On the Occupational Health Aspects in the Regulations of Jewish Trade Unions and Religious Associations in Europe Education
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הרפואה • כרך 159 • חוב' 4 • אפריל SUMMARIES 2020 visits, background discussions and lectures are provided to achieve a more comprehensive, deeper and more profound EDUCATION AND MEDICINE – TWO understanding of the issues. Emphasis is placed on learning COMPLIMENTARY PROFESSIONS from examples with relevance to modern day medicine, thus WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM JANUSZ providing the principles from which participants can grow to KORCZAK? / WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED become more ethical, principled and sensitive physicians as FROM JANUSZ KORCZAK? / WHAT SHOULD well as individuals. WE LEARN FROM JANUSZ KORCZAK? The tour includes formal and emotional ceremonies when relevant at extermination sites where physicians were Shoshana Rosemarin directly involved, as well as focus groups allowing and Ariel University encouraging emotional expression and catharsis. The critical The comparison between education and medicine is based role of personal growth during the tour is emphasized with on the philosophy of Janusz Korczak, who was not only a both pre-tour and post-tour meetings providing buffering successful pediatrician, but also an extraordinary educator. on both ends. Participants and staff, as well as documented In the two orphanages that he directed he focused his interest feedback over the years, attest to the utility and profound on those two domains. value of these learning and growth-oriented medical Both the educator and the physician have two basic roles – to missions. • diagnose and to treat/intervene. The process of diagnosis is an ongoing process, based on routine and constant check- ups/evaluations. In both cases that process consists of ON THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ASPECTS IN objective data, as well as intuition. THE REGULATIONS OF JEWISH TRADE UNIONS Both may encounter ambiguous symptoms in their patients/ AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS IN EUROPE students, which may mislead them to incorrect conclusions (for example cough/ boredom could stem from diverse Yehuda Lerman, Elad Schlesinger causes). School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Both should be able to detect minute changes, relate them Trade unions (guilds) became an important socio-economic- to their sources, and in the case of a setback, decide on the religious institution in Jewish communities of Eastern Europe alternative steps of treatment/intervention. In the case of since the beginning of the modern era. These unions mainly improvement and/or positive development – encouragement regulated economic matters, but also functioned as religious is a crucial need in both cases. Yet, in the case of speedy organizations and regulated matters in this field. improvement, while a medical intervention may not be A somewhat similar phenomenon was that of religious- needed any longer, continuing extra attention and scholastic voluntary associations, whether founded for the purpose of interventions are vital in the case of speedy advancement of engagement in specific religious-social-communal affairs gifted students. such as the treatment of the deceased and sick, and whether Regarding the second role of the educator and the physician for the purpose of engagement in specific religious-pietistic – treatment/intervention- both professionals need to teach affairs. Like the trade unions, these associations also became their clients how to avoid complications, blunders, or ill common since the early modern era, in Europe and in the health. In both cases this can be characterized as preventive Mediterranean Basin, and regulated the membership terms care. and duties in detail. Despite the comprehensive regulation Furthermore, both should utilize a personalized/ of various issues and problems, the records and documents individualized form of treatment. Based on the assumption of these unions (from the 16th to the 19th century) do that every person has their own personal metabolism, as not contain real evidence for dealing with questions of well as a unique personality, modern medicine, and proper occupational medicine and preventive medicine in the areas education, should both search for the best individualized and of employee health. These findings are consistent with the appropriate intervention for each patient/student. general trends and developments in the awareness and Finally, both professionals should treat their patients/clients regulation of these areas. Regarding the religious-voluntary in a holistic manner- engaging the person as a whole, and not associations: regulations dealing with Association members’ focusing on a specific attribute of a component.• health can be found in the regulations of the associations for the treatment of the deceased and sick, namely regulations dealing with the question of avoiding treatment of dangerous patients. This reflects awareness of the specific issue of avoiding highly contagious diseases rather than an actual 304 approach to occupational medicine issues. • SUMMARIES הרפואה • כרך 159 • חוב' 4 • אפריל 2020 across generations. Nevertheless, in some cases, second WHY EVERY HEALTH PROFESSIONAL generation Holocaust survivors report increased physical NEEDS TO CONTEMPLATE MEDICINE morbidity, perceive aging less favorably, and experience DURING THE HOLOCAUST increased filial anxiety. Accumulated evidence points to a series of moderating and mediating variables for these Shmuel Reis effects. Thus, increased morbidity and difficulties vis-à- Center for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University/ Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel vis age-related challenges in offspring are associated with increased parental posttraumatic distress and an intrusive A growing interest in the realization, understanding and Holocaust-related communication pattern. lessons of medicine and physicians’ behavior during Several mechanisms link between parental behaviors and the Holocaust, is noted in the last two decades. In this offspring aging, amongst them are secondary traumatization incomprehensible time, the dark and enlightened faces of symptoms, unhealthy behaviors and avoidance of health- medicine reached an unprecedented (and hopefully will not promoting behaviors, and epigenetic modification regulating ever recur) climax. We learn of the criminal conduct of Nazi genes related to the physiological stress response and to medicine and Nazi physicians on the one hand, and the noble, other bodily systems. faithful to the Hippocratic oath, behavior of some prisoner Future studies are needed in order to better understand physicians and nurses on the other hand. The understanding intergenerational effects among middle-aged and older that learning about medicine during and beyond the adult offspring. Additional work will help guide future, Holocaust is a unique platform with exceptional impact on interdisciplinary theoretical models and therapeutic professional identity formation for present and future health interventions aimed at advancing successful aging among professionals, is becoming clearer. In the present paper we adult offspring of Holocaust survivors. • will briefly delineate the historical background, its place in the professional discourse, describe a seminal conference that took place in Israel in 2017 that also launched the Galilee “WITNESS IN WHITE” SEMINAR Declaration, and thoughts for the future. TOURS ON MEDICINE AND PHYSICIANS In Israel, Professor Shaul Shasha’s initiative to hold a IN THE HOLOCAUST yearly meeting on medicine and health in the Holocaust in the Medical Center for the Galilee in Naharia, for the last Matthew A. Fox1, Rael D. Strous2 1Jakobovits Center for Jewish Medical Ethics, Faculty of Health Sciences, 20 years, is central to this important subject. This paper is Ben Gurion University of the Negev dedicated to him with profound gratitude. 2Department of Psychiatry, Maayenei Hayeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, • Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University The Holocaust represents a seminal event in the annals AGING IN THE SHADOW OF INTERGENERATIONAL of medicine. For the first time in history, doctors played a TRANSMISSION OF TRAUMA: THE CASE OF prominent role in the extreme abuse of medical rights, OFFSPRING OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS violation of medical obligation to patients, infringement of patient autonomy, forced and unnecessary invasive and Amit Shrira damaging procedures for political purposes and the ultimate The Gerontology Program, The Interdisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University injustice of involuntary euthanasia. Physicians provided the legitimacy, know-how and momentum that allowed these Can trauma experienced by previous generations shape the processes to take place in a symbiotic relationship with the aging process of subsequent generations? This fascinating political establishment during the Nazi era. question is relevant to hundreds of thousands of second It is critical that modern day physicians be aware of generation Holocaust survivors, many of whom are middle- what transpired during this period. For that purpose, we aged or older. Therefore, we need to understand in which describe a multiyear program bringing Israeli physicians cases we can find signs of intergenerational transmission, on a learning mission to relevant sites of medical via which mechanisms, under which conditions, and which involvement and complicity in Nazi era crimes. These aspects of functioning and wellbeing are affected. This paper guided educational tours, under the auspices of the Israel reviews relevant findings from national studies and studies Medical Association, originally