DOCSLIB.ORG

The Deep Space Network Progress Report 42-41

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Deep Space Network Progress Report 42-41 N7 The Deep Space Network Progress Report 42-41 July and August 1977 (NASA-CR-155225) THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK H78-11132 Progress Report, Jul. - Aug. 1977 (Jet THRO Propulsion Lat.) 237 p HC A11/MF A01 N78-11156 CSCI 22A Onclas G3/12 52880 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91103 REPRODUCED BY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE- SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 The Deep Space Network Progress Report 42-41 July and August 1977 October 15, 1977 National Aeronautics and Space Administration f Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91103 Preface Beginning with Volume XX, the Deep Space Network Progress Report changed from the Technical Report 32- series to the Progress Report 42- series. The volume number continues the sequence of the preceding issues. Thus, Progress Report 42-20 is the twentieth volume of the Deep Space Network series, and is an uninterrupted follow-on to Technical Report 32-1526, Volume XIX. This report presents DSN progress in flight project support, tracking and data acquisition (TDA) research and technology, network engineering, hardware and software implementation, and operations. Each issue presents material in some, but not all, of the following categories in the order indicated. Description of the DSN Mission Support Ongoing Planetary/Interplanetary Flight Projects Advanced Flight Projects Radio Astronomy Special Projects Supporting Research and Technology Tracking and Ground-Based Navigation Communications—Spacecraft/Ground Station Control and Operations Technology Network Control and Data Processing Network and Facility Engineering and Implementation Network Network Operations Control Center Ground Communications Deep Space Stations Quality Assurance Operations Network Operations Network Operations Control Center Ground Communications Deep Space Stations Program Planning TDA Planning In each issue, the part entitled "Description of the DSN" describes the functions and facilities of the DSN and may report the current configuration of one of the five DSN systems (Tracking, Telemetry, Command, Monitor & Control, and Test & Training). The work described in this report series is either performed or managed by the Tracking and Data Acquisition organization of JPL for NASA. Hi Contents DESCRIPTION OF THE DSN Network Functions and Facilities 1 N. A. Renzetti The DSN Programming System 4 W. D. Hodgson NASA Code 311-03-41-15 DSN Monitor and Control System, Mark III-77 10 W. G. Stinnett NASA Code 311-03-43-10 MISSION SUPPORT Ongoing Planetary/Interplanetary Flight Projects Viking Extended Mission Support 16 D. W. H. Johnston NASA Code 311-03-21-70 Results of Pioneer - Venus 1978 Sequential Decoding Tests Over a Simulated Lognormal Fading Channel 21 B. K. Levitt NASA Code 825-10-21-22 Pioneer Mission Support 33 T. P. Adamski NASA Code 311 -03-21 -90 Helios Mission Support 39 P. S. Goodwin and G. M. Rockwell NASA Code 311-03-21-50 SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Tracking and Ground-Based Navigation Near Sun Ranging 43 A. I. Zygielbaum NASA Code 310-10-61-16 Feasibility Study of Far-Field Methods for Calibrating Ground Station Delays: An Interim Report 51 T. Sato NASA Code 310-10-61-08 PAGE BLANK WOT- A Technique to Determine Uplink Range Calibration Due to Charged Particles 57 S. C. Wu and F. B. Winn NASA Code 310-10-60-50 Communications - Spacecraft/Ground Doppler Profiles of Radio Frequency Interference 82 B. K. Levitt NASA Code 310-20-66-07 Sampled-Data System Analysis of Antenna Conical-Scan Tracking 86 R. A. Winkelstein NASA Code 310-20-67-03 Station Control and Operations Technology Antenna Pointing Subsystem Drive Tape Generator — Another New Interface 101 R. F. Emerson NASA Code 310-30-69-10 Network Control and Data Processing An MBASIC® User Profile 103 R. L. Schwartz NASA Code 310-40-72-05 CRISPFLOW, A Structured Program Design Flowcharter 112 R. C. Tausworthe and K. C. Landon NASA Code 310-40-72-05 NETWORK AND FACILITY ENGINEERING AND IMPLEMENTATION Network The CTA 21 Radio Science Subsystem — Non-Real-Time Bandwidth Reduction of Wideband Radio Science Data 127 A. L. Berman and J. I. Molinder NASA Code 311-03-43-10 Electron Density in the Extended Corona — Two Views 135 A. L. Berman NASA Code 311-03-43-10 vi S-/X-Band Microwave Optics Design and Analysis for DSN 34 Meter Diameter Antenna 146 D. L. Nixon and D. A. Bathker NASA Code 311-03-42-59 Configuration Control and Audit Assembly 166 A. P. Irvine NASA Code 311-03-41-17 Microcomputer Central Processing Unit Module 172 0. B. Parham NASA Code 311-03-41-05 Fast Algorithms for Computing Mersenne- Prime Number-Theoretic Transforms 176 1. S. Reed and T. K. Truong NASA Code 311-03-42-95 Ground Communications GCF Central Performance Monitor — Functional Description 206 N. C. S. Lau NASA Code 311 -06-30-00 Deep Space Stations A Thermodynamic Analysis of a Solar-Powered Jet Refrigeration System 209 F. L. Lansing and V. W. Chai NASA Code 311-03-44-08 Estimated Displacements for the VLB! Reference Point of the DSS 14 Antenna 218 H. McGinness NASA Code 311-03-42-91 « PROGRAM PLANNING TDA Planning Dynamic Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Solar Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 226 C. L. Hamilton NASA Code 311-03-31-30 vii DSN Progress Report 42-41 July and August 1977 N78-11133 Network Functions and Facilities N. A. Renzetti Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition The objectives, functions, and organization of the Deep Space Network are summarized; deep space station, ground communication, and network operations control capabilities are described. The Deep Space Network (DSN), established by the the Deep Space Network supplemented the Manned Space National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Flight Network (MSFN), which was managed by the Goddard Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition under the system Space Flight Center (GSFC). It is providing tracking and data management and technical direction of the Jet Propulsion acquisition support for Helios, a joint U.S./West German Laboratory (JPL), is designed for two-way communications project; and Viking, for which Langley Research Center with unmanned spacecraft traveling approximately 16,000km provides the project management, the Lander spacecraft, and (10,000 miles) from Earth to the farthest planets of our solar conducts mission operations, and for which JPL also provides system. It has provided tracking and data acquisition support the Orbiter spacecraft. for the following NASA deep space exploration projects: Ranger, Surveyor, Mariner Venus 1962, Mariner Mars 1964, Mariner Venus 1967, Mariner Mars 1969, Mariner Mars 1971, The Deep Space Network is one of two NASA networks. and Mariner Venus Mercury 1973, for which JPL has been The other, the Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network, is under the system management and technical direction of the responsible for the project management, the development of Goddard Space Flight Center. Its function is to support the spacecraft, and the conduct of mission operations; Lunar manned and unmanned Earth-orbiting satellites. The Deep Orbiter, for which the Langley Research Center carried out the Space Network supports lunar, planetary, and interplanetary project management, spacecraft development, and conduct of flight projects. mission operations; Pioneer, for which Ames Research Center carried out the project management, spacecraft development, and conduct of mission operations; and Apollo, for which the From its inception, NASA has had the objective of Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was the project center and conducting scientific investigations throughout the solar sys- tern. It was recognized that in order to meet this objective, • The DSN Telemetry System receives, decodes, significant supporting research and advanced technology records, and retransmits engineering and scientific development must be conducted in order to provide deep data generated in the spacecraft to Mission Control. space telecommunications for science data return in a cost effective manner. Therefore, the Network is continually • The DSN Command System accepts coded signals evolved to keep pace with the state of the art of telecommuni- from Mission Control via the Ground Communica- cations and data handling. It was also recognized early that tions Facility and transmits them to the spacecraft in close coordination would be needed between the requirements order to initiate spacecraft functions in flight. of the flight projects for data return and the capabilities needed in the Network. This close collaboration was effected by the appointment of a Tracking and Data Systems Manager The data system configurations supporting testing, train- as part of the flight project team from the initiation of the ing, and network operations control functions are as follows: project to the end of the mission. By this process, require- ments were identified early enough to provide funding and • The DSN Monitor and Control System instruments, implementation in time for use by the flight project in its transmits, records, and displays those parameters of flight phase. the DSN necessary to verify configuration and validate the Network. It provides operational direc- As of July 1972, NASA undertook a change in the interface tion and configuration control of the Network, and between the Network and the flight projects. Prior to that provides primary interface with flight project Mission time, since 1 January 1964, in addition to consisting of the Control
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Organizing Screens with Mission Control | 61
    Organizing Screens with 7 Mission Control If you’re like a lot of Mac users, you like to do a lot of things at once. No matter how big your screen may be, it can still feel crowded as you open and arrange multiple windows on the desktop. The solution to the problem? Mission Control. The idea behind Mission Control is to show what you’re running all at once. It allows you to quickly swap programs. In addition, Mission Control lets you create multiple virtual desktops (called Spaces) that you can display one at a time. By storing one or more program windows in a single space, you can keep open windows organized without cluttering up a single screen. When you want to view another window, just switch to a different virtual desktop. Project goal: Learn to use Mission Control to create and manage virtual desktops (Spaces). My New Mac, Lion Edition © 2011 by Wallace Wang lion_book-4c.indb 59 9/9/2011 12:04:57 PM What You’ll Be Using To learn how to switch through multiple virtual desktops (Spaces) on your Macintosh using Mission Control, you’ll use the following: > Mission Control > The Safari web browser > The Finder program Starting Mission Control Initially, your Macintosh displays a single desktop, which is what you see when you start up your Macintosh. When you want to create additional virtual desktops, or Spaces, you’ll need to start Mission Control. There are three ways to start Mission Control: > Start Mission Control from the Applications folder or Dock. > Press F9.
    [Show full text]
  • Mac Keyboard Shortcuts Cut, Copy, Paste, and Other Common Shortcuts
    Mac keyboard shortcuts By pressing a combination of keys, you can do things that normally need a mouse, trackpad, or other input device. To use a keyboard shortcut, hold down one or more modifier keys while pressing the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use the shortcut Command-C (copy), hold down Command, press C, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including the modifier keys: Command ⌘ Option ⌥ Caps Lock ⇪ Shift ⇧ Control ⌃ Fn If you're using a keyboard made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command. Some Mac keyboards and shortcuts use special keys in the top row, which include icons for volume, display brightness, and other functions. Press the icon key to perform that function, or combine it with the Fn key to use it as an F1, F2, F3, or other standard function key. To learn more shortcuts, check the menus of the app you're using. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app may not work in another. Cut, copy, paste, and other common shortcuts Shortcut Description Command-X Cut: Remove the selected item and copy it to the Clipboard. Command-C Copy the selected item to the Clipboard. This also works for files in the Finder. Command-V Paste the contents of the Clipboard into the current document or app. This also works for files in the Finder. Command-Z Undo the previous command. You can then press Command-Shift-Z to Redo, reversing the undo command.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Systems
    Chapter 18 REST-OF-WORLD (ROW) SATELLITE SYSTEMS For the longest time, space exploration was an exclusive club comprised of only two members, the United States and the Former Soviet Union. That has now changed due to a number of factors, among the more dominant being economics, advanced and improved technologies and national imperatives. Today, the number of nations with space programs has risen to over 40 and will continue to grow as the costs of spacelift and technology continue to decrease. RUSSIAN SATELLITE SYSTEMS The satellite section of the Russian In the post-Soviet era, Russia contin- space program continues to be predomi- ues its efforts to improve both its military nantly government in character, with and commercial space capabilities. most satellites dedicated either to civil/ These enhancements encompass both military applications (such as communi- orbital assets and ground-based space cations and meteorology) or exclusive support facilities. Russia has done some military missions (such as reconnaissance restructuring of its operating principles and targeting). A large portion of the regarding space. While these efforts have Russian space program is kept running by attempted not to detract from space-based launch services, boosters and launch support to military missions, economic sites, paid for by foreign commercial issues and costs have lead to a lowering companies. of Russian space-based capabilities in The most obvious change in Russian both orbital assets and ground station space activity in recent years has been the capabilities. decrease in space launches and corre- The influence of Glasnost on Russia's sponding payloads. Many of these space programs has been significant, but launches are for foreign payloads, not public announcements regarding space Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
    [Show full text]
  • OS X Mountain Lion Includes Ebook & Learn Os X Mountain Lion— Video Access the Quick and Easy Way!
    Final spine = 1.2656” VISUAL QUICKSTA RT GUIDEIn full color VISUAL QUICKSTART GUIDE VISUAL QUICKSTART GUIDE OS X Mountain Lion X Mountain OS INCLUDES eBOOK & Learn OS X Mountain Lion— VIDEO ACCESS the quick and easy way! • Three ways to learn! Now you can curl up with the book, learn on the mobile device of your choice, or watch an expert guide you through the core features of Mountain Lion. This book includes an eBook version and the OS X Mountain Lion: Video QuickStart for the same price! OS X Mountain Lion • Concise steps and explanations let you get up and running in no time. • Essential reference guide keeps you coming back again and again. • Whether you’re new to OS X or you’ve been using it for years, this book has something for you—from Mountain Lion’s great new productivity tools such as Reminders and Notes and Notification Center to full iCloud integration—and much, much more! VISUAL • Visit the companion website at www.mariasguides.com for additional resources. QUICK Maria Langer is a freelance writer who has been writing about Mac OS since 1990. She is the author of more than 75 books and hundreds of articles about using computers. When Maria is not writing, she’s offering S T tours, day trips, and multiday excursions by helicopter for Flying M Air, A LLC. Her blog, An Eclectic Mind, can be found at www.marialanger.com. RT GUIDE Peachpit Press COVERS: OS X 10.8 US $29.99 CAN $30.99 UK £21.99 www.peachpit.com CATEGORY: Operating Systems / OS X ISBN-13: 978-0-321-85788-0 ISBN-10: 0-321-85788-7 BOOK LEVEL: Beginning / Intermediate LAN MARIA LANGER 52999 AUTHOR PHOTO: Jeff Kida G COVER IMAGE: © Geoffrey Kuchera / shutterstock.com ER 9 780321 857880 THREE WAYS To learn—prINT, eBOOK & VIDEO! VISUAL QUICKSTART GUIDE OS X Mountain Lion MARIA LANGER Peachpit Press Visual QuickStart Guide OS X Mountain Lion Maria Langer Peachpit Press www.peachpit.com To report errors, please send a note to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Apple for Newbies
    Apple for Newbies While Macs are technically personal computers (PCs), the term PC is often used to describe computers that run Windows or Linux. Therefore, Macs are often referred to as personal computers, but not PCs. Unlike PCs, which are manufactured by several different companies, Apple designs and manufactures all Macintosh computers. Dock Select an item in the Dock: click its icon. When an application is running, the Dock displays an illuminated dash beneath the application's icon. To make any currently running application the active one, click its icon in the Dock to switch to it (the active application's name appears in the menu bar to the right of the Apple logo). As you open applications, their respective icons appear in the Dock, even if they weren't there originally. That means if you've got a lot of applications open, your Dock will grow substantially. If you minimize a window, the window gets pulled down into the Dock and waits until you click this icon to bring up the window again. The Dock keeps applications on its left side, while Stacks and minimized windows are kept on its right. If you look closely, you'll see a vertical separator line that separates them. If you want to rearrange where the icons appear within their line limits, just drag a docked icon to another location on the Dock and drop it. Tip: Control-click or right-click a Dock item to see a contextual menu of additional choices. Adding and removing Dock items 1. Add an item to the Dock: Click the Launchpad icon in the Dock and drag the application icon to the Dock; the icons in the Dock will move aside to make room for the new one.
    [Show full text]
  • Pro Tools 2020.9 Read Me (Macos)
    Read Me Pro Tools and Pro Tools | Ultimate Software 2020.9 on macOS 10.13.6, 10.14.6, and 10.15.6 This Read Me documents important compatibility information and known issues for Pro Tools® and Pro Tools | Utimate Software 2020.9 on macOS 10.13.6 (“High Sierra”), 10.14.6 (“Mojave”), and 10.15.6 (“Catalina”). For detailed compatibility information, including supported operating systems, visit the Pro Tools compatibility pages online. Compatibility Avid can only assure compatibility and provide support for qualified hardware and software configurations. For the latest compatibility information—including qualified computers, operating systems, and third-party products—visit the Avid website (www.avid.com/compatibility). General Compatibility Pro Tools would like to access files on a removable volume. (PT-256794) macOS 10.15 (“Catalina”) introduces a new dialog that controls application access to external volumes. You may encounter this dialog when launching Pro Tools or when mounting a new volume with Pro Tools open. Clicking OK lets Pro Tools see the media on this vol- ume for use with sessions, as well as an available volume in the Workspace. It is recommended that you click OK, but even if you click Don't Allow instead you can still allow this later in the macOS System Preferences > Security & Privacy settings. Pro Tools legacy key commands in the Import Audio dialog conflict with Finder commands in Catalina (PT-257178) The legacy keyboard shortcuts in the Import Audio dialog no longer function as expected on macOS Catalina. The legacy shortcuts continue to work on macOS Mohave and earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Application of New Technologies to the Rosetta and Mars Express Simulators
    white paper Successful Application of New Technologies to the Rosetta and Mars Express Simulators J. Martin, J. Ochs 1 VEGA GmbH, Hilperstrasse 20A, D-64295, Darmstadt, Germany Abstract VEGA is currently in the final stages of implementing the Rosetta and Mars Express simulators for the European Space Operation Centre (ESOC). Both simulators are high fidelity, entirely software-based tools principally used for training the operations team. This paper describes aspects of the development of the simulator, in particular focussing upon the application of new technologies, the re-use of previously developed models and infrastructures, and the potential re-use of the new technologies in future simulators. Introduction VEGA won the contract to supply both the Rosetta and Mars Express simulators to ESOC. The two simulators were to be developed concurrently and with a fixed schedule. Due to hardware re-use on the spacecraft, VEGA was able to establish a common code-base for the two simulators, which has simplified the overall development. Each simulator contains a high fidelity model of the spacecraft platform. In comparison, the scientific payload instruments have been modelled in a generic, lower fidelity manner, but incorporate a higher degree of user configurability. Such an approach allows the payload models to be readily updated should the need arise. In response to customer requirements, and as a result of simulator design, it was found necessary to utilize a host of new technologies, not least the infrastructure within which the simulators run. However, all parts of the simulators are not new. In fact, the design also incorporates models and infrastructures re-used from other VEGA and ESA projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Configurations, Troubleshooting, and Advanced Secure Browser Installation Guide for OS X/Macos and Ios/Ipados
    Configurations, Troubleshooting, and Advanced Secure Browser Installation Guide for OS X/macOS and iOS/iPadOS 2020–2021 Updated 4/20/2021 1 Table of Contents Configurations, Troubleshooting, and Secure Browser Installation for OS X/macOS and iOS/iPadOS .............................................................................................................................................3 How to Configure OS X/macOS Workstations for Online Testing .............................................................. 3 Installing the Secure Profile for OS X/macOS ...........................................................................................4 Installing Secure Browser for OS X/macOS ..............................................................................................5 Installing the SecureTestBrowser App for iOS/iPadOS ............................................................................. 5 Additional Instructions for Installing the Secure Browser for OS X/macOS ................................................ 6 Cloning the Secure Browser Installation to Other OS X/macOS Machines ........................................ 6 Uninstalling the Secure Browser on OS X/macOS ............................................................................ 7 Additional Configurations for OS X/macOS ...............................................................................................7 Disabling Updates to Third-Party Apps .............................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • GAO-19-136, DOD SPACE ACQUISITIONS: Including Users
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees March 2019 DOD SPACE ACQUISITIONS Including Users Early and Often in Software Development Could Benefit Programs GAO-19-136 March 2019 DOD SPACE ACQUISITIONS Including Users Early and Often in Software Development Could Benefit Programs Highlights of GAO-19-136, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Over the next 5 years, DOD plans to The four major Department of Defense (DOD) software-intensive space spend over $65 billion on its space programs that GAO reviewed struggled to effectively engage system users. system acquisitions portfolio, including These programs are the Air Force’s Joint Space Operations Center Mission many systems that rely on software for System Increment 2 (JMS), Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX), key capabilities. However, software- Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS); and the Navy’s Mobile User Objective intensive space systems have had a System (MUOS). These ongoing programs are estimated to cost billions of history of significant schedule delays dollars, have experienced overruns of up to three times originally estimated cost, and billions of dollars in cost growth. and have been in development for periods ranging from 5 to over 20 years. Senate and House reports Previous GAO reports, as well as DOD and industry studies, have found that accompanying the National Defense user involvement is critical to the success of any software development effort. Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 For example, GAO previously reported that obtaining frequent feedback is linked contained provisions for GAO to review to reducing risk, improving customer commitment, and improving technical staff challenges in software-intensive DOD motivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar System Space Exploration Timeline Challenge Cards
    SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG H.G. Wells´ novel The War of the Worlds was published, inspiring Robert Goddard to investigate rocketry 1898 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG Based on Jules Verne’s novel From the Earth to the Moon, the first work that suggested space exploration was possible was published in Russia entitled “The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices” 1903 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG Confirmation of the existence of the Van Allen radiation belts 1958 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG First detection of solar wind 1959 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG First photographs transmitted from the moon 1966 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG Closest flyby of the sun, 44 million kilometers, by the spacecraft Helios 2 1976 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG Hubble Space telescope launched 1990 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG First asteroid flyby, the asteroid 951 Gaspra by the spacecraft Galileo 1991 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG Launch of Ulysses, a collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency, the first spacecraft to orbit the sun at its poles 1992 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG First landing on an asteroid, 433 Eros 2001 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG First sample returned from an asteroid by the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa 2010 SOLAR SYSTEM Timeline cards SPACE GRAB BAG First man-made probe to make a planned and soft landing on a comet, the European Space Agency spacecraft Rosetta
    [Show full text]
  • Apple and Student Assessment 2020
    Apple and Student Assessment iPad and Mac are powerful learning devices that you can use for all forms of assessment, including secure exams that can be automatically configured using assessment mode. Approved for standardized assessments in all states, iPad and Mac offer an array of formative learning apps for evaluating students’ progress long-term as they prepare for statewide testing. iPad for state testing As iPad transforms the classroom and expands the possibilities for teaching and learning, educators have also come to rely on iPad for daily learning and student assessment. Schools can disable certain hardware and software features during online assessments to meet test security requirements and prevent test takers from circumventing the assessment and invalidating test results. Assessment mode on iPad Set up iPad for state testing Setup and management for testing on iPad is streamlined and With assessment mode, you can set up iPad for testing in just one simple. Here are just a few of the benefits of assessment on iPad: step: installing your state testing app on iPad. No further setup or management is required. Your state testing app will automatically lock • Compliant. All state summative and interim assessments support and configure iPad for testing each time the app is launched. After a iPad, including Cambium (SBAC) and ACT Aspire. iPad meets student completes the test and signs out from the testing app, iPad hardware and comparability standards and can be configured to automatically returns to general use settings. provide a secure test environment. Check with your state testing agency for their guidelines. Check with your testing provider to confirm assessment mode support.
    [Show full text]