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Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Tunisia – Employment, Qualification and Economic Effects Imprint

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Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Tunisia – Employment, Qualification and Economic Effects Imprint Renewable energy and energy efficiency in Tunisia – employment, qualification and economic effects ImpRInT As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 (Bonn) T +49 61 96 79-0 (Eschborn) Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40 53113 Bonn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 F +49 228 44 60-17 66 E [email protected] I www.giz.de Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany T +49 61 96 79-0 F +49 61 96 79-11 15 E [email protected] I www.giz.de Bureau de la GIZ à Tunis Le Grand Boulevard de la Corniche Immeuble le Grand Boulevard Les Berges du Lac II Tunis Tunisia T +216 71 967 220 F +216 71 967 227 E [email protected] I www.giz.de Responsible Ulrich Laumanns (GIZ) Project “Promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Tunisia“ Authors Ulrike Lehr (GWS) Anke Mönnig (GWS) Rafik Missaoui (Alcor) Sami Marrouki (Alcor) Layout MediaCompany GmbH photos Front page: Fotolia.com / kotoyamagami Others: GIZ printing Das Druckhaus GmbH Printed on 100 % recycled paper, certified to FSC standards place and date of publication Tunis, December 2012 Renewable energy and energy efficiency in Tunisia – employment, qualification and economic effects CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUmmARY 4 Part II: pAST EXpERIEnCES In REnEWABLE InTRODUCTIOn 6 EnERGY AnD EnERGY EFFICIEnCY In TUnISIA: ImpACTS On EmpLOYmEnT 29 1 Introduction 30 pART I: InTERnATIOnAL EXpERIEnCES In THE 2 NATIOnAL EnERGY SITUATIOn 30 FIELD OF JOB CREATIOn FROm REnEWABLE 2.1 Energy demand profile 30 EnERGY AnD EnERGY EFFICIEnCY 7 2.2 Tunisian sustainable energy policy 32 1 InTRODUCTIOn 8 3 SUSTAInABLE EnERGY pROGRAmmES In TUnISIA 32 3.1 The three-year programme (2005-2007) 32 2 MEASURInG EmpLOYmEnT – COnCEpTS AnD DEFInITIOnS 8 3.2 The four-year programme (2008-2011) 33 2.1 Gross, net, direct and indirect employment 8 3.3 Outlook on sustainable energy: the tunisian solar plan 34 2.2 Methods 9 2.3 Methodology in this study 11 4 OVERVIEW OF ACHIEVEmEnTS 2005-2010 35 4.1 Achievements in the field of renewable energy 35 3 InTERnATIOnAL RESULTS 12 4.1.1 Wind power 35 3.1 Worldwide estimates 13 4.1.2 Solar thermal energy 35 3.2 European estimates 14 4.1.3 Solar photovoltaics 37 3.3 Country studies 18 4.2 Achievements in energy efficiency 37 3.3.1 Spain 18 4.2.1 Programme contracts 37 3.3.2 France 19 4.2.2 Cogeneration 37 3.3.3 Italy 19 4.2.3 Energy-saving lamps 37 3.3.4 Portugal 20 4.2.4 Energy efficiency in buildings 37 3.3.5 China 20 4.2.5 Energy efficiency in other fields 39 3.3.6 Germany 21 3.3.7 Barriers and drivers to the renewable 5 ASSESSmEnT OF THE GOODS AnD SERVICES energy sector 23 mARKET In RELATIOn TO SUSTAInABLE EnERGY pROGRAmmES 39 4 ImpACTS OF EnERGY EFFICIEnCY 25 5.1 The solar thermal market 39 4.1 International experiences 25 5.2 The pV market 40 4.2 The German experience 26 5.3 The wind power market 40 5 COnCLUSIOnS 28 5.4 The auditing and programme contracts market 42 5.5 The cogeneration market 42 5.6 The building energy efficiency market 42 5.7 The engine diagnostics station market 43 5.8 The market for energy efficiency equipment 44 6 ASSESSmEnT OF EmpLOYmEnT CREATION 45 6.1 Methodology 45 6.2 Characterisation of direct employment 45 6.3 Évaluation des emplois directs dans le Part III: pERSpECTIVES FOR JOB CREATIOn domaine des énergies renouvelables et de In THE FIELD OF REnEWABLE EnERGY AnD l’efficacité énergétique 45 EnERGY EFFICIEnCY In TUnISIA 61 6.3.1 The solar thermal sector 45 47 6.3.2 The solar photovoltaics sector 1 OVERALL AppROACH 62 49 6.3.3 The wind power sector 1.1 Employment along the value chain 62 6.3.4 Energy audits and programme contracts 51 6.3.5 Other energy efficiency programmes 51 2 SCEnARIO FOR REnEWABLE EnERGY AnD EnERGY EFFICIEnCY In TUnISIA 63 6.3.5.1 The buildings sector 51 2.1 Quantification of capacity installed, energy 51 6.3.5.2 Energy service companies saved and investment 63 51 6.3.5.3 The diagnostics station programme 2.2 Operation and maintenance 65 52 6.3.5.4 Cogénération 2.3 Further assumptions 65 6.3.6 The market for energy-efficient 2.3.1 Imports 65 household appliances 52 2.3.2 Exports 70 52 6.3.6.1 The CFL market 2.4 An overview of the scenario 71 6.3.6.2 Household appliances 54 3 EmpLOYmEnT EFFECTS – DRIVERS AnD 6.4 Summary of the assessment of direct CHALLEnGES 72 employment in renewable energy and energy efficiency 54 4 STUDY RESULTS 73 7 IDEnTIFICATIOn AnD ASSESSmEnT OF THE pRImARY 5 SEnSITIVITY AnALYSIS – HOW mUCH EmpLOYmEnT SUppORTInG mEASURES 55 CAn 100 mILLIOn TUnISIAn DInARS GEnERATE? 77 7.1 Education and training 55 5.1.1 Employment from investment in 7.1.1 Higher education 55 wind energy 77 7.1.2 Vocational training 56 5.1.2 Employment from investment in 7.1.3 Continuing education and national photovoltaic electricity generation 79 capacity building 56 5.1.3 Employment from investment in CSP 7.2 Tests and research & development 56 electricity generation 79 7.3 Promotion and management 57 5.1.4 Employment from investment in solar thermal water heaters 82 8 IDEnTIFICATIOn OF COmpAnIES InVOLVED In THE 5.1.5 Employment from investment in SUSTAInABLE EnERGY FIELD In TUnISIA 57 efficient buildings 84 8.1 Renewable energy 57 5.2 Sensitivity with higher exports 84 8.1.1 Solar thermal energy 57 6 SUmmARY AnD RECOmmEnDATIOnS 84 8.1.2 Solar photovoltaics 57 6.1 Overview 84 8.1.3 Wind power 58 6.2 Qualifications 85 8.2 Energy efficiency 58 6.3 Support policy and financing requirements 86 9 SUmmARY 59 REFEREnCES 87 Renewable energy and energy efficiency in Tunisia EXECUTIVE SUMMARY According to the Tunisian Solar Plan and other sources, re- A comparison of employment generated per investment newable energy (RE) and energy efficiency increases in Tunisia of TND 100 million suggest that energy efficiency within will generate additional employment for between 7,000 and buildings generates the most employment, followed by 20,000 people until the year 2030. Total investment will be solar water heaters and PV installations and finally by wind TND 1 8.28 billion on renewable energy and TND 1.5 bil- energy and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). Though PV lion on energy efficiency measures. Total RE capacity installed production facilities can be easily imported and implemented for electricity generation will be 4,045 MW and additional in any country, new production capacities do not seem rec- capacity from solar water heaters will be 700 MW. The total ommendable on a large scale under the current consolidation energy savings by 2030 will be 120,000 GWh. phase in the international PV markets. Tunisia should benefit There are currently 3,391 people employed in the from falling PV prices and realise the employment opportu- renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors. The largest nities available for installation and in the production of PV share, 1,445 people, work in renewable energy, followed by system electrical and electronic components. 931 in energy efficiency, and 975 in cross-sectional activities, Wind energy does not contribute as many jobs as the first i.e. research, consulting and the promotion of renewable three technologies mentioned but provides opportunities for energy and energy efficiency. technology development because component manufacture Given the current production structure in Tunisia in the leads to an additional demand for inputs from other Tunisian short term, most employment will be generated from the in- production sectors. Additionally, wind energy will provide stallation, operation and maintenance of renewable energy academic jobs for wind prognosis services. capacities and from increasing energy efficiency in build- To become successful in international markets, products ings. In the long term, increased integration of production need to maintain high quality standards and be certified. processes and exports of PV and solar water heaters can also For certification procedures, new qualifications in the service contribute to further job creation. sector need to be developed according to international stand- Most qualifications in the renewable energy sector are ards such as the Solar Keymark Certification. This generates specialisations within already existing qualifications: elec- new opportunities for qualification within the service sector. tricians specialise in photovoltaics (PV), plumbers in solar Next to funding and support from the Tunisian National water heaters, etc. Additional employment, depending on the Fonds for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (Fonds import/export scenario, is between 0.2% and 0.5% of today’s National pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie - FNME), the Solar employment. The largest percentage contribution will come Plan expects co-financing and support from international from the construction sector and in the production of ma- finance institutions, the European Union and individual chinery and electrical equipment. Taken together, additional European countries, international carbon-based funds and employment will increase the workforce by 1.4% within further international funds. For this reason, we do not analyse these sectors in 2016 in comparison with today. the crowding-out effects of alternative investment options. Solar thermal water heaters, insulation measures and PV installations on private houses pay for themselves within a reasonable timespan (5–10 years).
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