Movement for Rainforest Conservation in the North-East India During 1990S – 2000S:‗New Social‘ Activism of Nature‘S Beckon in Assam
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Movement For Rainforest Conservation In The North-East India During 1990s – 2000s:‗New Social‘ Activism Of Nature‘s Beckon In Assam Sun Gogoi Abstract: The ecological crisis in the developing countries like India has its own unique features, as unlike the developed nation-states of the West, in case of the former, the process of development and economic growth is essentially connected with the goal and the process of ‗nation-building‘, which has still not been accomplished to its fullest. Nature‘s Beckon, an activist group representing North-Eastern India has been doing some tremendous jobs in the arena of environmental concerns of the region from the 1980s till date. In the last two decades (1990s-2000s), the issue of rainforest conservation in Upper Assam was central to its agenda and policy framework. The connected forest areas of Upper Assam constitute the most isolated, unspoiled and dense tropical rainforests in India. Key words: Ecological crisis, Developing countries, Nation-states, Nation-building, Nature‘s Beckon, Rainforest conservation, Upper Assam. —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTION: Northeast India. Its catalytic role in the late 1980s and early ―To many outsiders, Assam is no more than a land of 1990s, influenced the government to declare Chakrashila mountains and malaria, earthquakes and floods and the Reserved Forest (recognized in 1966) as the Chakrashila Kamakhya Temple. To others it is a green woodland where Wildlife Sanctuary (1994), making it a major story of slothful serpents, insidious tigers, wild elephants and achievement in the conservationist movement of Assam. stealthy leopards peep and peer with virulent eyes and Thereafter, the activists of the organization came up with claws. Assam to most of the people is mentally a distant another demand for the protection of contiguous rainforests horizon like Bolivia or Peru – less known and more in the Upper Brahmaputra valley concentrated in the fancied.‖- this statement penned by Hem Barua in the easternmost districts of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia. The introductory part his famous work The Red River and the Nature‘s Beckon has been raising its voice against the Blue Hill (1954) perhaps is not an exaggeration, though it expansion of state-sponsored developmental activities in was written only a few years after national independence, and around the rainforest areas, as well as against the and the green woodland has undergone drastic changes prevailing nexus between the competent authority and the down through the following decades. The State of Assam is anti-social interest groups. In this movement, the located in the eastern most part of India between 24°.07' N organization has been experiencing a variety of responses to 28°.00' N Latitude and 89°.42' E to 96°.02' E Longitude from the state machinery ranging from scepticism to apathy, and has a geographical area of 78,438 sq. km. The and partial response. However, before assessing the recorded forest area of Assam, according to the Forest various aspects of the movement, it is necessary to Report of 2011, is 26,832 sq km accounting for 34.21% of understand both the ecological and anthropocentric its geographical area. According to their legal status, importance of the rainforests. Reserved Forests constitute 66.58% and Unclassified forests 33.42% of the total forest area of the state. Whereas 2. GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE OF at national level, around 53% of the forest area fell under RAINFORESTS: the first category, and about 18% constitute the latter A Rainforest can be described as a tall, dense jungle. The category. By the end of the last century, large swathes of reason it is called a ‗rain‘ forest is because of the high forest areas in Upper Assam have been converted to amount of rainfall it receives per year. The climate of a rain anthropocentric land-use forms. Besides, several pockets of forest is very hot and humid. The animals and plants that the forest areas in the region have been severely degraded. exist there must learn to adapt to this climate. These Under such circumstances, several activists and NGOs incredible places cover only 6% of the Earth's surface but have been doing crucial works to conserve the ancient yet they contain more than half of the world‘s flora and cover of Rainforests in the region. Among these fauna. Tropical rainforests are regarded as the "jewels of organizations, the Nature‘s Beckon has been a pioneering the Earth". There may be many millions of species of flora one, being active in addressing the ecological concerns of and fauna still undiscovered in the rainforests across the the North-eastern region since its inception in 1982. It was globe. Rainforests are known as ‗world's largest pharmacy‘, by Soumyadeep Datta, an Ashoka Fellow and got as they reportedly contain over one quarter of natural registered under the Registrar of Societies Act, India in medicines. Besides, they are responsible for 28% of the 1991 with its head office being located at Dhubri, Assam. In global oxygen turnover. The rainforests provide timber and 1988, for the first time in the environmental history of animal products. Throughout the 20th century the area Assam, Nature‘s Beckon organized a state-wide ecological covered by rainforests was shrinking around the globe and consciousness building programme namely the still the process of deforestation is drastically going on in Brahmaputra Barak Valley Natural Environmental different regions. These forests areas have been subjected Awareness Campaign. The organization is deeply involved to heavy legal and illegal logging and agricultural clearance. in conserving the wildlife as well as their habitats in the The rainforests deposit precious metals and fossil fuel (oil sanctuaries, national parks and other forests areas of and natural gas). These resources are vital for the 188 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 04, APRIL 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 developing countries of the world to promote economic the public welfare mechanisms of the modern nation-states growth, which has been one of the inalienable aspects of have made the classic forms of deprivation and exploitation nation building. Several tribes or indigenous groups a myth, but generated certain new forms of alienation which belonging to Central America, Central Africa and South- are essentially connected with the models of ‗economic East Asia have been traditionally dependent on the food development‘ and ‗nation-building‘ adopted by the states. resources of rainforests. Pramod Parajuli, while analyzing the genesis of NSMs in India, argues that ―The political significance of these a. NATURE’S BECKON’S ‘NEW SOCIAL’ OUTLOOK: struggles is that they challenge the notion of the The environmental movements in India have been integrationist and developmentalist Indian state‖ (Sharma, occupying a significant portion in the history of New Social 2014, p. 243). Arturo Escobar, a renowned post- Movements (NSMs) in India. Environmental movement may ‗development‘ thinker has asserted that ‗development‘ is a be defined as a type of ―social movement that involves an discourse, that relies exclusively on the modern Western array of individuals, groups and coalitions that perceive a ‗knowledge system‘, and its uncritical adoption by the so common interest in environmental protection and act to called Third World countries is leading to the bring about changes in environmental policies and disqualification, marginalization and extinction of the non- practices‖ (Tong, 2005, pp. 167-168). Till the early 1980s, Western or indigenous knowledge systems (Sharma, 2014, the notion of ‗collective action‘ in the context of Indian social p. 243). In a vast multi-ethnic and multi-racial developing movements had largely been interpreted and understood in country like India, the notion of ‗indigenous knowledge‘ terms of Marxian socio-political ideology. The perspectives often corresponds to the ‗life-world‘ of the relatively of a large number of academicians and activists within and marginalized indigenous groups, which are generally outside India were grappled with Marxist assertion, and labelled as ‗tribal‘ people. The Environmental movements in they maintained that the historical responsibility of bringing India incorporate the hitherto lesser represented groups like about radical social transformation across the world would the marginalised rural communities, Adivasis and women. be shouldered by the organized movements of workers and While forcing the governments to introduce affirmative peasants (Baviskar, 2010, p. 382). However, several intra policies in the forms of new provisions and laws, the and inter-national events across the globe from the mid- participants of these movements have largely appeared to 1960s onwards, the gradual decline of the East European be non-violent in their means to secure the goal of Socialist regimes, and their eventual collapse in the late sustainability. These characteristics and dimensions of the 1980s jolted the very foundation of the conventional Marxist NSMs are being manifested in the various missions and thought on social transformation and progress. Those activities of Nature‘s Beckon. The Mission statement of the turbulent decades witnessed the emergence of a series of activist group states that ―The mission of Nature's Beckon is social movements which have been multi-stranded and working with the people to conserve, protect and increase interconnected in nature. Students‘ movement in USA and wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of Germany in the late 1960s against the Vietnam War, and the people.‖ In the above mentioned statement, the the students‘ increasing involvement in the Civil Rights concluding part – ‗continuing benefit of the people‘ may be movement and the Second Wave of the Feminism sparked dubbed as ‗anthropocentric‘ by the ‗Deep Green‘ thinkers or off a series of new waves in the domain of social the radical ecologists, who emphasis on realising the movements which would result in a gross epistemological ‗intrinsic‘ values embedded in nature.