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Rockefeller Center® New York City, New York, États-Unis Rockefeller Center® New York City, New York, États-Unis Booklet available on: Das Heft ist verfügbar auf: Livret disponible sur : Folleto disponible en: Folheto disponível em: A füzet elérhető: www.LEGO.com John D. Rockefeller Jr. John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (29 janvier 1874 – 11 mai 1960) fut un 75 000 personnes ont travaillé à la construction de ce centre pendant important philanthrope et un membre central de l’éminente famille les années de la Dépression. Rockefeller. Il était le seul garçon parmi les cinq enfants de l’homme Le nom «Rockefeller Center » a tout d’abord été suggéré pour le d’affaires et industriel de Standard Oil, John D. Rockefeller, et le père des complexe en 1931 par Ivy Lee, pionnière en relations publiques et éminente cinq célèbres frères Rockefeller. Les biographies font invariablement conseillère de la famille. Au départ, Junior ne voulait pas que le nom de référence à lui sous le nom de «Junior » pour le distinguer de son père la famille soit associé au projet commercial, mais il a été convaincu par plus célèbre appelé «Senior ». l’argument que le nom attirerait beaucoup plus de locataires. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme, Rockefeller Jr. rejoint l’entreprise Lors de sa première décennie, le complexe a attiré des locataires de son père (1er octobre 1897) et met en place des activités avec le passionnants comme RKO Pictures, la librairie française Librairie de nouveau bureau familial au siège de Standard Oil au 26 Broadway. France et le tout nouveau magazine News-Week (tel que cela s’écrivait Il devint directeur de Standard Oil, puis devint plus tard également à l’époque). L’aile ouest du centre accueillait de nombreuses sociétés directeur de la société U.S. Steel de J. P. Morgan, créée en 1901. Après du spectacle, mais l’histoire du cinéma s’est également jouée dans un scandale impliquant le chef de Standard Oil de l’époque, John l’un des bâtiments de la Fifth Avenue, où John Hay Whitney et David O. Dustin Archbold (successeur de Senior), et des pots-de-vin qu’il avait Selznick ont décidé de produire Autant en emporte le vent. versés à deux éminents membres du Congrès, qui furent révélés par l’empire médiatique Hearst, Junior démissionne des deux sociétés en 1910 pour tenter de « purifier » sa philanthropie du moment des intérêts commerciaux et financiers. Pendant la Grande dépression, il a développé dans le centre géographique de Manhattan un vaste complexe immobilier de 14 bâtiments dont il était l’unique financier. Il a probablement été plus attentif au développement du Rockefeller Center qu’à n’importe quel autre projet. John D. Rockefeller Jr. a loué le terrain à la Columbia University en 1928 et a commencé le développement en 1930. Le terrain a été débarrassé de plus de 200 bâtiments de grès brun et autres bâtiments anciens. Rockefeller avait à l’origine prévu de faire construire par un [numéro de reproduction, par ex., LC-USZ62-123456]. ex., par de reproduction, [numéro consortium un opéra pour le Metropolitan Opera sur ce site, mais il a changé d’avis après le krach boursier de 1929 et le retrait du Metropolitan de ce projet. Rockefeller a déclaré : « Il était évident que je n’avais que deux options. L’une était d’abandonner tout le développement. L’autre était de continuer en sachant pertinemment que je devrais le construire et le financer tout seul. » En négociant un crédit avec la Metropolitan Life Insurance Company et en couvrant les dépenses en cours en vendant des actions de compagnies pétrolières, Ewing, & Harris de photographie Photographs, & ServiceCongrès, Prints du Bibliothèque il entreprit cet énorme projet en tant qu’unique investisseur, concluant un contrat de location de 87 ans avec Columbia. Ce fut le plus grand projet immobilier privé jamais réalisé à l’époque moderne. Plus de John D. Rockefeller Jr. Construction du Rockefeller Center La construction des 14 bâtiments d’activité si attractif pour les passants qu’un club officiel a été créé, le de style Art Déco (sans l’opéra « Sidewalk Superintendents’ Club », ainsi que des cartes de membres proposé initialement) a débuté qui donnent accès à une plate-forme d’observation. le 17 mai 1930 et s’est achevée le Le principal constructeur 1er novembre 1939 lorsque John et « agent de gestion » de ce D. Rockefeller Jr. a enfoncé le gigantesque projet était John dernier rivet (en argent) dans le 10 R. Todd et l’architecte principal Rockefeller Center. était Raymond M. Hood, qui a Construits entre 1932 et travaillé avec une équipe de trois Pendant la phase de conception préliminaire 1940, les bâtiments d’origine pos- différentes sociétés d’architectes en 1931, M. Hood a expérimenté de nombreuses sè dent un vocabulaire archi tec- qu’il a dirigées. M. Hood était le idées pour la façade du RCA Building. tu ral similaire où l’on retrouve du plus grand architecte de gratte- (Image : Wired New York). calcaire de l’Indiana, des formes ciel des années 1920 ; il incarnait et inspirait l’évolution de la conception géométriques simples et des faça- des gratte-ciel pendant cette décennie et le Rockefeller Center fut des audacieuses peu dé co rées, son dernier projet majeur. Bien que la conception actuelle fût l’œuvre à l’exception de lignes verticales d’un consortium d’architectes, il a été décrit comme « l’homme clé » de servant à accentuer la hauteur des son développement. Le regroupement des bâtiments, leurs extérieurs bâtiments. Le point central du projet monochromatiques et est l’ancien RCA building, une tour leurs jardins paysagers de 70 étages qui s’élève au-dessus en terrasse reflètent cer- des Channel Gardens, qui servent Construction du RCA Building et du Lower tainement son influence. Plaza en cours en septembre 1932. de passage monumental vers le Le Center Theatre, à gauche, et le RKO bâtiment de la Fifth Avenue. Building, au fond à droite, étaient déjà La conception finale du terminés. À côté du RKO Building, le Radio Rockefeller Center fut dévoilée Soixante-quinze mille ou- City Music Hall était presque terminé. à la presse le 5 mars 1931. vriers ont fait de ce site un centre (Image : Wired New York). (Image : Wired New York). 2 Rockefeller Center Le Rockefeller Center est un complexe de 19 bâtiments commerciaux Contrairement à la plupart des couvrant 22 acres (89 000 m2) entre la 48e et la 51e rue de New York City. tours Art Déco construites pendant Construit par la famille Rockefeller, il est situé au centre de Midtown les années 1930, le GE Building a été Manhattan et s’étend de Fifth Avenue à Sixth Avenue. construit comme une dalle avec un Le Rockefeller Center constitue un tournant dans l’histoire de la toit plat. La plate-forme d’observation sculpture architecturale : Il fait partie des derniers projets de construction nouvellement rénovée du centre majeurs des États-Unis à intégrer un programme d’art public. Le sculpteur baptisée «Top of the Rock » et datant de Lee Lawrie a contribué au plus grand nombre d’œuvres (douze), y 1933 se situe sur le toit du GE Building. compris la statue d’Atlas, qui fait face à la Fifth Avenue, et la remarquable Devant le 30 Rock se trouve la frise, qui trône au-dessus de l’entrée principale du RCA Building. Lower Plaza, tout au centre du complexe, Lower Plaza du Rockefeller Center. Le centre est une association de deux complexes de bâtiments : à laquelle on accède depuis la 5th (Image : Wikimedia Commons) les quatorze bâtiments de bureaux Art Déco d’origine datant des Avenue via les Channel Gardens et la années 1930 et un ensemble de quatre tours de style international Promenade. Le sculpteur reconnu Paul construites le long du côté ouest de l’Avenue of the Americas pendant Manship a été chargé en 1933 de créer les années 1960 et 1970. un chef d’œuvre pour décorer l’axe L’Art Déco était un mouvement central, sous le célèbre arbre de Noël artistique international populaire entre du Rockefeller Center, mais tous les 1925 et les années 1940, qui a touché autres plans d’origine visant à combler les arts décoratifs tels que l’architecture, l’espace furent abandonnés au fil du la décoration intérieure, la conception temps. Ce n’est que le jour de Noël 1936 industrielle, ainsi que les arts visuels que la patinoire fut finalement installée Jardin en terrasse des bâtiments comme la peinture, les arts graphiques et que la désormais populaire activité de du Rockefeller Center. et le cinéma. À cette époque, ce style patinage du centre commença. (Image : Wikimedia Commons). était considéré comme élégant, glamour, Bullocks Wilshire à Los Angeles, Le Radio City Music Hall au coin de la 50e rue et de l’Avenue of the fonctionnel et moderne. Le mouvement Californie. Americas fut achevé en décembre 1932. À l’époque, il était considéré était un mélange de différents styles et (Image : Wikimedia Commons). comme le théâtre le plus grand et le plus riche du monde. Au départ, mouvements du début du 20e siècle, y son nom devait être l’International Music Hall, mais il fut modifié afin compris le néoclassique, le constructivisme, de refléter le nom de son voisin, « Radio City », nom sous lequel étaient le cubisme, le modernisme, l’art nouveau connus les nouveaux studios de la NBC dans le RCA Building. RCA fut et le futurisme. Sa popularité a atteint son l’un des premiers et des plus importants locataires du complexe et la apogée en Europe pendant les Années Plaza dans son ensemble était parfois appelée « Radio City ». folles et s’est fortement poursuivie aux États-Unis dans les années 1930.
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