Creating Illustrations Using African Sports That Bring About Positive Attitude Among Youth Towards Sports

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI College of Architecture and Engineering School of Arts and Design

BDS 413 CONCEPT PAPER

(ILLUSTRATION SPECIALIZATION)

CREATING ILLUSTRATIONS USING AFRICAN SPORTS THAT BRING ABOUT POSITIVE ATTITUDE AMONG YOUTH TOWARDS SPORTS

By; KIPRONO STEPHEN B05/54458/2012 SUPERVISOR: MRS. FRANSISCA ODUNDO

I declare that this project entitled “Creating Illustrations using African Sport that bring about

Positive Attitude among Youth towards Sports” ―is my own work and to the best of my knowledge has not been presented to any other university for a degree or any other certificate.

Signature……………………………………………..Date:………………………………

KIPRONO STEPHEN KIPTEPKENY

B05/54458/2012

School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi

This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as University

Supervisor.

Signature:…………………………………………Date:……………………………………….

MRS. FRANSISCA ODUNDO

School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi

DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this project work to my late sister Carolyne Kiprono, who served as an inspiration. May her soul rest in eternal peace.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have made the completion of this project possible.

First, I would like to thank the School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi. My deepest gratitude to the director of the School of the Arts and Design, over the four years of study.

Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor Mrs. Fransisca Odundo and Dr. Lilac Osanjo whose knowledge, insight and encouragement helped in shaping this project to fruition. Thank you for reading both the proposal and report at its various stages and providing valuable advice. I am also grateful to all my Lecturers who have imparted knowledge over the past four years of my Undergraduate studies.

Thirdly, my family and friends endured the absence and imperfect attention during the years of my study. Their sustained overflow of love, and practical encouragement spurred me across the overwhelming challenges of this academic quest.

I would also wish to acknowledge and appreciate the motivation and support given to me by my colleagues at the School of The Arts and Design at the University of Nairobi, thank you for the constant reminders on class meetings and group discussions and also for dissecting that paper.

And to the Almighty God, who made all things possible

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ABSTRACT

This study seeks to investigate how illustration of African Boxing can be used to bring about positive attitude among youth towards Boxing. The general objective is to see how illustration has been used in Boxing and to propose new ways of better influencing for a positive attitude to the youth. Focus groups and questionnaires will be issued to the targeted population to get an in-depth insight of the youth view of boxing.

The study reviewed relevant literature which showed that there are not enough structures of publicizing and avenues of marketing the boxing sport to those who need it or find it useful. Boxing to those who need serves a great deal in their life building discipline and hardships of life and creating an outlet for the young people. Also providing a potential of improving their standard of living through earnings. Based on the findings from the research the researcher will make conclusions that will be used to develop and provide recommendations.

The researcher will use the resultant findings, literature and primary data to make proper recommendations that will direct the towards attaining the objectives set by the study as well improve the state of boxing and bring it up to the same level as other famed such as running.

Enabling it to recover its old status of competing for world titles. A conclusion was formed from the data gathered that the marketing through illustrative media would impact boxing as a sport.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………….…...……………………1

1.1 Background of the Problem……..……………………………..………..…..……...………….2

1.2 Statement of the Problem……………………….………………..……………...…………….2

1.4.0 Objective of the Study….….………………………………..………….……..….………….3

1.4.1 Main Objective……….………………………………...……..……………………………..3

1.4.2 Objectives……..…………………………………….……………………………………….3

1.5 Research Questions……………………………………………..……….…………………….3

1.6 Justification………….………………………………………..……....……………………….3

1.6 Significance of the Research……………………………………..……………………...……4

1.6 Limitations of the Study ………………………………………………………………..……4

CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………………...5

2.0 Literature Review……………………………………………………..……………………….5

2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………5

2.2.0 Boxing……………..…………………...……………………………………..……………..5

2.2.1 African Boxing…………………………………………………..……………….…….……5

2.3 Illustration……………………………………………………………………...……...... …..9

2.4 Youth….…………………..……………………………………………….………....…...... 11

2.5 Social Facilitation………………………………………………………………..…….……..13

2.6 Visual Communication……………………………………….……………..….…………….15

2.7.0 Exemplars………………………………………………...... ….…….………16

2.7.1 Edgar J. Brown……………………………………….……………….....…………………16

2.7.2 ‘O2 Wear the Rose - Make them Giants’…………………………….….………………….17

2.8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………18

CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………………….19

3.0 Research Methodology……………………………………………………………………….19

3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………………….………..19

3.2.0 Population and Sample…………………………………………………………….……….20

3.2.1.0 Population for the Study………………………………………………………………….20

3.2.1.1 Sample and Sampling Procedure…………………………………………………...…….20

3.2.1.2 Snowballing…..………..…………………………………………………………..……..20

3.2.1.3 Convenient Sampling……………………………………………………………...……..21

3.3.0 Data Collection Instruments………………………………………………………………..21

3.3.1.0 Focus Group Interviewing………………………………………………………………..22

3.3.1.1 Analysis……….…………………………………………………………………...……..22

3.3.2.0 Semi-Structured Questionnaires………………………………………………...………..22

3.3.2.1 Analysis……………………………………………………………………....…………..23

3.4 Data Presentation………………………………………………………………..……………24

CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………………………………25

4.0 Findings………………………………………………………………………………………25

4.0.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………...…………25

4.1 Focus Groups……………………………………………………………..……….………….25

4.2 Questionnaire………………………………………………………………………….……..27

4.3 Analysis of Findings………………………………………………..…….……….………….27

4.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...…….…………27

4.4 Overview……………………………………………………………………………………..27

4.4.1 Profile of the Sample Population………………………….…………………….………….28

4.4.2 Opinion Regarding Boxing……………………………………………………...………….30

4.4.3 Influence of Boxing to Youth……………………………………………………..………..31

4.4.4 The Impact of Illustration on Boxing…………………………………………...…………..32

CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………………………..34

5.0 Conclusion & Recommendations…………………………………………………...………..34

5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..………..34

5.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………35

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………….…..39

Appendix A: Administrative Consent Form…..………………………………..…………..……39

Appendix B: Focus Group Structured Guide.……………………………………………..……..40

Appendix C: Sample Semi Structured Questionnaire….…………………………………..……..40

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: ‘Hit Squad’ Kenyan Boxing Team in 1980’s…………………………………..……6

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Fig 2(a): THE GREATEST" original vintage film poster………………………………….…..7

Figure 2(b): I am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali, T.V show………………8

Figure 3: Mike Tyson Mysteries T.V show……………………………………………………9

Figure 4: Ladies Home Journal and Good Housekeeping……………………………………..10

Figure 5: Iron Mike Tyson Boxing Painting by Edgar Brown…………………………………16

Figure 6: 2D animation promoting England Rugby Team Support……………………………17

Figure 7: Distribution of Sample Population…………………………………………………..28

Figure 8: Data analysis on Specific Preference in Boxing…………………………………….29

Figure 9: Students Interaction with Boxing in various media material………………………..31

Figure 10: Students Opinions on Influence of the Boxing in comparison with Other Sports in

Functional Aspects……………………………………………………………………………..32

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Specific Preference data collection in Boxing…………………………………………28

Table 2: Data analysis on Sample population……………………………………………………30

LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

SDP IWG - Sport for Development and Peace. International Working Group.

NAMOS – National Art Museum of Sport

WIBF – Women International Boxing Federation

ABA – Amateur Boxing Association

OPARTIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sports Illustrated - is an American sports media franchise owned by Time Inc.

Cognition - the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Illustration - a visualization or a depiction of a subject made by an artist, such as a drawing, sketch, painting, photograph, cinema or other kind of image of things seen, remembered or imagined, using a graphical representation.

Primary Data: is information that you collect specifically for the purpose of your research project.

The data is specifically tailored

Secondary Data: is one type of quantitative data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose to yours

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The relationship between sports and art has very close bonds. The word “sport” embraces a wide range of activities through which we leave behind the toils and troubles of daily life in search of pleasure, exercise, and spirited competition. Sport art helps us understand our relation to sport, and of sport to life. Art captures emotion: the anxiety of competition, the joy of winning, the agony of defeat. It depicts internal conflict: the pitting of honor and sportsmanship versus the desire to win, or the struggle to maintain resolve in the face of overwhelming odds, pain and fatigue. Art connects us with our history and allows us to witness famous events in which famous athletes made time stand still. All of us are personally and vicariously acquainted with such experiences in our forays into sport. Good art gives us new ways of seeing these things in others, and thus offers insights into ourselves. (NAMOS) Through this interrelation ease of understanding is enhanced when both aspects are combined.

(Guttman) Agreed through his documentation that the parallel evolution of sports and art as two intimately related aspects of American culture, each shedding light on the other.

Boxing being one of the oldest sports, (Scott) clarifies that the evolution of boxing as more or less recorded in history over the last three thousand years reflects the gradual civilization or formalization of lethal and chaotic potentiality of fighting. Even at those times boxing imagery was visible in the vases.

The detailed representation of boxers on Greek vases, sculptures, and in other works of art has enabled modern historians of the sport quite effectively to reconstruct the movement and technique

1 of early boxing. The researcher intends to use this type of method to reconstruct legends of boxing in the respective study.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

There are many sports in Kenya that thrived professionally in the past and have now become pass time. According to Jackie Lebo “Boxing could have a very bright future, if the support structures were returned.”(Opar)

(Xinhau) interviewed Secretary General of the Kenya Professional Boxing Commission (KPBC) and former member of the national team Shabaan Ogolla, who commented that “Mismanagement and the failure by the Amateur Boxing Association to publicize and market the sport effectively have greatly contributed to the decline of amateur boxing in the country, making it difficult for the sport to attract a sponsor on board."

The researcher seeks to promote and inspire support structures through the publicity of Boxing and better market the sport to creating interest to the youth who the majority of the population, and through this show positive influence of boxing. To also honor the sport personalities by recognition.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDIES

There is concern about the attitude towards African Sports among youth. The type of sports is generally considered amateur.

1.4.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE

To develop interest through illustrations among youth about African Boxing

1.4.2 OBJECTIVES

1. To establish the design considerations implemented in African Boxing

2. To establish how illustration design techniques can be applied in Boxing

3. To develop illustrations for African Boxing in Kenya.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What types of illustrations inspire and interest the Youth?

2. How can illustration design techniques can be applied in African Boxing?

3. Which design considerations have been implemented in African Boxing to interest the youth?

4. Why is African Boxing not popular among youth?

1.6 JUSTIFICATION

The researcher’s reason to carry out this study is to find out how illustration and its different principles will affect attitude towards African sports. Since images such as editorials, paintings, print and book illustrations affect memory, and behavior, and values, this is a method that can change the attitudes of the youth towards African sports upon viewing the illustrations the researcher intends to create.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

This research hopes to assist in adding on to existing literature on the discipline.

The research hopes to also give insight on the importance of illustrations to sports.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Time - This is the most undeniable restriction for every study especially this one because of the extensiveness of the scope of study.

Limited literature - There are limited resources on some aspects of the study for example on

African Mysticism and illustration .The literature available is not scholarly approved ,therefore researcher is forced to conduct pilot studies and relied on analytical conclusion to come up with overall recommendations.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

. This section is arranged according to the study variable.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This section focuses on the studies that have been published on Boxing, illustration and the urban youth by accredited scholars and researchers. It will look at the topics from a global point of view to the grass root level perspective.

2.2.0 BOXING

2.2.1 AFRICAN BOXING

As Africans have widely embraced colonial imports such as soccer, scholars have focused much of their attention on the local adaptations of these global games across the continent’s colonial and postcolonial past. Consequently, African sport histories are dominated by accounts of soccer, rugby, and a few other colonial imports. (Carotenuto).

In Kenya, the sport (Boxing) has been accosted by enormous setbacks with it not being in the limelight for eons. The hoodoo can be as a result of poor management, lack of facilities or even lack of an organization which can sponsor the talents in boxing. (Munene).

Kenya may be best known for its long distance runners, but the country’s sporting talent happens to extend beyond just this one sport. Boxing, too, has a long tradition in the country. First

5 introduced by companies such as the Kenyan Railway Service back in colonial times, it was from these very gyms that Kenya produced boxing talent which took it to the forefront of the sport in the 1980s.

Fig 1: ‘Hit Squad’ Kenyan Boxing Team in 1980’s

There was a time however when the mention of the Kenya boxing team would send shivers down the spines of other countries and sheer raptures to Kenyan boxing fans and in fact Kenyans in general. The Kenyan boxing team, aka the ‘Hit Squad’ was a source of pride.

The prominent of them being, Wangila was a quiet man whose most eloquent speech was made in the ring with his fists, especially the right one. He littered the canvas with many opponents using it, but he was never known to look for a fight in the streets.

He was a quiet and humble man. He liked keeping to himself. He trained hard. He was an awkward fighter, by which I mean you couldn’t figure him out. You could never get in the ring saying Wangila fights like this. He would surprise you. He was good at reading his opponent and

6 adjusting accordingly. And he had a deadly right hand, which he depended on heavily. If you look at his record, you will see many knockouts. They usually came from it. (Gachuhi)

On the other hand fellow boxers in the West had great exposer and publicity in their career.

(History.com staff) Confirmed that, He has appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated on 37 different occasions. Which at mostly featured Baseball, Basketball and Boxing. He was also featured in film "THE GREATEST". This 1977 epic film chronicles the incredible career of perhaps the most famous boxer of all time. It had its vintage poster.

Ali is today widely regarded for the skills he displayed in the ring plus the values he exemplified outside of it: religious freedom, racial justice and the triumph of principle over expedience. He is one of the most recognized sports figures of the past 100 years, crowned

"Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated and "Sports Personality of the Century" by the

BBC.

Fig 2(a): THE GREATEST" original vintage film poster.

I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali

Fig 2(b): I am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali, T.V show

It focused on flamboyant heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali who is a great influential character in the history of sports, also the greatest athletes of the twentieth century. He really connected with youths who basically made a difference in their lives.

The animated cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions premiered 1977 on The Harlem

Globetrotters showing on Saturday Morning Show which would go on for one season.

In the series he had to deal with unexpected and unexplained mysteries for example battling with a giant space robot in one of the episodes and eventually solving the situation and crime.

Mike Tyson Mysteries

Also Mike Tyson also a great boxer had a cartoon with him as the lead character. Recently released in 2014. The show almost resembled the above for Muhammad Ali with its theme of

8 fighting crime and mystery solving show which is mostly science fictional. But for this cartoon, it was more for young adult and adult audience viewing with fro example graphical aspects of blood.

Fig 3: Mike Tyson Mysteries T.V show

Congesitna ‘’ Achieng

She became the first African woman to hold an international title when she beat Ugandan

Fiona Tugume to take the vacant WIBF middleweight title. After seven amateur bouts, “Conje” made her pro debut in 2002 which earned her product endorsements.

2.3 ILLUSTRATION

The fact that the brain processes images in a way that we react quickly with emotional responses means that the powerful effect public images can have on society and the individual need to be considered.

Dr. Julianne Newton, a visual journalism professor at the University of Oregon, said,

“Images affect memory, and behavior, and values. Images affect what you believe about yourself, about others, and about the world out there. Images are powerful, and visual ethics is about the appropriate use of powerful images.” The designer intends to use this to create interest in African sport through thought provoking images. (Sullivan)

(Apatoff) The impact of illustration has great impact on emotions of hate and fear, and also looking instead to emotions of love and lust, romantic illustrations in women's magazines played a huge role in shaping women's concepts of what love was and how it worked.

For example: Pictures such as these in Redbook, Cosmopolitan, McCall's, Ladies Home Journal and Good Housekeeping had blood racing and nostrils flaring all across the country.

Fig 4: Ladies Home Journal and Good Housekeeping

(http://illustrationart.blogspot.co.ke/2011/09/most-significant-art.html)

Bellows recorded brawls at the sleazy athletic club run by the retired pugilist Tom Sharkey, located opposite his studio at Broadway and Sixty-Sixth Street. Seizing the essence of raw male

10 aggression in his boxing pictures, inscribing their intensity in slashing brushwork, Bellows repudiated Victorian piety and provoked critical controversy. Exploring the fundamental theme of human violence through one of the most provocative subjects of his day, he created works that were at once timeless and topical.

In street art, (Hughes) agrees that, The street itself has become an explosive platform by which artists can express themselves, often transmitting their personal visions, values, and opinions on a daily basis. Artists such as James de le Vega “…like the idea of the artist going out in the world and creating a dialogue. So I try to write something I think people need to hear, or rehear. Something to make them think, to be in that moment”

2.4 YOUTH

The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of 15 and 24, inclusive. In many cases, this definition includes people who have reached the age of majority (usually 18 years).

The importance of sport to young people may encourage educational underachievers, delinquent youth, un- or underemployed youth, and disengaged youth to stay in school or attend remedial classes, connect with volunteer or employment training opportunities, and become more active citizens (SDP IWG).

Sport has the power to unite people in a way little else can. Sport can create hope where there was once only despair. It breaks down racial barriers. It laughs in the face of discrimination.

Sport speaks to people in a language they can understand.

(Goyder) Agrees that, it’s a dangerous and violent place with nothing available for youngsters who are hungry and bored so they wander around in gangs. Gun and machete crime is always an issue but boxing is a great outlet for young people in the slums.

There is nothing in these places (referring to Kenyan Slums) except thousands of people living on top of each other in abject poverty but sport is good for their focus, health, discipline, social skills and confidence. It would be great if people set up projects for all aspects of life in the slums, if I loved sewing I would have started a sewing club but it just so happens that I love boxing and that’s why I choose to share it with those who don’t have anything.

Street art to youth to (Hughes) quoted, “its appeal to youth is seen in its novelty within the language and “visual representation with a unique and holistic aesthetic” From his research and finding that he conducted in his thesis he discovered that, (pg. 14) The participants credit their interest in street art and/graffiti art with the vibrancy of the subject, the variety of colors, unique stylization of lettering, and exposure to graffiti as young adults. Street art and graffiti art created a sense of curiosity for a few of the participants that enticed their interest in this art form, like participant GA2, who described graffiti it as “an anonymous freedom.”

He further showed the exposure of street art, ‘urban students are bombarded with numerous opportunities to view a variety of street and graffiti art forms via the interior and/or exterior of public transportation cars and trains, street overpasses, fencing, on walls of buildings, sidewalks,

12 or simply on street signs. The unpredictability of street and graffiti art add to 12 the allure of the media as the unsuspecting viewer knows not where or when they will next be pleasantly surprised’.

2.5 SOCIAL FACILITATION

In early art painting social facilitation was seen, As Bellows observed in a 1910 letter to an Ohio acquaintance, "the atmosphere around the fighters is a lot more immoral than the fighters themselves."

In general, crowds can improve performance in sports that involve strength, endurance or teams.

They also can prove beneficial in events that go on long enough for an athlete to get really tired.

This effect on athletes has been dubbed "social facilitation," by sports psychologists. And its influence depends not just on the type of sport but also on the athlete's personality and level of experience.

"They use the energy of the crowds to feed themselves and push themselves," said Porter, a member of the U.S. Olympic Committee Sport Psychology Registry. "That energy is food."(Mutton)

(MacGregor) Agreed quoted from Nideffer, founder of San Diego-based Enhanced Performance

Systems, which has worked with athletes, Navy SEALs and corporate executives, that “Where the emotional boost is more likely to help in the Olympics is in situations where an extra boost of energy is required because reserves are depleted and you need the extra adrenaline”

(Levy) Suggested that, ‘Crowd size, density, and noise appeared to facilitate inter- stimulation, spreading the dominant mood’. The presence of a supportive and emotionally arousing crowd increases performance through self-confidence. In order to play his or her best, an athlete needs to have the maximum amount of energy that you can control effectively.

Crowds can improve performance in sports that involve strength, endurance or teams. They also can prove beneficial in events that go on long enough for an athlete to get really tired. Its influence depends not just on the type of sport but also on the athlete's personality and level of experience.

(Meissner)Well-learned responses will be performed at a higher rate in the presence of an audience because of increased arousal on the part of the performer. Arousal is defined as the performer's physiological state of readiness. The increased arousal will prompt the skilled performer to utilize peripheral cues that may be necessary to solve complex tasks.

He went further to explain that Because of the atmosphere created by a friendly audience, athletic teams playing at home win significantly more often than chance would dictate (LeUnes & Nation,

1989). The audience, at a sporting event is not merely present, rather the sport audience will be an energized mass of humanity that is attempting to influence the outcome of a sporting event. The specific motivation provided by the audience is dependent on the classification of spectators.

He concluded that, as long as sport remains an important component of society, spectators will continue to demonstrate their power to influence performance. Sport, in an effort to develop and maintain a winning tradition must address all aspects of performance including such theories

14 as social facilitation, home field advantage, and home field disadvantage. These theories undeniably influence sport performance.

2.6 VISUAL COMMUNICATION

The design and creation of visual communications requires the selection and application of methods, media, materials, design elements, design principles and final presentation formats.

Collectively these are the resources of visual language.

It considers how the relationship between design elements and design principles contributes to achieving these purposes.

(Conover and Ryan) Advertising agencies via their media planners usually devise a communication mix or media mix that uses a combination of media to sell and reinforce the advertising message, repetition and recall are crucial to the success of any advertising campaign, so recurring messages in various media help increase consumer awareness and recall.

They also suggested that media planners research the audience its demographics, psychographics culture likes and dislikes. In participation they learn what magazines and newspapers are read by the target and which television shows and film they prefer. Media planners also research the audience’s media leisure and purchasing habits. Through focus groups they hope to discover audience beliefs, attitudes and preferences and get a sense of how they think.

(Lester) Drawing represents two kinds of visual messages pictographs and ideographs.

Pictographs are pictures that stand for objects, plants, or animals. Ideographs are images that represent abstract ideas.

It teaches design and meaning, illustrates how to grab viewer attention. It also shows how any single image can be made more interesting and memorable if looked at closely.

2.7.0 EXEMPLARS

2.7.1 - EDGAR J. BROWN

Figure 5: Iron Mike Tyson Boxing Painting by Edgar Brown (Retrieved from http://www.edgarbrown.com/browse-collection/iron-mike-tyson/)

One of the world’s preeminent sports artists, Edgar J. Brown has been at the forefront of sports art in America. His natural ability to capture the power, technique, and graceful movement of athletes

16 has redefined and elevated the art for more than a decade. Born in the Bronx, he spent countless hours watching the New York Giants play, sharing time and pride with his dad, and cheering on the New York Yankees.

He started painting New York Giants football players and was quickly recognized for his powerful portraits.

Edgar finds inspiration wherever he intersects with the sports world. Photographing and sketching his subjects both on and off the field.

2.7.2 – ‘02 WEAR THE ROSE – MAKE THEM GIANTS’

Figure 6: 2D animation promoting England Rugby Team Support (Retrieved from https://www.marketingweek.com/brands/o2/)

This is a 2 minute video showing England rugby players striding preparing for the tournament across England as the nation cheers them on to glory. Shows the players transitioning from unloved outcasts to colossuses roared on by an expectant nation.

The rich charm of traditional hand-drawn animation was used.

The animation broadens the appeal and made sure it’s touching a broader audience, women and children, those who aren’t the die-hard fans. As opposed to alienating, it will have more of an inclusive effect.

2.8 CONCLUSION

The Researcher concluded that scholars have indicated that different methods of illustration can prove helpful in fulfilling arousal of emotion which can trigger positive attitude. The finding from their studies has shown that proper publicity can increase the athlete and audience being the youths’ interest in the sport of boxing.

The researcher found that the designer needs to have a good background understanding of the target audience who will be influenced by the illustrations or artwork. This shows the vitality of both the parties being the athlete and the youth. In the conclusion of this chapter it has provided avenue to move forward to the next chapter being methodology.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the method that will be executed in the proposed study. The chapter is arranged beginning with Research Design, Population, Sampling Procedure, Method of data collection then followed with the last step of Data Analysis of the gathered data.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher explored in detail and came up with a research design with a specific target population that is systematically sampled. Research instruments were laid down for data collection, data collected will be analyzed and presented, conclusions and recommendations for the findings was then going be made. This chapter discusses the research methodology using a qualitative approach. This research is aimed at establishing the urban youth’s knowledge on

African Boxing and determine which mediums in illustration resonate with the youth. The study also seeks to present thorough descriptions of the views from the data collected. Data collected includes both secondary and primary. Secondary data was based on the focus areas of this study from publications such as articles, journals, books academic papers and web resources. Primary data consist of a group of people related to the case study for example The Undergraduate students, currently learning at University Of Nairobi. Data analysis, photographs, and records. Data analysis involves field notes, photographs, and records.

3.2.0 POPULATION AND SAMPLE

3.2.1.0 POPULATION FOR THE STUDY

A target population is the entire group of objects or people to which researchers wish to generalize

the results. It is also a group from which the researchers would like to say their sample was taken

from. (Osanjo 2015)

The target population defines those units for which findings of the survey are meant to generalize.

The population sample will be selected randomly without prejudice through convenient sampling and

Snowballing.

3.2.1.1 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES

3.2.1.2 SNOWBALLING

Snowball sampling is used “in those rare cases when the population of interest cannot be identified other than by someone who knows that a certain person has the necessary experience or characteristics to be included” (MacNealy 157). Snowball sampling also includes relying on previously identified group members to identify others who may share the same characteristics as the group already in place (Henry 21).

For example, a researcher wants to find usability engineers who have lost their job due to company downsizing. A list of these types of people does not exist, but if the researcher knows someone who has experienced this, that person may know of others and give contact information so that others may be added to the group. (MacNealy) describes this as “one participant leads to another”

(157). Again, this type of non-probability sampling cannot be generalized to a population but can be generalized to the group who shares the same characteristics.

3.2.1.3 CONVENIENT SAMPLING

Convenience sampling includes participants who are readily available and agree to participate in a study (Fink 18; Frey, et al. 131; Henry 18; MacNealy 156). MacNealy indicates that convenience sampling is often called accidental (156), while Frey, et al. agree with the alternate title of accidental but also include haphazard as an alternate title (131). Babbie does not use the specific title of convenience, but calls this same type of non-probability sample “reliance on available subjects” (99). This is a relatively easy choice for researchers when a group of people cannot be found to survey or question, for this reason the researcher intends to use Convenience sampling method because it is a relatively easy choice and the researcher‘s participants who are the

Undergraduate students currently learning at the University of Nairobi, are readily available for the study and can consent to being questioned.

3.3.0 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

Research tools in any educational research refer to the instruments, which are used for gathering

data (information) from respondents. According to Nkpa (1997) the generalized and widely

applicable methods are Questionnaire, Interview and observation. However, for the purpose of this

study, only two instruments will be employed to gather data from respondents- questionnaire and

interview will be the instruments employed to gather data from the respondents.

3.3.1.0 FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWING

The researcher will develop structured guide for the group beforehand. The researcher will engage respondents using focus groups of six to eight people to gather for a few hours where he will talk about the topic of African Boxing first then move on to asking which mediums of illustration they find appealing and are popular among the youth. During the focus group discussions the researcher distributed pictures that was to assist him in asking the respondents questions about African

Boxing.

Written exercises was to be used to start off the discussion and respondents were encouraged to think aloud and discuss. Comments by respondents was to be voice recorded and later analyzed through note taking.

3.3.1.1 ANALYSIS

The notes were to be used to develop ideas for the questionnaires that will be administered.

3.3.2.0 SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES

The researcher formulated two sections questionnaires. The first set containing open ended questions to establish the interest of the respondent on illustration done for African sports. The second set of questions will be close ended that establish their thoughts on African Sport. In this section it was to be accompanied by pictures and Likert scale to assist in better answering the question.

The questionnaires were then be distributed among the sampled population for them to fill.

Questions was adopted for data collection. The open ended questions was to assist in getting the general opinion of interviewee by giving no option to choose from, this was very instrumental in the qualitative analysis of the data. Closed type of questions were limited to choices given to the interviewee to choose from, this was to give the quantitative aspect of the study. Issuing as many questionnaires as possible was to give the quantitative aspect of the study.

3.3.2.1 ANALYSIS

The analysis was based on the questionnaire returned; the information gathered was edited in order to obtain relevant information. The researcher then employed the following criteria in verifying the questionnaires:

The researcher was to follow all these aspects to the latter and this would lead to logical conclusions of the findings during presentation

. All questionnaires to be checked for completeness, and those not fully completed were to be

rejected.

. Rejected questionnaires was returned to the field and otherwise discarded.

. Number coding will done for identification and separation of some key aspects in question

then analyzed.

. Tallying was employed to determine the headcount of respondents who subscribe to a given

code.

3.4 DATA PRESENTATION

The researcher then present the data in form graphical and visual representation such as representative bar graphs. The data was accompanied by tables to add description of the information collected form the selected participants of the study.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 FINDINGS

4.0.1 OVERVIEW

This chapter covers the results from the study undergone during data collection based on the bid to find out whether illustration can influence the attitude of the youth towards the Boxing in Kenya.

The type of research employed in this context also mattered in that it allowed the sufficiency of understanding whether illustrations on African Boxing would be influence attitude around which young people have towards the sport. The findings undertaken was targeted within a small section as the larger scope of the targeted population for the project would have been time consuming in contrast with the available time allocated for the nature of this research.

The following is a brief description of the fieldwork excursion carried out in the course of the two months that the researcher was conducting the experiment as well as collecting data.

The focus group observed

4.1 FOCUS GROUPS

The researcher conducted a focus group and fully exhausted the topic at hand from the eight participants chosen.

The first question that the researcher sorted to investigate was the interest of boxing.

Majority of the participants were interested in the sport of boxing. The researcher further inquired how they first encountered boxing. The majority being five out of the eight answered that they

25 discovered boxing through watching television program which were main Western countries.

From the television movies which had scripts that included boxing, music videos that depicted boxing stories or theme, also through inspirational videos and mainly actual broadcasted boxing matched.

The rest of the participants were not interested in boxing which they summarized that it was bloody and very violent. They expounded that from the constant beatings till one of the fighter was knocked out only to get up and beaten until they could not get up.

The researcher then went on to discover what part of boxing that they found more interesting. The researcher was provided a guideline on some of the section entailed in boxing. It started with the training session of the boxer which the respondents suggested that this is where most inspiration, hard work and focus was mainly shown; Then the Prefight interview of the fighters where the boxers are seen face-to-face; Followed by the actual fight where the fighters would endure the rounds; From the fight the fighter that would give a knockout and later celebrate the win.

These were the parts of boxing that the focus group suggested that were most highlighted in their view.

The researcher engaged the participant’s knowledge on Muhammad Ali and why he is known as the greatest boxer and is known internationally. The participants pointed out from the various publicity like photography, movies, television adverts and various artworks.

4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE

The researcher then Proceeded to formulate better structured question

4.3 ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

The notes from the focus group

4.4 CONCLUSION

The researcher concluded that most of the participants had a little knowledge entailing Boxing as a sport specifically Kenyan boxing but more on Western countries. The researcher discovered that this was through the general exposure or Western material around the sampled population. The researcher

4.4 OVERVIEW

This chapter presents the participants response and its findings from the sampled population being mainly students from main campus and some from chiromo campus. These students formed the sample study of which the researcher determines the influence of illustration in sport to promote positive attitude towards sports. The data was analyzed and presented in form of representative graphs and table.

4.4.1 PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE POPULATION

Population Frequency

The total participants convinced to assist in the study came to a total of 18 students of which 7 female and the other 11 male. Their response rate was pleasant with a percentage of 96%. The

Respondents came from a range of course disciplines namely Medicine, Engineering, Economics,

Law, Actuarial Science and Education. Due to the majority of the three being Medicine

Engineering and Economics the rest of the courses were classified as others.

Frequency of Individuals in Population

Medicine Engineering Economics Others

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% STUDENTS' DISCIPLINE STUDENTS' POPULATION FREQUENCY

Population

Figure 1: Data analysis on Specific Preference in Boxing

Students’ Course Percentage Number of Population

Medicine 5.56 1

Engineering 11.11 2

Economics 38.89 7 Others 44.44 8

Table 1: Data analysis on Sample population

.Preference in Boxing

From the respondents it was concluded that the majority had positive inspiration in interest in

Boxing. The respondents generally knew the stages that build up before and after a fight goes down. With this in mind the researcher further inquired from each their memorable part. It was established that the training session of the boxer was 27.78%, The Pre-Fight interview 0%, The actual Fight 55.56%, A Knock Moment 11.11%, and the After Fight Highlights including the celebration 5.56%.

Preference in Boxing 60%

50%

40%

30%

PERCENTAGE 20%

10%

0% Training Session Pre-Fight Interview The Fight Knockout After Fight Highlights RANGE OF BOXING INTERESTS

Prefered Part of Boxing Sampled

Figure 2: Preference of Sample Population in Boxing

Preference in Boxing Percentage Number of Population

Training Session 27.78 5

Pre- Fight Interview 0 0

The Fight Night 55.56 10

Knockout 11.11 2

After Fight Highlights 5.56 1

Table 2: Specific Preference data collection in Boxing

4.4.2 OPINION REGARDING BOXING

The researcher asked the sample population on their possible contact with interaction with Boxing.

The data showed that many interviewees had interacted with Boxing.

As the researcher interacted with the University Students, they discussed a preference to the

Western influence in the different interactions categories which were mainly Movie or Television shows, Inspirational Videos, Games and Adverts. They regarded them as highly entertaining and good material to pass relevant information. When the researcher enquired about any availability of local content, participants mentioned that there was none that they have encountered that showed. The interviewees were quite excited at the prospect of having local influenced content mainly emphasized on the Game and Comic. The thought of interacting with content that they can relate to interested them.

Many thought it would be difficult to provide such aspects with even the current state of boxing in

Kenya being as bad as it is now. The participants said that it would be good to have more interaction with African Boxing. The participants agreed that it would likely influence boxing as a whole from interest in attending and participation in doing the sport by the youth if provided in the discussed aspects. One participant suggested having something close to Super Strikers, which was a comic series that focused on football in Kenya.

Interaction with Boxing 10 9 8 7 6 5

STUDENTS 4 3 2 1 0 Movie / Tv Shows Book or Comic Games Inspiration Video / Adverts POPULARITY

Figure 9: Students Interaction with Boxing in various media material

4.4.3 INSPIRATION OF BOXING TO YOUTH

The researcher then enquired from the sample population on the influence of the Boxing in their lives. There was a general agreement that Boxing can become a leading sport in Kenya changing the life of youth helping them to shy away from life of crime and develop positive attitudes of discipline, tolerance and respect.

The researcher found out that many aspiring athletes or fans rarely search for local boxing sport personalities for sources of inspiration, role model or mentors. The participants emphasized on the health issue of boxers being alarming risky in Kenya as the support system on retirement. Majority who suggested mentioned Conjestina Achieng and her current health state and hardship that she is having with the mental issue.

This affects the support or attention of boxing making it a pass time activity which will not be able to be an avenue for making a living then causing it to lose the title of professional and become an amateur sport.

Influence of Boxing 12

0 Fitness Inspiration Entertainment Career

Other Sports Boxing

Figure 10: Students Opinions on Influence of the Boxing in comparison with Other Sports in

Functional Aspects

4.4.4 IMPACT OF ILLUSTRATION ON BOXING

The sample population was then queried on the significance of the use of illustration on Boxing.

There were questions with regard to the kind of illustration to be used when publicizing Boxing.

Almost 90% of the sample population agreed that the introduction of new methods of interacting with boxing should be done for example games and movies mainly on the entertainment aspect

32 and improvement of current platforms or variety provided mainly suggested was in books and comics. The sample population were excited by the prospect of using the illustration avenue to create boxing content.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDARTIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION

It was established that boxing in the past preferably between 1970 and 1980 the sport was thriving at its peak. The highly competitive world of boxing Kenya was ranked side by side with the greatest being Dominican Republic, US, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Boxers at this period had big reputation with earned world boxing titles. Pride among Kenyans were backed behind boxing. But with years passing to current day the tables have turned. Now even top boxers are quitting amateur boxing after years of constant frustrations and prefer a life of away from fame. Worse other boxers are forced to against their passion and love for the sport from the hardship condition.

It has been mentioned that the problem is ABA failing to exhaust or utilize sources of marketing and in the result publicizing and popularize the sport of Boxing.

The researcher discovered that illustration can be implanted and provide the needed media to get back the boxing that was once there. Which was also noted to have worked with other boxing athletes in the West. Through this illustrations there would be commemoration and appreciated of the forgotten legends of boxing we took pride in and fairly reward or support the sport personalities who deserved the recognition.

With the promotion of boxing this would see to is as better platforms to use once available time and moving away from dangerous places that would result in them involving in crime. Also through this they are met with better behavior as boxing teaches to be tolerant and disciplined.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The researcher found out that there is not enough illustrative platform marketing the sport. Therefore the researcher recommends the exploitation of this failure through creation of visualization or a depiction of a subject being the boxer or related to the sport such as a drawing, sketch, painting, photograph, animation or other kind of image of things seen, remembered or imagined, using a graphical representation.

The researcher found out that good response from the respondents of the study showing interest and enthusiasm from the thought of it happening. The researcher should therefore exploit the discovery and test run to see if it would work out and source a greater audience and further achieve the objective set by the study conducted.

The researcher found out the illustrative methods were being used by athlete in the West that better portrayed their character to their audience and show not just their violent boxing side.

The researcher discovered the number of pro-boxers and as well as amateurs as well that have been made to leave the sport they claim to love. This move almost crippling the sport for good as the remaining people attending the boxing gym just to keep fit. Reducing the potential of boxing to just pass time and not a competitive sport.

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APPENDICES

The researcher used the introductory letter from the School of the Arts and Design in conducting preliminary research. Unfortunately, he misplaced the letter in the latter stages of conducting the research study thus unable to present it in these appendices

APPENDIX A: Administrative Consent Form

University of Nairobi

School of the Arts and Design

P.O. BOX, Nairobi

Title of Research: Creating Illustrations using African Sport that bring about Positive

Attitude among Youth towards Sports

Name of Researcher: Kiprono Stephen Kiptepkeny

Phone Number of Researcher: 0752 664 422

A. Purpose and Background

Under the supervision of Mrs. Fransisca Odundo, Kiprono Stephen Kiptepkeny, an undergraduate student at the School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi is conducting research on the use of illustration to. The purpose of this focus group is to help the researcher study learners’ perspective and interaction with Boxing.

3.6.1 APPENDIX B:

FOCUS GROUP STRUCTURE GUIDE

Questions will be discussed until exhaust all possible answers or suggestions from the respondents.

1. Do you find Boxing interesting? Why or Why not?

2. What inspired your interest in Boxing?

3. What was your first Boxing interaction experience like?

4. What difference do you perceive between Boxing and the other sports?

5. Do you believe that other people have any misconceptions about Boxing?

6. Are the risks involved with Boxing worth the consequences?

7. What do you think is the future holds for Boxing in Kenya?

3.6.2 APPENDIX C:

SAMPLE SEMI STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE

Section A

Q1. Do you find Boxing interesting? Why or Why Not.

Why…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Not………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q2. What part of in Boxing is most memorable? (Training Session, Pre-fight Interview, The Fight,

Knockout, Celebration/Reward)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

......

Q3. When did you first interact with boxing? (Movie/ TV Show, Book or Comic, Games,

Inspiration Video/Advert or Other) Where did this take place?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

......

Q4. What would consider effective in Boxing? (Entertainment, As a Career, for Fitness.

Inspirational)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

......

Section B

Use the image below to answer the following questions

Q1. What do find dominant? (Line/Motion, Color, Athlete Action)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q2. What do think of Sport Art? (Entertaining, Inspirational) Why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………