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Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) Models for Regulatory Risk

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Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) Models for Regulatory Risk Guidance document on the characterisation, validation and reporting of Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) models for regulatory purposes Series on Testing and Assessment No. 331 FOREWORD 1 Series on Testing and Assessment No. 331 Guidance document on the characterisation, validation and reporting of Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) models for regulatory purposes GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON THE CHARACTERISATION, VALIDATION AND REPORTING OF PBK MODELS FOR REGULATORY PURPOSES PUBE Please cite this publication as: OECD (2021), Guidance document on the characterisation, validation and reporting of Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) models for regulatory purposes, OECD Series on Testing and Assessment, No. 331, Environment, Health and Safety, Environment Directorate, OECD. © Photo credit: Tex vector/Shutterstock.com © OECD 2021 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: Head of Publications Service, [email protected], OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France About the OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental organisation in which representatives of 37 industrialised countries in North and South America, Europe and the Asia and Pacific region, as well as the European Commission, meet to co-ordinate and harmonise policies, discuss issues of mutual concern, and work together to respond to international problems. Most of the OECD’s work is carried out by more than 200 specialised committees and working groups composed of member country delegates. Observers from several countries with special status at the OECD, and from interested international organisations, attend many of the OECD’s workshops and other meetings. Committees and working groups are served by the OECD Secretariat, located in Paris, France, which is organised into directorates and divisions. The Environment, Health and Safety Division publishes free-of-charge documents in twelve different series: Testing and Assessment; Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring; Pesticides; Biocides; Risk Management; Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology; Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds; Chemical Accidents; Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers; Emission Scenario Documents; Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials; and Adverse Outcome Pathways. More information about the Environment, Health and Safety Programme and EHS publications is available on the OECD’s World Wide Web site (www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/). This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen co-operation and increase international co- ordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organisations are FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote co-ordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organisations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. FOREWORD 5 Foreword OECD Member Countries have been making efforts to expand the use of alternative (non- animal) methods to aid the chemical risk assessment process. In this context, the OECD has developed this guidance document on Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) models, with the goal of increasing confidence in the use of these models parameterised with data derived from in vitro and in silico methods. The document provides insights into how the data generated by such methods can be applied to construct PBK models and how these models can be validated. The use of scientifically valid PBK models will allow chemical assessment to rely on the use of these approaches for toxicity testing, rather than in vivo data derived from animal studies. A series of cases studies illustrate the use of PBK models based on in vitro and in silico data, along with the application of the model assessment framework proposed herein. While the guidance provides contextual information on the scientific process of PBK model characterisation and validation, it is not intended to provide technical guidance on PBK model development or best practices for modellers. Similarly, while case studies are provided to illustrate possible applications of PBK models, guidance on how to use PBK models for specific regulatory purposes is out of scope. It is noted that the level of confidence required for a PBK model will be dependent on the regulatory context of use, and is determined by the regulatory assessor. The primary goal for this guidance document is to provide a clear and consistent model assessment framework for facilitating the dialogue between the developers and proponents of PBK models and regulators who review and adopt the use of PBK models. The development of this document was led by the European Commission (Joint Research Centre) and the US Environmental Protection Agency. An initial draft was developed with contribution of the OECD PBK Expert Group, reviewed by the Working Party on Hazard Assessment (WPHA) and Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics (EGMST) and endorsed by WPHA. This report is published under the responsibility of the OECD Chemicals and Biotechnology Committee. GUIDANCE DOCUMENT ON THE CHARACTERISATION, VALIDATION AND REPORTING OF PBK MODELS FOR REGULATORY PURPOSES TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1. Introduction and scope .................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Purpose and scope ...................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2. Specific aims .............................................................................................................................................. 14 1.3. Basics of PBK modelling ........................................................................................................................... 14 1.4. Comparison with other guidance documents on PBK models .................................................................... 15 1.5. Overview of the document ......................................................................................................................... 16 Notes.................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2. PBK modelling workflow ................................................................................................................. 17 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 17 2.2. Step 1 – Scope and purpose of the model (problem formulation) .............................................................. 18 2.3. Step 2 – Model conceptualisation (model structure, mathematical representation) ................................... 18 2.4. Step 3 – Model parameterisation (parameter estimation and analysis)....................................................... 20 2.5. Step 3 – Computer implementation (Solving the equations) ...................................................................... 35 2.6. Step 5 – Model performance ...................................................................................................................... 36 2.7. Step 6 – Model Documentation (reporting) ................................................................................................ 43 2.8. Contextualisation of the PBK model for risk assessment ........................................................................... 44 Notes.................................................................................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 3. Regulatory assessment of PBK models ........................................................................................... 49 3.1. Context and Implementation ...................................................................................................................... 51 3.2. Model validity ............................................................................................................................................ 52 3.3. PBK Model Reporting Template ................................................................................................................ 53 3.4. Checklist for Evaluation of Model Applicability ....................................................................................... 55 References ............................................................................................................................................................ 61 Glossary ...............................................................................................................................................................
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