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Factors Associated with Parent Engagement in DIR/Floortime for Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Factors Associated with Parent Engagement in DIR/Floortime for Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Open access Original research Gen Psych: first published as 10.1136/gpsych-2018-000009 on 31 October 2018. Downloaded from Factors associated with parent engagement in DIR/Floortime for treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder Nattakit Praphatthanakunwong,1 Komsan Kiatrungrit,2 Sirichai Hongsanguansri,2 Kaewta Nopmaneejumruslers3 To cite: Praphatthanakunwong N, ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Kiatrungrit K, Hongsanguansri S, Background The Developmental, Individual-differences, Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuro- et al. Factors associated with Relationship-based model (DIR/Floortime) is one of the parent engagement in DIR/ developmental disorder that affects one’s well-known therapies for autism spectrum disorder Floortime for treatment of social interaction, communication skill, (ASD), in which its main principle is to promote holistic 1 2 children with autism spectrum interest and behaviours. According to the development of an individual and relationships between disorder. General Psychiatry US Centers for Disease Control and Preven- the caregivers and children. Parental engagement is an 2018;31. doi:10.1136/ tion, it was found that the prevalence rate gpsych-2018-000009 essential element to DIR/Floortime treatment and involved with various factors. Finding those supporting factors and of ASD has increased from 3 to 4 in 10 000 ► Prepublication history for eliminating factors that might be an obstacle for parental children to 9 in 10 000 children in 2016 with this paper is available online. To a male-to-female ratio of 4:1.3 In Thailand, it view these files, please visit the engagement are essential for children with ASD to receive journal online (http:// dx. doi. org/ the full benefits of treatment. has been shown that the prevalence of ASD 10. 1136/ gpsych- 2018- 000009). Aim To examine the association between parents, children in children between the ages of 1 year and and provider and service factors with parental engagement 5 years is 9.9 in 10 000.4 Furthermore, later Received 23 February 2018 in DIR/Floortime treatment. studies found that the prevalence increased Revised 22 May 2018 Methods This is a cross-sectional study of parents Accepted 24 May 2018 to 1 in 250 children in Thailand, which may with children aged 2–12 years who were diagnosed be due to an increase in prevalence or an with ASD. Data were collected using a parent, child, increase in diagnosis now that there is more http://gpsych.bmj.com/ provider and service factors questionnaire. Patient Health awareness surrounding ASD.5 The Ministry Questionaire-9, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity and Childhood Autism Rating Scale were also used to of Public Health stated in their most recent collect data. For parent engagement in DIR/Floortime, we research that there are about 180 000 Thai 6 evaluated quality of parental engagement in DIR/Floortime children who have been diagnosed with ASD. © Author(s) (or their and parent application of DIR/Floortime techniques at One of the well-known forms of therapy employer(s)) 2018 . Re-use home. Finally, Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement for ASD is Developmental, Individual-dif- permitted under CC BY-NC. No and Functional Emotional Developmental Level were used ferences, Relationship-based model (DIR/ commercial re-use. See rights to assess child development. Floortime), which was created by Greenspan on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. and permissions. Published by Results Parents who were married, had lower income and BMJ. and colleagues. DIR’s main principle is to higher knowledge of DIR/Floortime theory were more likely 1Joint curriculum program promote holistic development of an indi- to have higher parent engagement (χ2=4.43, p=0.035; by Faculty of Medicine vidual and relationships between the care- 2=13.1, <0.001 and 2=4.06, =0.044 respectively). Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty χ p χ p givers and children through three essential Furthermore, severity of the diagnosis and the continuation of Medicine Siriraj Hospital and methods. First, Floortime is a technique that National Institute for Child and of the treatment significantly correlated with parent 2 2 helps child development by having children Family Development, Mahidol engagement (χ =5.83, p=0.016 and χ =4.72, p=0.030 University, Nakhon Pathom, respectively). It was found that parents who applied the and caregivers play or do activities together. Thailand techniques for more than 1 hour/day, or had a high-quality Second, home-based practice is the time when 2 Psychiatric Department, parent engagement, significantly correlated with better parents/caregivers help children develop Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol improvement in child development (t=−2.03, p=0.049; certain skills that might be a challenge for University, Bangkok, Thailand =−2.00, =0.053, respectively). 3National Institute for Child and t p them. Finally, individual therapy sessions 1 7 Family Development, Mahidol Conclusion Factors associated with parents, children, with therapists that help develop relation- University, Nakhon Pathom, and provider and service factors had a significant ships between caregivers and children that Thailand correlation with parent engagement in DIR/Floortime in benefit children’s communication, emotions, which children whose parents had more engagement in needs and logic.1 According to Pajareya and Correspondence to DIR/Floortime techniques had better improvement in child Nopmaneejumruslers,3 they found that after Komsan Kiatrungrit; development. komsan. kei@ gmail. com parents received DIR/Floortime training for Praphatthanakunwong N, et al. General Psychiatry 2018;31. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2018-000009 1 General Psychiatry Gen Psych: first published as 10.1136/gpsych-2018-000009 on 31 October 2018. Downloaded from 3 months, they were able to better help their children’s emotional and social development. Therefore, parental engagement in DIR/Floortime is an essential element for child improvement. Furthermore, there are various studies that show many parents’ related factors such as lower socioeconomic status family, knowledge, motiva- tion, stress and attitudes towards treatment and their child affect parents’ involvement in the therapy.8–10 There is research about parents’ involvement in using applied behavioural analysis (ABA) on children with ASD aged 3–5 years. The results show various family factors (ie, the number of children, being a single parent, parents’ perspective towards the diagnosis) affect parent engage- ment in the ABA.11 Additionally, factors within the child are important as well, for example, if a child has severe ASD, it might negatively affect the parent–child relation- Figure 1 Flow chart of the study. NICFD, National Institute for Child and Family Development. ship and lead to poor parental involvement.12 Further- more, factors including the therapists and techniques they use also play a big role in parent engagement.13 14 drop-out or missing data. The total number of partici- Client perceptions of their therapists’ acceptance and pants required for this study were therefore 45. The data understanding, commitment, motives to act in the clients’ were collected from 15 March 2017 to 15 May 2017, in best interests,15 compassion,16 empathy and interpersonal which 103 parents of children that received DIR/Floor- skills15 17 18 were all positively associated with participa- time treatment came to NICFD during that time. Twen- tion, and if the techniques were too difficult, it could ty-eight of them were excluded due to not meeting also affect parental engagement as well.19 As mentioned inclusion criteria (eg, were not aged between 2 years and above, parent engagement is essential to various interven- 12 years, received less than three sessions of DIR/Floor- tions for ASD children, and various factors are involved. time or parent lived with their child less than 1 year), 19 of There are many studies about parental factors related them had a disability or were diagnosed with other disor- to involvement in ABA and pivotal response techniques. ders (eg, global delayed development, delayed language None of them study parent factors related to involvement development and Rett syndrome) and 11 declined to in DIR/Floortime. Hence, it is crucial to acknowledge participate (figure 1). Participants were informed about factors associated with parent engagement in DIR/Floor- the data collecting method, and informed consent was time treatment, which is our research question in this http://gpsych.bmj.com/ obtained. This study received ethical approval from the study. Our findings may be of help in supporting parental Mahidol University Central Institutional review board engagement in therapy and removing obstacles to their (certification number MU-CIRB 2017/002.0501). participation in the process. Therapists Therapists needed to have more than 5 years’ experience METHODS with DIR/Floortime at NICFD. Moreover, they had to go Participants through DIR/Floortime and have the required skills and on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. This study was a cross-sectional survey with the following knowledge about DIR/Floortime. inclusion and exclusion criteria for the sample: inclu- sion criteria: (1) parents with children aged 2–12 years Research instruments who were diagnosed with ASD and received more than Part 1: parental factors were collected using a question- three sessions of DIR/Floortime at the National Institute naire that we developed. First, the general information for Child and Family Development (NICFD); (2) chil-
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