The Earth's Climate; Status-Quo; Causes; Hazard Corridors
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World Resource Review
REPRINT FROM World Resource Review volume 7 number 4 COPYRIGHT(C) WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Send all correspondence regarding WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW 1995 to WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW, PO BOX WOODRIDGE IL USA 5275, 60517-0275, World Resource Review Vol. 7 No. 4 THE 19TH CENTURY DISCUSSION OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: ANALOGIES FOR THE PRESENT DEBATE'! Nico Stehr Department of Sociology The University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4 CANADA Hans von Storch and Moritz Flligel Max-Planck-Institut fUr Meteorologie Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg GERMANY Keywords: Climate Change, Natural Variability, Political Responses, Social, Political and Economic Consequences, Anthropogenic Change, Public Discourse ABSTRACT Toward the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of twentieth century significant discussions occurred among geographers, meteorologists and "climatologists" concerned with the notion of climate variability (Klimaschwankungen) and anthropogenic climate change (Klimawandel! Klimaanderungen), for instance, due to deforestation and reforestation. We identify two protagonists of this debate, Eduard Brlickner and Julius Hann, who both accept the notion of climate variability on the decada1 scale, but respond in very different ways to the discovery of climate change. Brlickner assessed the impact of climate variability on society (e.g., on health, the balance of trade, emigration to the USA), and tried to bring these to the attention of the public, whereas Hann limited himself to the immediate natural scientific -
Creating National Space(S): Anthropogeography and Nation-Building in Interwar Yugoslavia, 1918-1941
Creating National Space(s): Anthropogeography and Nation-Building in Interwar Yugoslavia, 1918-1941 Vedran Duančić Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, 25 January 2016 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Creating National Space(s): Anthropogeography and Nation-Building in Interwar Yugoslavia, 1918-1941 Vedran Duančić Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Pavel Kolář, European University Institute (Supervisor) Prof. Alexander Etkind, European University Institute Prof. Dejan Djokić, Goldsmiths, University of London Prof. Hannes Grandits, Humboldt University of Berlin © Vedran Duančić, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author ABSTRACT The dissertation examines anthropogeography in and of interwar Yugoslavia. It studies geography as a scientific enterprise, its institutional growth, which in the Yugoslav context began in the 1880s and intensified during the first half of the twentieth century, and the communication between scientific centers in Yugoslavia and abroad. Professionalization and institutionalization were crucial for obtaining a scientific apparatus and social authority that enabled geographers to act as politically engaged “nationally conscious” intellectuals who, nevertheless, insisted on -
Doctor Werner Schwerdtfeger a Short Biography
Doctor Werner Schwerdtfeger A Short Biography The Wetterflieger Project The Wetterflieger Project – Werner Schwerdtfeger Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Early Years ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Beginnings ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Researcher, Aeronaut, Teacher ................................................................................................................ 4 Warrior Years ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Weather Reconnaissance Meteorologist .................................................................................................. 9 Zentral Wetterdienst Gruppe ................................................................................................................. 13 Chef, Zentral Wetterdienst Gruppe .................................................................................................... 14 Normandy and the D-Day Forecast ..................................................................................................... 16 Ardennes Counteroffensive Forecast ................................................................................................ -
The Storm Lab: Meteorology in the Austrian Alps
Science in Context 22(3), 463–486 (2009). Copyright C Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0269889709990093 Printed in the United Kingdom The Storm Lab: Meteorology in the Austrian Alps Deborah R. Coen Barnard College, Columbia University Argument What, if anything, uniquely defines the mountain as a “laboratory of nature”? Here, this question is considered from the perspective of meteorology. Mountains played a central role in the early history of modern meteorology. The first permanent year-round high-altitude weather stations were built in the 1880s but largely fell out of use by the turn of the twentieth century, not to be revived until the 1930s. This paper considers the unlikely survival of the Sonnblick observatory (3105 m.) in the Austrian Alps. By examining the arguments of the Sonnblick’s critics and defenders, it reveals a seemingly paradoxical definition of the mountain as a space that simultaneously maximized isolation and communication. Drawing on the social and environmental history of the Alps, it shows how the Sonnblick came to appear as the perfect embodiment of this paradox. Mountains have played a central role in the history of meteorology, particularly in the infant discipline’s “discovery of the third dimension” in the last third of the nineteenth century. From the 1860s, meteorologists began to recognize that the vertical structure of the atmosphere held vital clues to large-scale weather trends. They began to distinguish between ground-based measurements, which reflected local peculiarities influenced by land forms and water, and measurements taken at high altitudes, which revealed general characteristics of the atmospheric circulation.