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Yugoslav Presidium] Pmunc 2018 ​ ​ Contents [YUGOSLAV PRESIDIUM] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ CONTENTS Letter from the Chair………………………………………………………….....3-4 ​ The Bloody Foundations………………………………….…………………....5-11 ​ Introduction………………….……………….……………………….…….. …………….5 The Idea of Yugoslavia………....……………………...……………………....………….6-8 The Kingdom of Yugoslavia……………………….……………………………………..8-9 The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia……..…………………………...………....9-11 The Yugoslavia of Today……..………………………...………....…………..12-22 ​ A General Overview………………………………………………………...…………….12 Two alphabets……………………………………………………….……………12 Three religions………………………………………………….……………...12-13 Four languages……...…………………….………....………………………....13-14 Five nations…………………………………………………….…………………14 Six republics………………………………………………………………………15 Seven neighbors…………………………………...………………………………15 The Republics…………………………………………………………….....…………16-22 SR Bosnia and Herzegovina………………………………………………....…….16 SR Croatia………………………………………………………………………....17 SR Macedonia…………………………………………………………………..…18 SR Montenegro…………………………………………………………………....19 SR Slovenia....………………………………………………………………….19-20 SR Serbia………………………………………………………………………20-21 SAP Kosovo…………………………………………………………………...21-22 SAP Vojvodina…………………………………………………………………....22 Issues of Interest.…………………………..………...………………………..…..23 ​ Politics………………………………………………………………..…......……………..23 Economy…………………….………….……………………………….…...…………....23 Ethnic Tension………………………………...………………………….....…………….23 Positions.……………………………….………….…...……………………....24-28 ​ Politicians………………..………….….…………………………..…………………..24-25 Non-political roles…………………………………………………..…………………25-28 References……………………………………………………………………..29-30 ​ 2 [YUGOSLAV PRESIDIUM] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dearest delegates, Congratulations! By a stroke of luck or a commendable level of foresight, you have chosen to participate in the Yugoslav Presidium – the only committee in PMUNC 2018 to be officially recognized by the President of Princeton’s International Relations Council1 as “a ton of fun”. Before I tell you about the committee itself, let me first give you an idea of who I am and why I’m doing this. My name is Bozhidar Stankovikj2 - though everyone calls me Bobo – and I was born ​ ​ and raised in Macedonia, a tiny, landlocked, sunny country in perpetual conflict with its neighbors. Though Yugoslavia had disintegrated long before I was born, its presence could be felt throughout much of my upbringing – in the ways my parents spoke of it, in the brutalist architecture popular during the communist period, and in the notion that something is missing in its successor-states today. When I was 16, I left Macedonia to study at a United World College in Germany,3 and eventually made my way to Princeton, where I now study policy and environmental science. Yet, even after two years in the USA, I find myself awestruck when I read, write, or think about Yugoslavia – the country that, for better or worse, shaped so much of our understanding of the Balkans today. I hope that with the help of this background guide, you will begin to understand why Yugoslavia is such a big deal. You see, friends, Yugoslavia will remain relevant – both as a talking point and as a lesson of history – for almost anyone who was brought up (or is just interested!) in the states that were erected from the rubble of the Federal Republic. And because it is so important, I want to give you an opportunity to learn about it. So, while our committee will keep the traditional competitive aspect of any Model UN experience, I will also aim to learn with you, as much as possible, about the great Yugoslav experiment. Given this goal, I will run this committee slightly differently from what you might be used to. ​ ​ I want y’all to learn the reasons behind Yugoslavia’s demise and offer constructive ways forward. This means that I will emphasize the educational purpose of our committee. I will gladly stop discussions whenever there’s a point of confusion,4 and will jokingly call you out if it’s obvious that 1 Me ​ 2 Or, if you’ve already begun learning Serbian in anticipation of the committee, Божидар Станковиќ 3 https://www.uwc.org/ ​ 4 I am serious about this. Even after 3 committee sessions, if you find yourself unsure of a basic fact, it will be better to ​ ask rather than try to improvise your way out of it. This is a learning experience! :) 3 [YUGOSLAV PRESIDIUM] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ you’re making stuff up. The real winner in my eyes will be the person who has learned the most about Yugoslavia’s fall and has crafted the best solutions, and not necessarily the person who talked the loudest. The action in the committee doesn’t have to – and, indeed, if you’re a fan of peaceful conflict resolution, should not – play out as it did in real life. I’m placing you far enough in the past that, if you put your minds together, you can avoid the brutality that came at the tail end of Yugoslavia. Of course, this wouldn’t be Model UN without some scheming and backstabbing, and you will still need to stay true to the characters assigned to you, so you won’t be able to simply decide that everything will be ok. But I assure you: we will value creative solutions more than funny problems you create in crisis, though I will chuckle at the problems. I honestly, truly hope you’ll enjoy this. I personally think Yugoslavia is pretty cool, and I spent a bunch of time reading stuff and trying to make sense of it for all of you. It’s my job as your chair to make sure you’re having fun and learning things, so read this background guide, e-mail me at [email protected], and get ready for a thrilling weekend! Hugs, Bobo 4 [YUGOSLAV PRESIDIUM] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ The Bloody Foundations Introduction The story of our committee begins in 1980, but the story of Yugoslavia much earlier. While I think that it’s necessary to understand almost a century of events before the notion of a united Yugoslavia becomes prevalent, I also have respect for your time before the conference and can’t offer you a 50-page background guide and realistically expect you to read it (though I can’t promise this won’t be longer than other guides). Thus, I will give you an overview of events before the first Yugoslav nation was formed. We’ll take a look at the first Yugoslavia, and we’ll follow that course until the Second World War, when the new communist state begins. After that, we’ll try to check out some of the important trends in the decades until Tito’s death. Finally, we’ll explore the individual contexts for each state in 1980. I will certainly miss some things, and I sincerely hope that you reach out to me with questions and thoughts! 5 [YUGOSLAV PRESIDIUM] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ The Idea of Yugoslavia Before we dive into Yugoslavia proper, welcome to a brief crash course on The Balkans! Right ​ now, the Balkan peninsula looks like Figure 1 shown below.5 Figure 1: Map of the modern-day Balkan peninsula The exact countries that compose the Balkan peninsula are pretty unclear and, in the grand scheme of our committee, pretty unimportant. The key takeaway is that the region is a hodgepodge of ethnicities, religions, languages and influences. Several of the countries in the Balkans are Slavic, ​ ​ which is both an ethnic and a linguistic categorization. That is, Slavic people (including, for example, anything from Russia in the north, to the Czech Republic in the west, to Macedonia to the south) speak a language that branches from a common root. On top of the linguistic similarity, Slavs identify with a broader Slavic culture – this is the ethnic aspect of the term. While there are several important entities in the Balkans that are not Slavic (e.g. Greece), this guide will focus on the Slavic 5 Google Maps, my own artwork 6 [YUGOSLAV PRESIDIUM] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ states, most of which ended up unifying under the common Yugoslav banner (though Bulgaria stands as an exception). In the beginning of the 20th century – which is as far back as we’re going to go – the Balkans looked more like Figure 2.6 Figure 2: Map of the Balkans in 1912, pre-wars As you can see on the map, the Balkans make up this buffer zone between two major, far more powerful Empires: the Islamic Ottoman Empire (in purple) to its south and the Catholic Austro-Hungarian Empire (in light blue) to its north. And if that wasn’t enough, the ethnic similarity (i.e. the Slavic connection) between many of the Balkan states and Russia has historically also invited Eastern Orthodox Christian beliefs into the mix. 6 Furfur, Rowanwindwhistler, and Decius, "Balkan 1912.svg," map, Wikimedia, December 30, 2011, accessed August 26, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Balkan_1912.svg. 7 [YUGOSLAV PRESIDIUM] PMUNC 2018 ​ ​ Now, for quite a while7 many intellectuals brought up the notion of unifying the Slavic states. The idea of a Yugoslavia (Yug meaning South in the local language) – a land for the Southern Slavs – ​ ​ began gaining traction, and after centuries of foreign influence, Slavic nations started developing a tide of nationalism and acted for independence in the 19th and early 20th century. Liberating the Slavic lands from the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, and then convincing them to join forces, was by no stretch of the imagination bound to happen. While the idea of a unified front against foreign tyranny was popular, so was the idea of self-governance! It took two Balkan Wars (in 1912 and 1913), which managed to reduce the influence of the two Empires,8 and the First World War, which weakened everyone in Europe until (some of the) Slavs decided to unify. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia This brings us to December 1st, 1918, which marked the start of a union of the southern Slavs, first under the name of “The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes” – quite the mouthful. At the end of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles confirmed the newly created Kingdom,9 which unified the previously independent kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro (including Serbian-held Macedonia), as well as territories ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which included modern-day Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the province of Vojvodina.10 As you can tell, this is pretty much the entirety of what would become Yugoslavia.
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