CEEAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. 109
CERAMUS (Kepa/ws) AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS.
MR. W. R. PATON, who is very well acquainted with the Gulf of Cos, has been good enough to send me some impressions and copies which he recently made of inscriptions at Keramo, the site of the ancient Ceramus. So few are the documents hitherto published from this town, that I readily consented to edit these copies for the Journal, the more so because I had been led to study the history of Caria somewhat minutely in connexion with another town of this region, Iasos.1 It happens also that one of the very few instances where Ceramus is named, even in inscriptions, is in a decree of Ephesus, discovered by Mr. Wood and now in the British Museum, which I have recently prepared for the press.2 We shall have occasion to refer to it presently. Before proceeding to examine the inscriptions, I am glad to transcribe an account of the neighbourhood of Ceramus which I begged Mr. Paton to draw up, knowing well how interesting such particulars are to less-travelled students of Greek antiquities. ' Ceramus is situated on the N. shore of the Gulf of Cos. The site has been described by Lieut.' Smith (Newton, Salicarnassus etc. vol. ii. p. 627). The physical features of the north and south shores of the inner Gulf of Cos are widely different. The south shore is formed by the peninsula which separates this gulf from the Lycian Sea. Here, from Port Giova in the innermost recess of the gulf, to the Dorian Isthmus, extends a chain of wonderful harbours, which, as the country is unproductive and uninhabited, tempt chance visitors from harbourless Greek islands to be sceptical as to the wisdom of Providence. On the south side of this same peninsula there lies the famous harbour of Marmarice, which has the honour of occasionally sheltering our fleets, and of being, in consequence, connected with Smyrna by telegraph. The sterility of this region is (it is a comfort to think) no new thing. There are singularly few traces of what may be called, for this unrecorded land, prehistoric inhabitants. The only Hellenic, or quasi-Hellenic town, of any importance was Cedreae, and this was on an island near the coast.3 Callipolis (now called Gelepol by the Turks) was situated in an
1 See my paper on Iasos in an earlier number by the earlier editor. of the Hellenic Journal, viii. (1887) p. 85 ; 3 The island is called by the Greeks Nrjo-l TTJS compare ibid. ix. (1888) p. 338. Uavayias and by the Turks Seiroglou : the town 2 Published by Wood, Ephesus, ' Inscriptions was identified as the ancient KeSpeai by MM. from the City and Suburbs,' No. 16. It will Diehl and Cousin by means of an inscription form No. ccccxlvii. in the forthcoming Part iii. found there (Bulletin de Corr. Hell. x. 1886, p. of the Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum. 426). The name [K]€pifyiio< was not recognized or read 110 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. exceptionally fertile little valley, but I found nothing there which spoke of a past. At Seyout, the next harbour to the W., is a well preserved fortress, probably dating from the period of Rhodian dominion. There is another smaller fortress of the same period on the top of the Altin Sivrisi (Golden Peak), a mountain 1500 feet high between Seyout and Marmarice. I am sure that there can be nothing else very remarkable in the neighbourhood, because I was everywhere counselled to ascend this Altin Sivrisi where there were marble statues and inscriptions galore. I eventually did so with the greatest difficulty on a very hot day, and when in rags and tatters I reached the summit, I suggested to my guide, a celebrated hunter of the district,1 that he had not chosen the least trying route. It was only then I discovered that this was his first ascent, and I concluded that all these desirable things were to be found at the top of the Altin Sivrisi for the same reason that so many even more desirable things are to be found in other places—because no one had ever been there.' ' At present the only interesting, if not valuable, product of this district is the styrax-tree (styrax officinale), which grows in great abundance in the beds of streams. It resembles the plane-tree, but seemingly never attains a great size. The fragrant sap, used by the Turks as incense, stinks in the nostrils of orthodox oriental Christians.' ' The northern shore of the Gulf is formed by what seem to be a range of lofty mountains, closely fringed by the sea. It is only when we climb them that we find that they are but the edges of a great plateau, that we are really in Asia, and that the Mediterranean with its odour of the West is, like ourselves, an intruder here. No great river penetrates this plateau to discharge itself into the Gulf of Cos. The water from the upland plains, such as that of Moughla, finds its escape underground. Near Ceramus, west of the old town, and at the head of the gulf near the ancient Idyma,2 abundant brackish springs issue from the foot of the mountains and find their shortest road to the sea. At Idyma this phenomenon is very remarkable. A series of such springs extending about two miles from E. to W. unite to form a river so deep, that it is possible to ascend it for a considerable distance in a boat. These springs are all of them, like those of Ceramus, slightly salt; but the water is drinkable, and watercress and celery thrive in them and form an excellent salad. The superfluous water of winter does not find room to escape by these underground channels, and in some places torrents have cut their way through the plateau.' ' It is to the largest of these streams that the plain of -Ceramus owes, I suppose, its origin. The river-bed was quite dry when I was there in October ; but I was told that its valley, which is of considerable breadth, is thirty or forty miles in length. Its sources must be in the high mountains near Eski-Hissar (Stratonicea). This is the longest valley which descends
1 I subsequently saw him annihilate a par- Diehl and Cousin, on the strength of an inserip- tridge while it was drinking: I ate the fragments tion found there [Bulletin de Corr. Hell. x. of this bird, and am grateful to him. p. 429): Judeieh speaks more doubtfully 2 Identified with the modern Giova by MM. (Mittheilung;n, xii. p. 338, note). CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. Ill to the gulf of Cos on the north, and the plain of Ceramus is the largest plain on the northern shore. There is no harbour, and boats cannot anchor here with a high westerly sea. But the bay of Akbuk, which could easily be reached with a westerly wind, affords sufficient protection. The plain has great capabilities of cultivation. At present it is, to a large extent, rough pasture-land. The climate must always have been bad ; the heat in summer, owing to the high overhanging mountains on the N. which exclude the North-wind and reduplicate the sun, is very oppressive. The Turkish Agas, to whom the land belongs, reside in a village on the hills; the inhabitants of the modern village of Keramo are their shepherds and labourers. This vil- lage occupies a small portion of the site of the ancient town. It is situated on the edge of the mountain and just to the E. of the opening of the liver- valley. The ruins which now exist are very extensive, and are chiefly of the late Roman and Byzantine periods. Ceramus was the seat of a Bishop, and one of the most notable ruins is that of a very large church: most of the inscriptions come from here. The only existing Hellenic remains of impor- tance are the city-walls, remarkable as having a polygonal substructure of limestone and superimposed rectangular blocks of pudding-stone (see Lieut. Smith's Report, p. 628). Water was brought to the town by an aqueduct which runs along the E. side of the river-valley and (so I was told) comes from far. The arches which span side-valleys are in several places well pre- served, and this aqueduct was the pleasantest companion I had when I left Ceramus and went up the valley for a few miles, before turning eastward on my road to Moughla.1 Coins of Ceramus are extremely rare; and I have never met with them in the market. I only procured three bronze autonomous coins on the spot. One has a magistrate's name Aecov, a common name also at Stratonicea : on another I think I read 'lepoyevr)?.' If we are inclined to wonder why the Greeks founded a settlement in so unpromising a spot, we should bear in mind the great fertility of the land: no doubt diligent husbandry here, as in other regions of the ancient world, not only brought a rich return to the cultivator, but also diminished the unhealthiness of the climate. Lieut. Smith2 says : ' The valley is covered with impenetrable thickets, and is very unhealthy. The ground, when it is cultivated, is very fertile; but I saw large crops of ripe grain standing uncut for want of labourers.' It is to be observed, however, that the towns along even the north shore of this gulf were few and far between, and these were of no great consequence. Strabo's Words are (xiv. 656): elra /x.€Ta K.vi8ov K.epafiof Kal ^Bdpyaaa irdXl^via inrep 6aXdaa~rj
1 A brief note of this journey from Ceramus Giova is rightly identified with Idyma : see to Moughla will be found printed in the note 5 ante. The words of Strabo would lead Classical Review of 1888, p. 328. one to seek for Bargasa between Ceramus and 2 Newton's Halicarnassus, &c, ii. p. 631. Halicarnassus. Pliny's geography of this region 3 The site of Bargasa is still unknown, if (v. 29) seems confused and faulty. 112 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS.
6 K-epafiei/cbs K6\TTO<; from early times, as we learn from Herodotus i. 174 (iovar]<; re iracrr)<; TT;? KwSt'a? irXrjv 0X17779 "irepippoov ra fiev jap avTrjs TT/JO? ftopfjv avefiov 6 Kepa^et/co? KOXTTOS airepyei K.T.X.).1 But the surest measure of its importance may be obtained from the tribute-lists of the Athenian Confederacy. These reveal that while Cnidus was assessed at 3 talents which were afterwards raised to 5 talents, and Halicarnassus (not yet re- founded by Mausolus) at 1§ talents, the assessment of Ceramus was 1^ talents. It thus stands distinctly above Cedreae, whose tribute was £ talent, and Idyma which seems to have paid § talent. See Bockh-Frankel, Staatsh. ii. pp. 362, 452; Kohler, Urkunden und Uhtersiichungen, pp. 183 foil. Very little is known of the history of Ceramus. Of written record there is absolutely nothing. A few fragmentary inscriptions and a very few coins, none earlier than the second century B.C., afford a glimmer of light which only makes the darkness visible.2 For the illustration, therefore, of the following inscriptions we have no help but to fall back upon the general history of Caria, the various vicissitudes of which the town of Ceramus inevitably shared. This chequered history I have already traced with sufficient care in a previous number of the Journal? None of the inscriptions from Ceramus appear to be earlier than the defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia B.C. 190, upon which the Roman senate handed over Lycia and Caria to the government of Rhodes. The Rhodians had long enjoyed possession of the strip of territory on the opposite mainland—the Rhodian Peraea : and this new assignment was but an extension of the influence they already enjoyed in Caria. It lasted, however, only twenty years. At the close of the war with Perseus, B.C. 168, the senate, being bent on humbling Rhodes, deprived her of those possessions on the mainland which had been assigned her in B.C. 189. Caria was declared to be free. We are to under- stand this declaration as applying not to the towns of the Peraea to which Rhodes had a prescriptive title, but to her dominion over the rest of Caria and Lycia, which rested only upon the decree of the senate.4 Accordingly Caria in general and her cities enjoyed a brief period of autonomy for the next thirty-five years until the whole of Caria, and therefore Ceramus along with it, was merged in the Roman Province of Asia, B.C. 133. It is to this period of autonomy, B.C. 168—133, that we may in all probability assign the earlier of the extant coins of Ceramus,5 as well as the first of Mr Paton's inscriptions. Nos. 2 and 3 belong likewise to about the second century B.C., but their subject is religious, and they contain nothing to determine their date more closely. The same may be said of another
1 In Xen. Hist. i. 4, 8 : Ktpa/itKbv K6\TTOV, Avxiovs e\evdepovs elvai irai/ras, Saovs irpo ibid. ii. 1 § 15 : Kepafieiov KOKTTOV, if the texts 'Podiois fiera rbu *A.vrioxtKhv Tr6\€fiov. Ibid. are right. Xxxi. 7 : W Iffas, ( /3a I incline to assign this list to the third century B.C. rather than the second. Two inscriptions copied by Captain Spratt at Keramo to be mentioned presently, and an inscription from Stratonicea published in the Bulletin (ix. 1885, p. 437), form the only other materials available for the illustration of the history of the town or to elucidate these new inscriptions which we will now proceed to examine. One word as to the gentile adjective of this town. The name of the town is Ke'pa/to?, and is so given not only by Strabo I.e.,Pausanias (vi. 13 §2 : e« Kepdfiov TTJ 1. ' Bluish stone, found at Keramo.' From Mr. Paton's copy and a good impression. The marble is evidently incomplete at the top and the bottom : it is somewhat injured on the right edge, and a very little on the left. The readings are quite certain. Height (as measured by impression), 16J in. ; width 2 ft. 6 in. K E P A MI TT O AIT HC of the other coin is also a magis- [I suspect that £nN (Mionnet, Supp. tmWs name> see No_ n ^ and we shouU K E > A MI Ko. 207) should be read A E' r N : the -ad f^THC ™ * H.S.—VOL. XI. 114 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. o - o S < < >• > 2. < £ y £ ° w l IIPiill liiii ii V OiiyZ^1 y z <. SI llli ii filiuifiliuiuu "*'SIS!!SS 5 2 s £ f s 3 s!»££11m lS3!1 • aiyil E < o CM 12 116 CEBAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. A few words first in respect of the readings. Line 1 : AAO I give from Paton's copy : I cannot read them on the impression. Line 2 : rjBviraOei is probable, but the letters are omitted in Paton's copy, and the impression suggests them but faintly. Line 3: with ovre KaicoiraOlav v 1 Laina (kiyiva) ' is situated about two hours north by west from Eski Hissar (Stratonicea)' writes Sir C. Newton, Halicarnassus, &c, p. 554, CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. 117 TO T7J re Kal ^ovKevcrofievoi irepl ra>v KOIV&V KaXelrai Be rb cvarrjfia avrwv Xpvcraope(ov, (rvveaTij/cb1; i/c Kcofi&v ol Be wXet'crTa? trap- e%d//,ei>ot, Keofia'i irpoe^ovai, rfj tyr](f>q), KaOdtrep K.epafut)ra£- Kal %rparoviKels Be rov crvarrjfiaro'i fiere%ovo~iv OVK ovres rod K.apitcov yevov;, aXX' on /ca>fia<; eypvai rov Xpvo-aopi/cov o-vcrrr]iiaro%. We must not indeed assume that the circumstances of this Chrysaorian League were in all points the same at the beginning of the second century B.C. as in the latter part of the first century when Strabo described it. But the main conditions remained unchanged. Ever since the first planting of the Doric colonies along the coast, the Carian natives had found themselves thrust out of the way; they retired into the interior of the country establishing themselves in fortresses among the hills, or dwelling in KO>/J,CU, townships. These KWfiai are frequently mentioned in connexion with Carian history; they are grouped into cantons which found their respective centres in one or other of the old native sanctuaries (see Newton, I.e. p. 14). It was inevitable that, as the Hellenic cities became more numerous and powerful, the Carian townships and cantons became mere dependencies of the greater cities, precisely as Strabo points out (I.e.) in the case of Stratonicea. Strabo indeed speaks as if the X.pvaaopiKop o-vo-rr)fia was in his day the only confederation in Caria: and this no doubt was practically the case, since Sulla rewarded Stratonicea with exceptional privileges for its loyalty to Rome in the Mithridatic War.1 But Herodotus knows nothing of this league of Chrysaoris (see St. Byz. s.v.); he speaks only of Mylasa as a national and religious centre (i. 171) : diroBeucvvcri Be ev MvXacrotcrt Ato? K.apiov Ipbv dpyaiov, rov Mucrotcri fiev Kal AvBoiai fiereari,, o>? KaaiyvrjroLai eovai rolai K.apo~L...rovroi,ai fiev Br] fiereo-ri' ocrot Be, iovre<} q-XXov eOveos, SfioyXcocrcroi rolai K.apal iyevovro, rovroi.cn Be ov (lira. Only sixty stadia from Mylasa, and connected with it by a sacred way, was Labranda, with another aboriginal shrine of Zeus Stratios,2 which is also noticed by Herodotus (v. 119) : J£.apwv....oi Bt,a^>vyovre<; KareikriOrjaav e? AdfipavBa, e? Ato? ^rpariov Ipbv /Me'ya re Kal ayiov akaos nfKaraviaratv. fiovvoi Be roiv rjfieis 'iB/jiev Kape? elo~i o'l Ad %rparla> dvaias dvdyoven. We must conclude therefore that in early days Mylasa was the chief religious and national centre of the native Carians, and that the sanctuary and gathering at Chrysaoris, if they existed (as is likely), were merely local and possessed no political significance. But when Hecatomnus, the father of Mausolus, trans- ferred his seat of government from Mylasa to Halicarnassus, the influence of Mylasa suffered a partial eclipse, which was made more complete by the founding of Stratonicea by the Syrian king and the especial favour shown to it by the Romans under Sulla. Not that Mylasa ever ceased to be an important town. It stood at the junction of several great roads and throve under Roman rule: its ancient sanctuaries still commanded the veneration of Caria. The 1 See the important Senatusconsultum in- 2 Newton, I.e. pp. 33, 615. scribed at Lagina (Bulletin, 1885, ix. p. 437). 118 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. symbol of Zeus Labrandeus was the double axe, which appears not only on the coins of Mausolus and his dynasty, but also of a number of Carian towns; and the adoption of this symbol was an acknowledgment of a connexion with Mylasa and Labranda. But without doubt in the second and first centuries B.C. Mylasa had a serious rival in Stratonicea, and in the time of Strabo the league of icai/iai which met at Chrysaorium near Stratonicea was the only Carian league of any political importance. And now to return to our inscription. At the time of this decree the League of the Chrysaorium (awirdknela), which had for some time been a rival of the League of Labranda, had been disbanded ; it is spoken of as a thing of the past (eV TO TI}? o-WTroXtTet'a? yjpovw, line 4). What had dissolved it ? No more probable course could be found than the freedom granted to Caria in 168. 'Freedom' in Greece too surely meant disintegration, and the breaking up of ties which kept the cities together. I imagine that under the Rhodian rule the cantons of Carian ic&fiat, had met at the respective centre of each league, the Chrysaorium, Labranda, and others perhaps as well. Stratonicea was the especial property of Rhodes, and paid a heavy tribute to the sovereign island1; we may be sure therefore that Stratonicea would be safeguarded by the Rhodians in full authority over the tccbfiai pertaining to its territory. At a later date (B.C. 81, see the Sullan Senatusconsultum already quoted) Stratonicea claimed even Ceramus as one of its ic&fiat,. But we are not sure that the claim was granted ; if it was, the subjection of Ceramus was not of long duration. In Strabo's time, and for centuries after, it was no inconsiderable member of the Carian league of cities. Under the Rhodian dominion (B.C. 189—168) Ceramus and its associated ic&ficu formed one of the cantons of the Chrysaorian crvcrrrjua or avvirokirela, although much inferior in influence to Stratonicea. During this period the citizen honoured by this decree had done good service as a political leader of democratic sympathies (lines 5—7). § 3: lines 7—18. A third stage of the benefactor's career began with the granting of freedom to Caria and the break-up of the League. The ' community' (iroXcTevfia) of Ceramus was at once involved in confusion, the democratic and oligarchic party confronting each other. Our hero took more openly the part of a popular leader (line 8), and in the political revolution that ensued he shared the danger and the victory of the democrats (lines 10—11). The exiled aristocrats would probably look towards Rome for help; it was equally natural, now that Rhodes was out of favour with Rome, that the democrats should wish to strengthen themselves by an understanding with Rhodes (line 14). But seeing that Rhodes had lately been ousted by Rome from Caria, it was a delicate task to ask the Rhodians to accede to an alliance which might seem to humble her pride and also to expose her to the suspicion of Rome. This task however our hero undertook, and achieved (lines 15—16). The relations of Ceramus with Rhodes are further illustrated by the Ephesian decree discovered by Wood (I.e.); it begins thus:— 1 Polybius, xxxi. 7. CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS 119 j3ovX{} Kal T 'A/3KTT€&)9 elirev ' K.]epdfJ,t,oi hiarpl{iovTe<; iv 'Po8§> iracra\y evvoiav Kal ypeiav 7rape%6fievoi Bia- TeXovcnv Kal Koivfj T«3 fijj/zp Kal IBia rot? evTvy%a,vov(ri rwfi iroXtrwv Kal orjav avTov/u.ai. Hence in line 18 we read of oi KaroiKovvre1} rrjv iroXiv Kal TTJV ywpav. § 4: lines 18 foil. He had also acted as ambassador to Heraclea: whether Heraclea ad Latmum or Heraclea Salbace, is doubtful, as both were Carian towns (Head, Hist. Num. p. 500, and p. 527). I find in this a con- firmation of what was said above. The freedom of Caria had meant disintegration : the Carian towns are quarrelling with each other. 2. ' Block of blue marble, which has been cut by the owner to make it into a roller. From a site near the sea, about four miles west of Keramos ; there are considerable ruins of Byzantine structures, into which ancient marbles have been built.' HPAKAEITOSAPISTEOY YPEPAYTOYKAITOYYIOY APIZTEOYAEKATHN 'Apiariov virep avTov Kal TOV vlov It is doubtful whether aKpalo? or o/crato? was the epithet originally inscribed; see Lexicons s.vv. I supply "Hpa from Euripides Medea, 1379, as suiting the space, but as a mere conjecture. 3. Inscribed upon one block of blue marble; height 57 cms., width 93 cms. Mr. Paton writes: ' Whether these two inscriptions, a and b, are on two sides 120 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. of the same stone, or on one side and separated by a space, I cannot remember; but I think, if the former, I should have noted it.' (a) AlAOYrAhC NTOZHZKYPIOZAPA TOYAEONTOZTHNE AAPTEMOYNAPIZTO 5 OEOIZ "HSeia ISArjTpcxfxivov, /cjara Ovyarpo- •iroLav Se Apdico~\vTO<}, J79 icvpios Apd- K(OV• ApdlCOVTO Apparently from the base of two statues erected by Hedeia to her daughter and her husband respectively. The date is about 200 B.C. The word OvyaTpoTToda is worth noting: it occurs in an inscription from Cos (Bulletin de Corr. Hell. vi. p. 265), and in another from Heraclea Salbace in Garia (ibid. ix. p. 331); in the latter the form is debased to OvjaTpoirola, as in the document before us. On the /cvpios, or tutor, whose permission is necessary before Hedeia can expend money upon the erection of these statues, see Reinach, Traits d'Epigraphie Grecque, p. 112. 4. ' A marble base : height 66 cms.; width 88 cms.; no apices.' EYANAPON0EMIZTOKAEOYZ ZTE KAEOYZEYNOlAZENEKAKAl ILvav&pov 6 a&e\- K\4OVi\ocrTopyia<; TJ79 et? karov The name Themistocles occurs again in No. 5. and also as a magistrate's name upon the coins of Ceramus. The form karov is a mark of the Augustan age ; note also eW/ea and not eveicev. 5. ' White marble: height 98 cms.; width 64 cms.' TYXHIArAOI-ll EIPHNAIONAPAKONTOMENOYZ TONTENOMENONIEPOZKOnON HTTATPIZKA0AAIETA2ATOOEI 5 PI-INAIOZEKTTPOAOMATOZTI-IZ TTPnTHZElKOZAETiAZHZEMI ZOfiSENZTPATI-irnNTTAlAIOZ TAAYKinnOZArPOYOYKATEAl nENTI-inOAElENTHOAOZZIA! 10 KAAOYMENOYEZXlATPOYKA TATHNKPIZINTOYAZIOAOm TATOYAOriZTOYAYPAIOAOTO ZTPATIirOYNTOZnAlAnPriTC AEONTOZYIOYAIAOEMIZTO 15 KAEOYZAZIAPXOYKAIXIAIAPXOY EPrEniZTATHZANTOZTHZANA ZTAZEfiZTOYANAPIANTOZ APIZTOKPATOYZTOYAEONNATO MENEZTPATOYTOYKAIAHMHT 20 OYTOYEIPHNAPXOYANAZTA0EN TOZTOYANAPIANTOZZTPATH rOYNTOZTOBGEOMNHZTOY TOYMEAANTAAnOAAONIAO 122 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. Hilprjvaiov ApaicovTOfievovs TOV yevofievov Iepo trd(O(rev A statue is erected (lines 17, 21) by the city (line 4) to one Irenaeus (line 2), who had left by will a certain estate to the city called 'O egco 'Aypos (line 10). This land was accordingly let by the o-rpar'qyo^ of the city (lines 7 foil.) on a twenty years' lease, the lessee paying down a consideration for the lease at the outset (TrpoBo/ia, line 5). Out of this payment the cost of the statue is defrayed in accordance with the testament of Irenaeus (line 4). It appears that this application of a public bequest, even though directed by the testator, could not be made without obtaining the sanction of the \oyio~Ti]<; (line 12) or curator, for whose functions the reader is referred to Marquardt, Bom. Alt. iv. p 488. The word Kpto-is however may imply that the will had been disputed, perhaps by the relatives of the deceased, and the curator had upheld the bequest made to the city. The word nrpoBofia seems to be unknown. 6. ' A portion of an architrave. I have not made a drawing of it, but my notes are as follows: The total length of the block can be estimated; about twenty letters may be missing on the right of lines 1, 2; these lines are complete on the left. Line 3 is broken on the left; only about six letters can be missing. I am however inclined to think we have the beginning of line 3, as there is between the p and the break a somewhat wider space than the usual interval between the letters. If line 3 is complete on the left, and was engraved exactly in the middle, only about twelve letters are missing in lines 1 and 2 on the right. The restorations given below accord with this supposition. The letters have apices : those in line 1 are more widely spaced.' AYTOKPATOPIKAIZAPINEPOYATPAI A N Cl Z E B AZTHTE PM AN iKnKA I 0EO IZKEP A THnATPIAIEPMO(|>ANTOZAIONYZIOYi AvTo/epdropt K-aicrapt, Nepova Tpataz>a> 2e/3ao"Tc3 Tep/j.avt,K(£ fcal Oeois K.epa[fiir)Ta>v ical T§ TrarpiBi 'Epfi6(f>avTo<; Aiovvcriov KOX 'Epfi6 Dedication made in the reign of Trajan: the dedication No 9 is apparently a generation later. tsS OS 124 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. 7. ' Black slab of marble, broken at left and at top; height 70 cms., width 75 cms. Letters very broad: all the lines are complete on the right.' IO/ IAKAIATOPANO MTPAMMATEYZANTAKAI EMNnZKAlKHAEMONlKnZ NONAEKATAZKEYAZ0HNAI 5 "ONBAAANEIONKAIAONTAEIZ VZKEYHNAYTOYAPrYPIAKAITTA NZYNTEAEIflZINXAPIZAMENON 'XflZAPrYPIATIMHGENTA ZYnOTHZBOYAHZKAITOYAH 10 METIZTAIZTEIMAIZKAITOAEYTE TYMNAZIAPXHZANTAMETATOY OEOAriPOYKAITIiNKOMBriNAY TPATOYKAIIEPHNOZHBOYAHKAI NOIAZKAITIMHZENEKENTHZEIZAY 15 KEYAZANTEZKAIANAZTAZANTEZ NAPIANTAKAITHNElKONAnAPEAYTOY 8. ' On an architrave of blue marble, partly buried; height 40 cms. Height of letters 4.2 cms.' JI£TOKPATOYZHAPXIEPEIAKAISTE(}>ANH4>OPOSAPX 'H Belva 'A\pi lEPOKAHSEPMO^ANTOYAPXIEPEYSKAISTE^ANH^OPOSKAITPISrYMNASIAPXOZYIOZnOAEIiZKAIH rYNHAYTOYAPIZTONElKHAPISTOKPATOYZHAPXIEPElAKAIZTE4)ANH BAAANEIONEKGEMEAiriNKAlTAENAYTniCEPrAnANTASYNnANTITHkOIMnEKTriN lAlflNKATAZKEYAIANTESANEOHKAN 'E>p/jio HCATTGIOY1" (b) CTOYABPONElKHEPMO The name EPMO By way of appendix I repeat here the five inscriptions of Ceramus which were copied by Captain Spratt and published by Professor Babington {Transactions of the Royal Society of Lit. vol. x.). 11. ' On a column in a plain below the city, apparently the site of a temple.' Published in cursive only, which I reproduce. Tw Oeo(f>iXecrTarov Kaoaapa Tdiov HaXevra 'OcrriKKiavov Meo"[cr]ioj' Evcre/3^, Eu- fiaaTov, vlbv TOV Kvpiov rj/jbSiv aiiro- Kpdropos K.aicrapo<; Tatov Me M. Av. B. II0WT9 /3 T&> apj(iaTp(p 7rp»T« a/3- 15 "XpVTl TO jQ. The editor remarks that this inscription establishes the fact, hitherto doubtful, that Hostilianus was the son of Decius. The document belongs to 128 CERAMUS AND ITS INSCRIPTIONS. the year A.D. 251. Babington misunderstood the last three lines. They read thus: M(a/3*r&)) A.v(pr)\iq>) B(aAei>Tt) IIoXetrj; (IIoXetTov) TS dp^idrpa) 7rpa>Ttp ap%ovTi TO /3, i.e. ' when M. Aur. Valens Polites, the archiatrus, was ir. a. for the second time.' The dative is equivalent to the Latin ablative, and /3 in line 13 merely implies that Polites bore his father's name (see on C.I.G. 2455, &c). For the title TT/XUTO? ap^mv see the Index to C.I.G. The name Polites is noteworthy: perhaps the only man of Ceramus known to fame was an athlete Polites, who won both the long and the short race at Olympia on the same day (Pausan. vi. 13, § 2). 12. ' On another upright column : the last three lines. All the upper part is so obliterated as to be unintelligible; but the column appears to have been inscribed four or five feet further up.' Given in cursive only. [TejpevTia . . . vov KOI iirirpoirov 'Air-iriavov (?) KXdpov 13. ' At a well in midst of ruins of city, and near a very beautiful doorway, apparently the entrance of a temple.' 14. ' In wall of a small modern house in midst of ruins of ancient city.' T6KV0l<} ail 15. ' In the same house. Perhaps a part of the same ancient monument as the preceding.' Kal 'lovXias (in three lines, two garlands below). E. L. HICKS.Polybius, 'intensity,' 'violence'; 7rep£