Capacity 5 0 0

Wind turbine Wind turbine (c) Power generated at height 50m, MWh/Year. (d) Capacity factors at height 50m, %. Fig. 11. The power generated and capacity factor for wind turbines having a maximum hub height of 50m.

S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40 39

10000

9000

8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000

Power [MW/Year] Power 1000 0

Wind turbine (a) Power generated at height 50m, MWh/Year. 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Capacity factor [%] factor Capacity 0

Wind turbine (b) Capacity factors at height 50m, %. 12000

10000 8000 6000 4000

2000 Power [MW/Year] Power 0

Wind turbine (c) Power generated at height 100m, MWh/Year. 60

50 40 30 20

10 Capacity factor [%] factor Capacity 0

Wind turbine (d) Capacity factors at height 100m, %. Fig. 12. The power generated and capacity factor for wind turbines having hub heights lesser than or equal to 100m. 40 S. A. Alghamdi / Albaha University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(1) (2021) 31–40

Figure 12 showed, in general, that the highest energy estimation Arabia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. was generated by Yinhe turbine, with rates of 8765.7 2018;123(12):6443-6459. MWh/Year and 10540.4 MWh/Year at heights of 50m and [5] Baseer MA, Meyer JP, Alam MM, et al. Wind speed and 100m, respectively. The highest capacity factors are calculated power characteristics for Jubail industrial city, Saudi for Yinhe as 40.0% and 48.1%, at hub heights of 10m, 50m and Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 50m, respectively. 2015;52:1193-1204. [6] Baseer MA, Meyer JP, Rehman S, et al. Wind power 5. Conclusion characteristics of seven data collection sites in Jubail, Saudi Arabia using Weibull parameters. Renewable Hourly and monthly time-series of measured wind speed data Energy. 2017;102:35-49. for the King Saud airport, Al-Aqiq, KSA, were analyzed for [7] Elhadidy M, Shaahid S. Feasibility of hybrid (wind+solar) year 2014. The power density distributions were derived, and power systems for Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Renewable the distributional parameters were determined. The most Energy. 1999;16(1-4):970-976. important results of the study are summarized below. [8] Elhadidy M, Shaahid S. Wind resource assessment of eastern coastal region of Saudi Arabia. Desalination. The mean wind speeds for the Al-Aqiq city, over one-year time 2007;209(1-3):199-208. period at a main direction of south-southwest, are about 3.31, [9] Eltamaly AM, editor Design and simulation of wind 5.09 and 6.13 m/s at hub heights of 10, 50 and 100m, energy system in Saudi Arabia. 2013 4th International respectively. The diurnal study showed that the wind speed at Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and hub height of 10m remains above 3.0m/s from 09:00 AM to Simulation; 2013: IEEE. 10:00 PM and below it during the rest of the hours of the day. It [10] Eltamaly AM. Design and implementation of wind energy showed that the wind speed at hub heights of 50m and 100m system in Saudi Arabia. Renewable Energy. 2013;60:42-52. remains above 3.0m/s during all hours of the day. A seasonal [11] Eltamaly AM, Farh HM. Wind energy assessment for five analysis indicates that the wind speed is highest in summer locations in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Renewable and (4.41 m/s with a mainly north-northwest direction) and lowest Sustainable Energy. 2012;4(2):022702. in autumn (2.65 m/s with a mainly east direction). [12] Rehman S. Wind energy resources assessment for Yanbo, Saudi Arabia. Energy Conversion and Management. Wind energy generation was considered for 45 wind turbines of 2004;45(13-14):2019-2032. different sizes made by Aeronautica Windpower, AAER, [13] Rehman S. Long-term wind speed analysis and detection Dewind, Enercon, GE Energy, Leitwind, Nordex, Power Wind, of its trends using Mann–Kendall test and linear Shandong Swiss Electric, Yinhe, SouthWest, and Soyut Wind. regression method. Arabian Journal for Science and The highest capacity factors for turbine models having a Engineering. 2013;38(2):421-437. maximum hub height of 50m are recorded by Aeronautica [14] Rehman S, Alam MM, Meyer J, et al. Long-Term Wind Windpower 33-225 as 17.5%, and 37.1% at heights of 10m and Speed Trends over Saudi Arabia. IWA World Congress 50m, respectively. The highest capacity factors are recorded for on Water, Climate & Energy 2012; 13–18 May 2012; Yinhe among turbine models having a maximum hub height of Dublin, Ireland: International Water Association (IWA - 100m as 40.0% and 48.1%, at hub heights of 50m and 100m, WCE); 2012. p. 1-8. respectively. Therefore, the statistical calculations on wind data [15] Rehman S, Ahmad A. Assessment of wind energy showed that the location has a good wind potential available. potential for coastal locations of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Energy. 2004;29(8):1105-1115. Nomenclature [16] Rehman S, El-Amin I, Ahmad F, et al. Wind power resource assessment for Rafha, Saudi Arabia. Renewable 훼 Hellman’s wind shear exponent. and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2007;11(5):937-950. CF capacity factor, %. [17] Alfawzan F, Alleman JE, Rehmann CR. Wind energy 푓푖 frequency distribution of wind speed. assessment for NEOM city, Saudi Arabia. Energy Science ℎ1, ℎ2 wind turbine hub height, m. & Engineering. 2019 2019;00:1-13. 푛 the number of reading within the time period. [18] Rehman S, Mahbub Alam A, Meyer JP, et al. Wind speed 푃 power of the wind, kW. characteristics and resource assessment using Weibull 푃푅 rated power, kW. parameters. International Journal of Green Energy. 푣̅ mean wind speed, m/s. 2012;9(8):800-814. th 푣̅푖 i mean wind speed, m/s. [19] Rehman S, Alam MM, Alhems LM, et al. Performance th 푣푖 i wind speed, m/s. evaluation of vertical axis wind turbine for small off grid 푣1, 푣2 steady wind speeds, m/s. loads in North-Eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Wulfenia Journal. 2015;22(9):146-165. References [20] Rehman S, Halawani TO. Statistical characteristics of wind in Saudi Arabia. Renewable Energy. 1994;4(8):949-956. [1] Barhoumi E, Okonkwo P, Zghaibeh M, et al. Renewable [21] Al-Ghamdi SA, Abdel-Latif AM, Hazza GAW, et al. energy resources and workforce case study Saudi Arabia: Wind data analysis for Albaha city, Saudi Arabia. Journal review and recommendations. Journal of Thermal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2017 July 2017;1(2):1-8. Analysis and Calorimetry. 2019:1-10. [22] Al-Ghamdi SA. Investigation of Wind Power Potential in [2] Al‐Garni AZ, Sahin AZ, Al‐Farayedhi A. Modelling of Al-Aqiq, Saudi Arabia. In: Conferences U, editor. weather characteristics and wind power in the eastern part International Conference on Engineering, Technology and of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Energy Innovative Researches (ICETIR); Purwokerto, Indonesia: Research. 1999;23(9):805-812. UNSOED Conferences; 2020. p. 1-13. [3] Amin MI, El-Samanoudy M. Feasibility study of wind [23] Hellmann G. Über die Bewegung der Luft in den energy utilization in Saudi Arabia. Journal of wind untersten Schichten der Atmosphäre, dritte Mitteilung. engineering and industrial aerodynamics. 1985;18(2):153- Sitzungsber Akad d Wiss Berlin. 1919:404-416. 163. [24] Tar K. Some statistical characteristics of monthly average [4] Chen W, Castruccio S, Genton MG, et al. Current and wind speed at various heights. Renewable and Sustainable Future Estimates of Wind Energy Potential Over Saudi Energy Reviews. 2008;12(6):1712-1724.