CENSUS OF INDIA 1991 OCCASIONAL PAPER NO.3 OF 1994 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN AGGLOMERAT,IONS/TOWNS OF INDIA 1991 Dr. M.K. JAIN Deputy Registrar General (SS) Office of the Registrar General ,India Ministry of Home Affairs New Delhi FOREWORD The concepts of rural and urban settlements are imbibed ill Indian Censuses right from the late nineteenth Century when the Census Operation was started in 1881 on a synchronised basis for the country as a whole. Further, in order to facilitate the presentation of urban data a six-fold classification solely based on population size-classes has been followed since then. Apart from this, cities and towns, as is well known, can be classified in a number of ways by considering a host of indicators derived from population statistics viz., sex composition, extent of population growth, level of literacy and education work participation etc. and also on the basi:::; ot loeational, ir..dustrial and employment statistics. Several attempts have been made in the past to classify I~dian cities. Similarly, in certain cases, all the urban settlements of a given region/state have been classified on the basis of one or more than one of the above stated indicators with the help of simple to complex statistical tools. However, a composite classification of all cities and towns of India based on the predominant function of such places in 1961 was attempted foy the first time by Dr. Ashok Mitra, my illustrious pre.decessor-in­ office and th<= Census Commissioner for the 1961 Census. This was based on nine-fold industrial classification of workers available for each city and town. This exercise was repeated again in 1971 with some modifications. But due to non··availabili ty of requisj te data up to UA/town level, it was not possible to present a functional classification of urban places in 1981. Now, with the availability of nine- fOld .1 ndustrial classification for each urban agglomeration (UA~ /town I this exercise has been taken up as part of the plan scheme on 'Distribution of Infrastructural Pacilities in Different Regions and Levels and Trends of Urbanisation.' Under this schemer which is continuing since the 6th Five Year Plan, studies on various aspects viz., analysis on levels and trends of urbanisation, urban sprawl, distribution of infrastructural faciliti~s i.n rural areas, small towns and slums of class I and II towns have aJready been completed. It is now envisaged to take up simi~ar types of studies based on 1991 census data with a view to providing a comparative analysis on some of the aspects studied earlier. In order to facilitate analysis of changes in functional character of urban settlements between 1971 and 1991, the methodology adopted earlier in 1971 has been used without any modification. Using this methodology, all the UAs/towns having 40 percent or more workers in one of the five sectors namely, 'Primary', 'Industry', 'Trade', 'Transport' and 'Services' haV8 been classified under relevant 'mono-functional'category. Out ot the remaining, those places having 60 percent or more workers in two sectors (having largest-percentage) are classified under relevant 'bi- functional' category. Lastly, in case of remaining UAs/towns, three sectors having largest percentages are combined and such UAs/towns are classified under relevant Imulti­ functional' category_ Apart from this, with a view to revealing the special character of certain places in terms of concentratior;. iii of workers in one of the four activities viz., 'Forestry, and Fishing', 'Mining and Quarrying', 'Artisan' (i.e manufacturing in household, industry) and \ Construction I I all the places having at least one-fourth of the workers in one of these activities have been classified under relevant functional sub-type. The study was conducted by Dr. M.K. Jain, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies). For the classification of UAs/towns, necessary software was developed by Ms. Arti Agarwal, Data Processing Assistant, under the able guidance of Sri B.L. Jain, Dy.Director'(EDP). Using this software,inset and appendix tables were generated on personal computer. In this task, Dr.Jai'n was assisted by Sri .. C. Chakravorty, Dy .. Director Census Operations and Sri.Rajender Prasad, Statistical Assistant. Besides, a number of other staff members were associated with this study in different capacities, I thank all of them. A.R.NANDA Registrar General, India New Delhi Dated Aug., 15,1994 iv AClCNOWLEDGEMBNT Supervision of Compilation Sh. R.K.Mehta, Investigator and Tabulation of Data Compilation and Tabulation Sh. G.C.Srivastava, S.A. of Data Sh. Rajender Prasad, S.A. Smt. Geeta Rani Nag, Com. Smt. Sushma Yadav, A.C. Sh. Subhash Meena, A.C. Preparation of Manuscript She J.P. Joshi, lnv. She R.K. Mehta, lnv. Sh. Rajender Prasad, S.A. She B.L. Arora, S.A. She Hari Singh, Computor She R.K. Sahoo, L.D.C. Bh. Bharat Ram, Loader Cover Design She Mahesh Ram, RO(Map) Sh. M.P. Mahavar, Artist Stenography/Typing She Ashok Kumar, Steno Gr.C Sh. M.Jawaharlal,Steno Gr.D Smt. Neeru Burman, A.C. Smt.Kanchan Bala Batra,A.C. Printing Arrangements She H.K.Jhamb, Sr.Tech.Asstt. She N.L.Savita, Ptg.lnspector. CONTENTS Section Title Page No. Foreword iii Acknowledgement v Figures at a Glance xiii INTRODUCTION 1 I Distribution of Urban Agglomerations/ 5 Towns and their population by size-class II Distribution of Urban Agglomerations/ 9 Towns and their Population according to Functional Types III Extent of Functional Diversification 15 among Urban Agglomerations/Towns IV Functional types of Urban Agglomerations/ 19 Towns having Primary activity as the predominant/leading function V Functional types of Urban Agglomerations/ 30 Towns having Industry as the predominant/ leading function VI Functional type. of Urban Agglomerations/ 40 Towns having Trade as the predominant/ leading function VII Functional types of Urban Agglomerations/ 50 Towns having Transport as the predominant/ leading function VIII Functional types of Urban Agglomerations/ 54 Town. having Service. as the predominant/ leading function IX Urban Agglomerations/Towns cl.a.ified 64 under different Fun'etion_l sub-type. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 80 vii LIst Ql .AlLIS SleNa. Ti1;J.e Page NQ. 1 Number and population of UAs/Towns 6 classified into broad size class categories, 1991 2 Number of UAs and Towns & Percentage 8 of Urban Population by Size-Class' Categories in India, States and Union Territories, 1991 3 Classification of UAs/Towns according to 9 Predominant/Leading Function(s) 1991 4 Percentage distribution of number and 11 population of UAs/Towns according to main functional type and size-class in India, 1991 5 Number and Percentage of population of 14 Urban Agglomerations/towns classified . into broad functional types in India, States and Union Territories, 1991 6 Number and Percentage population of 16 Urban Agglomerations/Towns Cross­ classified by Extent of Functional Diversification and Size-Class Categories in India, 1991 7 Number and percentage of population 18 of Urban Agglomer~tions/Towns into broad functional categories in . India, 1991 8 Number and Percentage of Mono, Bi and 19 Multi-functional UAs/Towns having Primary Activity according to Size-class, in India, 1991 9 Number and Population of Urban Agglomera­ 21 tions/Towns having Primary Activity according to Mono, Bi and Multi functional category by States and Union Territories, 1991 10 Number and Percentage of Population of 22 Bi-functional UAs/Towns having Primary Activity as the Leading Function and Size-class in India, 1991 viii 'l.lIg. Title rag, N(')¥.t.. 11 Number and Percentage of population of 25 Bi-functional UAs/Towns having Primary Activity as the Leading Function in the State. and Union Territories, 1991 12 Number and Percentage of population of 27 Multi-Functional UAs/Towns having Primary Activity as the Leading Function and Size- Class in India, 1991 13 Number and Percentage of Population of 29 Multi-functional UAs/Towns having Primary Activity as the Leading Function in the States/Union Territories, 1991 14 Number and Percentage of Population of 30 Mono, Bi and Multi functional Industrial UAs/towns classsified by Size-Class in India, 1991 15 Number and Population of Urban Agglomera- 32 tions/Towns having Industry as the Predominant/Leading Function according to Mono, Bi and Multi functional categories in States and Union Territories, 1991 16 Number and Percentage of population of Bi- 33 functional UAs/Towns having Industry as the Leading function according to functional types and Size-Class in India,1991 17 Number and Population of Bi-functional UAs/ 35 Towns having Industry as the Leading Function in the States and Union Territories, 1991 18 Number and Percentage of Population of Multi- 37 Functional UAs/Towns having Industry as the Leading Function by Functional type and size- class categories in India, 1991 19 Number and Percentage of Population 39 of Multi-functional UAs/Towns having Industry as the Leading function in the States/Union Territories, 1991 20 Number and Percentage of Population of 40 UAs/Towns having Trade as the Predominant Activity classified by Mono, Bi and Multi­ functional character and Size Class in India, 1991 ix 2-592 llGI/94 Sl,No. Title Page No. 21 Number and Population of Urban Agglomera- 42 tiona/Towns having Trade as the Predominant/ Leading Function according to Mono,Bi and Multi functional categories in States and Union Territories, 1991 22 Number and Percentage of Population of 'Bi- 43 functional UAs/Towns having Trade as the Leading function according to functional type