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Redalyc.Production and Performance of Larvae and Spat of Pure And Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research E-ISSN: 0718-560X [email protected] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Chile Toro, Jorge E.; Oyarzún, Pablo A.; Peñaloza, Carolina; Alcapán, Angélica; Videla, Viviana; Tillería, Jorge; Astorga, Marcela; Martínez, Víctor Production and performance of larvae and spat of pure and hybrid species of Mytilus chilensis and M. galloprovincialis from laboratory crosses Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, vol. 40, núm. 1, 2012, pp. 243-247 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaiso, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=175024097024 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 40(1): 243-247, 2012 Mytilus hybrid larvae performance 243 DOI: 10.3856/vol40-issue1-fulltext-24 Short Communication Production and performance of larvae and spat of pure and hybrid species of Mytilus chilensis and M. galloprovincialis from laboratory crosses 1 1 1 1 2 Jorge E. Toro , Pablo A. Oyarzún , Carolina Peñaloza , Angélica Alcapán , Viviana Videla Jorge Tillería2, Marcela Astorga3 & Víctor Martínez4 1Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile P.O. Box 567, Valdivia, Chile 2Fundación Chinquihue, Camino a Chinquihue Kilómetro 12, Puerto Montt, Chile 3Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Chile 4Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT. Adult specimens of M. galloprovincialis from Concepción Bay and M. chilensis from Yaldad Bay, Chile, were transferred to the laboratory to produce crosses of “pure” and “hybrid” species in order to evaluate early larval development and growth. These variables are important for understanding the dynamics of these two mussel species in this potential hybrid zone where they occur sympatrically. The study showed that fertilization occurred in all crosses and significant differences were not detected between pure lines and hybrids in terms of the percentage of eggs that developed into larvae. Hybrid larvae and spat from both recip- rocal crosses grew significantly more than those from pure lines, although valve length values were within the ranges reported in the literature. Keywords: Mytilus chilensis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, larval development, hybrids, Chile. Producción y comportamiento de larvas de especies puras e híbridas entre Mytilus chilensis y Mytilus galloprovincialis obtenidas en laboratorio RESUMEN. Ejemplares adultos de M. galloprovincialis de la bahía de Concepción y de M. chilensis de la bahía de Yaldad, Chile, se trasladaron al laboratorio para realizar cruzamientos puros de cada especie e híbridos, para evaluar el desarrollo larval temprano y su crecimiento. Estas variables son importantes para entender la dinámica de estas dos especies de mitílidos en esta potencial zona híbrida donde se encuentran en forma simpátrica. El estudio mostró que la fertilización ocurrió en todos los cruzamientos y no se detectó diferencias significativas entre líneas puras e híbridas en el porcentaje de huevos que se desarrollaron a larvas. Las larvas y juveniles híbridos de ambos cruzamientos recíprocos crecieron significativamente más que las larvas de los cruzamientos de especies puras, aunque los valores de longitud de la valva están dentro de los rangos reportados en la bibliografía. Palabras clave: Mytilus chilensis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, desarrollo larval, híbridos, Chile. ___________________ Corresponding author: Jorge E. Toro ([email protected]) There is no evidence in the literature for the presence America. According to Harrison (1993) the more of unfit hybrid recombinants within Mytilus hybrid genetically divergent the parental types, the lower will zones (Comesaña et al., 1999; Toro et al., 2002; be the fitness of the hybrids produced. This difference Beaumont et al., 2004; Westfall & Gardner, 2010; in natural hybridization in these two mussel hybrid Dias et al., 2011). As discussed by Comesaña et al. zones implies that M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis (1999), the degree of natural hybridization is generally are more closely related (Gardner, 1994) than are M. higher in the Mytilus edulis-M. galloprovincialis edulis and M. trossulus (Rawson et al., 1996). This hybrid zone in Europe than in the M. edulis-M. has been corroborated by successful interbreeding trossulus hybrid zone on the east coast of north between M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis, the 244 Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research production of viable offspring in back-crosses of F1 psu in 200-L glass-fiber tanks, using standard hybrids (Beaumont et al., 2004) and the suggestion techniques (Toro et al., 2008). Sea water was filtered, made by Gardner (1994) that M. galloprovincialis sterilized with UV light and changed every other day. may be a subspecies of M. edulis, proposing the use of At each seawater change, the contents of each tank the trinomial form M. edulis galloprovincialis. were passed separately through a 44 µm Nitex screen Mytilus chilensis is more closely related to Mytilus (empty tanks were treated with a low bleach edulis than M. trossulus (Toro, 1998; Toro et al., concentration solution and then rinsed with FSW). 2005). The presence of natural beds of two species of Larvae retained on the screen were rinsed with treated mussels (Mytilus chilensis-M. galloprovincialis) in the seawater and back-washed into the cleaned tanks, central coast of Chile (Toro et al., 2005; Cárcamo et which were then re-filled with filtered seawater. At each water change, larvae were fed Isochrysis galbana al., 2005; Tarifeño et al., 2005, Aldea & Valdovinos, -1 2005; Borsa et al., 2007; Ruiz et al., 2008) could at 25.000-30000 cells mL (Toro et al., 2008). The represent a potential hybrid zone between the two number of living larvae in the cultures was monitored species. There is, until now, no information on such before addition of food, and the volume of the water used in each culture was adjusted in order to maintain variables on artificial hybridization between M. -1 chilensis and M. galloprovincialis. The objective of a density close to 8-10 larvae mL . On the 9 and the the present study was to compare using controlled 16 day after fertilization, the percentage of live veliger laboratory trials, the performance of pure lines and larvae in each culture (the mean of 4 counts) was hybrids of M. chilensis and M. galloprovincialis estimated within one field of view under the during the crucial early stages of their development. microscope at 100x magnification. The mean shell length of veliger larvae on the 9 and 16 day was Adult mussels (50-81 mm shell length) were estimated by measuring 30 randomly chosen larvae collected from Caleta Tumbes (36°38`S, 72°57`W) at from each culture with image analyzer software. central coast of Chile (M. galloprovincialis) and from Heterosis, the improved performance of hybrids Yaldad (43°08`S, 73°44`W), southern Chile (M. offspring compared to the average of their pure- chilensis) during November 2009 and held in ambient species parents was estimated according to Falconer running seawater until required for spawning. Samples (1989) as H = average P – average P P / P P x 100, of adult mussels were collected from two F1 P P P P where P is the average performance of hybrids and geographically distant locations in order to avoid any F1 P is the average performance of parent lines (Mallet, possible inclusion of hybrids and introgressed P 1989). Larval shell length data at day 9 and 16 and individuals when the two mussels species are collected from the spat at day 164, were tested by analysis of at locations were they are found sympatrically variance using the statistical software SPSS v 15.0.1 (Comesaña et al., 1999). Two hundred mussels were and Statistica v. 7.0. exposed to air for about 1 h, then placed in filtered seawater at ambient temperature, one mussel per Fertilization occurred in all crosses and cleavage beaker, for induction of spawning by thermal shock was observed within 30 to 40 min following mixing of (20°C). In some cases, eggs and sperm were held for eggs and sperm. No significant differences between about 45 min at 18°C before use to allow as many pure lines and hybrids were detected in the percentage mussels as possible to spawn, thereby helping to of eggs developed into larvae (P > 0.05). However, a synchronize the egg stage (Scarpa & Allen, 1992). few abnormal larvae were detected by direct Eggs from each female were rinsed with filtered (1 observation in the hybrid crosses, but the proportion of µm) UV irradiated seawater (FSW) and then normal veligers during the early stages of growth resuspended in 2000 mL FSW at 18°C for showed no significant differences between pure and fertilization. Sperm concentration was determined hybrid crosses. with a hemocytometer. The sperm to egg ratio used Heterosis were detected at the larval stage at day 9 for fertilization was approximately 100:1 in all trials (3.0%) and day 16 (1.0%) and also at the spat stage for (Toro et al., 2010). Eggs from each cross and each shell length (58.0%) and live weight (300%). pure line were rinsed after 10 min to remove excess Significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected sperm and resuspended in 9-L glass flasks containing between pure lines and hybrids for the shell length 7000 mL at a density 70-120 eggs mL-1 (Ruiz et al., (maximum larval shell length) of veliger larvae (Table 2008; Toro et al., 2008). The spawning and crosses 1). Hybrid larvae from both reciprocal crosses grew were carried out using a factorial design, to allow full significantly faster than larvae from pure lines (Table reciprocal crosses by using individual males and 1), although the shell length values are within the females from each species (pure and reciprocal range of those reported for pure M.
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