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Marine Animal Entanglements in Mussel Aquaculture Gear Documented Cases from Mussel Farming Regions of the World Including First-Hand Accounts from Iceland

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Marine Animal Entanglements in Mussel Aquaculture Gear Documented Cases from Mussel Farming Regions of the World Including First-Hand Accounts from Iceland Master‘s thesis Marine animal entanglements in mussel aquaculture gear Documented cases from mussel farming regions of the world including first-hand accounts from Iceland Madeline Olivia Young Advisors: Halldór P. Halldórsson and Scott Lindell University of Akureyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal and Marine Management Ísafjörður, May 2015 Supervisory Committee Advisors: Halldór P. Halldórsson, Ph.D. Scott Lindell, MSc. Reader: Áslaug Ásgeirsdóttir, Ph.D. Program Director: Dagný Arnarsdóttir, MSc. Madeline Olivia Young Marine animal entanglements in mussel aquaculture gear: Documented cases from mussel farming regions of the world including first-hand accounts from Iceland 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akureyri, Iceland Copyright © 2015 Madeline Olivia Young All rights reserved Printing: Háskólaprent, Reykjavík, May 2015 Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. ___________________________________ Student‘s name Abstract Mussel aquaculture utilizes various ropes in the water column that may pose an entanglement risk to cetaceans and sea turtles. In contrast to fishing gear, however, there are far fewer documented entanglement cases in mussel aquaculture gear. With that being said, there has been little data collected on this issue to date. Due to the growing demand for aquaculture and potential expansion into offshore areas, interactions with cetaceans and sea turtles are likely to continue and even increase into the future. In Iceland, the mussel aquaculture industry is currently small and largely experimental, but there is potential for expansion. The development of a successful management plan is dependent on understanding what type and part of the gear poses the greatest entanglement risk, as well as the location and timing of events in relation to cetacean feeding and migration patterns. The objective of this thesis is to lay the foundation for future studies regarding cetacean and sea turtle entanglements in mussel aquaculture gear. Documented entanglement cases were collected from mussel farming regions of the world via media outlets, academic articles, secondary sources, and informal interviews. Primary data collection was then undertaken in Iceland using online surveys and semi-structured interviews with mussel operators. In total, seven entanglement reports were collected, including four baleen whales, one harbour porpoise, and two leatherback turtles. A majority of cases involved mussel spat collecting ropes, which suggests this part of the gear may pose the greatest entanglement risk. Two entanglement reports were from Iceland, where there is likely proximity between cetacean distributions and mussel farming sites. Summer spat collection also coincides with the highest densities of cetaceans in Icelandic waters. Management suggestions for Iceland may include the implementation of a reporting system for entanglements in aquaculture gear and studies looking into areas where spat collection can occur with low likelihood of encountering cetaceans. Keywords: Cetaceans, entanglement, Iceland, mussel aquaculture, mussel farming, sea turtles. This thesis is dedicated to Oliver, Lisa, Alex, and Lucy. Table of Contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ xv 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Research ................................................................................................................. 18 1.1.1 Objective ...................................................................................................... 18 1.1.2 Research questions ....................................................................................... 18 1.1.3 Methods ........................................................................................................ 19 1.1.4 Scope ............................................................................................................ 19 1.2 Thesis organization ................................................................................................ 20 2 Literature overview ...................................................................................................... 21 2.1 Aquaculture ............................................................................................................ 21 2.2 Mussel aquaculture ................................................................................................ 21 2.2.1 Global production ........................................................................................ 22 2.2.2 Mussel aquaculture techniques and gear ...................................................... 22 2.2.3 Mussel farming in Iceland ........................................................................... 27 2.3 Marine megafauna interactions .............................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Species groups discussed ............................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Interactions with aquaculture ....................................................................... 33 2.3.3 Entanglement ............................................................................................... 34 2.3.4 Entanglement reports of cetaceans and sea turtles in mussel gear ............... 41 2.3.5 Changing species distributions and abundances .......................................... 45 2.4 Management and mitigation .................................................................................. 46 2.4.1 Fishing gear vs. aquaculture gear ................................................................. 47 2.4.2 Fixed fisheries .............................................................................................. 48 2.4.3 Shellfish aquaculture .................................................................................... 52 2.5 Cetaceans in Icelandic waters ................................................................................ 54 2.5.1 Species abundances and distributions .......................................................... 55 2.5.2 Bycatch ........................................................................................................ 62 2.5.3 Attitudes towards cetaceans in Iceland ........................................................ 63 3 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 65 3.1 Surveys and interviews .......................................................................................... 67 3.1.1 Selection of participants ............................................................................... 67 3.1.2 Survey design ............................................................................................... 67 3.1.3 Survey limitations ........................................................................................ 70 3.1.4 Interview design and process ....................................................................... 71 3.1.5 Interview limitations .................................................................................... 72 3.2 Site locations .......................................................................................................... 73 ix 4 Results ............................................................................................................................. 75 4.1 Surveys ................................................................................................................... 75 4.2 Interviews ............................................................................................................... 80 4.3 Site locations ........................................................................................................... 84 5 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 85 5.1 Summary of entanglement reports .......................................................................... 85 5.2 Iceland .................................................................................................................... 86 6 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 91 7 Future research and management recommendations ................................................ 92 References ........................................................................................................................... 95 Appendix A: Online survey ............................................................................................. 105 Appendix B: Interview guides ........................................................................................
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