Creating Illustrations Using African Sports That Bring About Positive Attitude Among Youth Towards Sports
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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI College of Architecture and Engineering School of Arts and Design BDS 413 CONCEPT PAPER (ILLUSTRATION SPECIALIZATION) CREATING ILLUSTRATIONS USING AFRICAN SPORTS THAT BRING ABOUT POSITIVE ATTITUDE AMONG YOUTH TOWARDS SPORTS By; KIPRONO STEPHEN B05/54458/2012 SUPERVISOR: MRS. FRANSISCA ODUNDO i I declare that this project entitled “Creating Illustrations using African Sport that bring about Positive Attitude among Youth towards Sports” ―is my own work and to the best of my knowledge has not been presented to any other university for a degree or any other certificate. Signature……………………………………………..Date:……………………………… KIPRONO STEPHEN KIPTEPKENY B05/54458/2012 School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Supervisor. Signature:…………………………………………Date:………………………………………. MRS. FRANSISCA ODUNDO School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this project work to my late sister Carolyne Kiprono, who served as an inspiration. May her soul rest in eternal peace. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have made the completion of this project possible. First, I would like to thank the School of the Arts and Design, University of Nairobi. My deepest gratitude to the director of the School of the Arts and Design, over the four years of study. Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor Mrs. Fransisca Odundo and Dr. Lilac Osanjo whose knowledge, insight and encouragement helped in shaping this project to fruition. Thank you for reading both the proposal and report at its various stages and providing valuable advice. I am also grateful to all my Lecturers who have imparted knowledge over the past four years of my Undergraduate studies. Thirdly, my family and friends endured the absence and imperfect attention during the years of my study. Their sustained overflow of love, and practical encouragement spurred me across the overwhelming challenges of this academic quest. I would also wish to acknowledge and appreciate the motivation and support given to me by my colleagues at the School of The Arts and Design at the University of Nairobi, thank you for the constant reminders on class meetings and group discussions and also for dissecting that paper. And to the Almighty God, who made all things possible iii ABSTRACT This study seeks to investigate how illustration of African Boxing can be used to bring about positive attitude among youth towards Boxing. The general objective is to see how illustration has been used in Boxing and to propose new ways of better influencing for a positive attitude to the youth. Focus groups and questionnaires will be issued to the targeted population to get an in-depth insight of the youth view of boxing. The study reviewed relevant literature which showed that there are not enough structures of publicizing and avenues of marketing the boxing sport to those who need it or find it useful. Boxing to those who need serves a great deal in their life building discipline and hardships of life and creating an outlet for the young people. Also providing a potential of improving their standard of living through earnings. Based on the findings from the research the researcher will make conclusions that will be used to develop and provide recommendations. The researcher will use the resultant findings, literature and primary data to make proper recommendations that will direct the towards attaining the objectives set by the study as well improve the state of boxing and bring it up to the same level as other famed such as running. Enabling it to recover its old status of competing for world titles. A conclusion was formed from the data gathered that the marketing through illustrative media would impact boxing as a sport. iv TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………….…...……………………1 1.1 Background of the Problem……..……………………………..………..…..……...………….2 1.2 Statement of the Problem……………………….………………..……………...…………….2 1.4.0 Objective of the Study….….………………………………..………….……..….………….3 1.4.1 Main Objective……….………………………………...……..……………………………..3 1.4.2 Objectives……..…………………………………….……………………………………….3 1.5 Research Questions……………………………………………..……….…………………….3 1.6 Justification………….………………………………………..……....……………………….3 1.6 Significance of the Research……………………………………..……………………...……4 1.6 Limitations of the Study ………………………………………………………………..……4 CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………………...5 2.0 Literature Review……………………………………………………..……………………….5 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………5 2.2.0 Boxing……………..…………………...……………………………………..……………..5 2.2.1 African Boxing…………………………………………………..……………….…….……5 2.3 Illustration……………………………………………………………………...…….........…..9 2.4 Youth….…………………..……………………………………………….………....…........11 2.5 Social Facilitation………………………………………………………………..…….……..13 2.6 Visual Communication……………………………………….……………..….…………….15 v 2.7.0 Exemplars………………………………………………............................….…….………16 2.7.1 Edgar J. Brown……………………………………….……………….....…………………16 2.7.2 ‘O2 Wear the Rose - Make them Giants’…………………………….….………………….17 2.8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………18 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………………….19 3.0 Research Methodology……………………………………………………………………….19 3.1 Research Design…………………………………………………………………….………..19 3.2.0 Population and Sample…………………………………………………………….……….20 3.2.1.0 Population for the Study………………………………………………………………….20 3.2.1.1 Sample and Sampling Procedure…………………………………………………...…….20 3.2.1.2 Snowballing…..………..…………………………………………………………..……..20 3.2.1.3 Convenient Sampling……………………………………………………………...……..21 3.3.0 Data Collection Instruments………………………………………………………………..21 3.3.1.0 Focus Group Interviewing………………………………………………………………..22 3.3.1.1 Analysis……….…………………………………………………………………...……..22 3.3.2.0 Semi-Structured Questionnaires………………………………………………...………..22 3.3.2.1 Analysis……………………………………………………………………....…………..23 3.4 Data Presentation………………………………………………………………..……………24 CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………………………………25 4.0 Findings………………………………………………………………………………………25 4.0.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………...…………25 vi 4.1 Focus Groups……………………………………………………………..……….………….25 4.2 Questionnaire………………………………………………………………………….……..27 4.3 Analysis of Findings………………………………………………..…….……….………….27 4.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...…….…………27 4.4 Overview……………………………………………………………………………………..27 4.4.1 Profile of the Sample Population………………………….…………………….………….28 4.4.2 Opinion Regarding Boxing……………………………………………………...………….30 4.4.3 Influence of Boxing to Youth……………………………………………………..………..31 4.4.4 The Impact of Illustration on Boxing…………………………………………...…………..32 CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………………………..34 5.0 Conclusion & Recommendations…………………………………………………...………..34 5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..………..34 5.2 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………35 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………………….…..39 Appendix A: Administrative Consent Form…..………………………………..…………..……39 Appendix B: Focus Group Structured Guide.……………………………………………..……..40 Appendix C: Sample Semi Structured Questionnaire….…………………………………..……..40 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: ‘Hit Squad’ Kenyan Boxing Team in 1980’s…………………………………..……6 vii Fig 2(a): THE GREATEST" original vintage film poster………………………………….…..7 Figure 2(b): I am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali, T.V show………………8 Figure 3: Mike Tyson Mysteries T.V show……………………………………………………9 Figure 4: Ladies Home Journal and Good Housekeeping……………………………………..10 Figure 5: Iron Mike Tyson Boxing Painting by Edgar Brown…………………………………16 Figure 6: 2D animation promoting England Rugby Team Support……………………………17 Figure 7: Distribution of Sample Population…………………………………………………..28 Figure 8: Data analysis on Specific Preference in Boxing…………………………………….29 Figure 9: Students Interaction with Boxing in various media material………………………..31 Figure 10: Students Opinions on Influence of the Boxing in comparison with Other Sports in Functional Aspects……………………………………………………………………………..32 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Specific Preference data collection in Boxing…………………………………………28 Table 2: Data analysis on Sample population……………………………………………………30 LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS SDP IWG - Sport for Development and Peace. International Working Group. NAMOS – National Art Museum of Sport WIBF – Women International Boxing Federation ABA – Amateur Boxing Association OPARTIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Sports Illustrated - is an American sports media franchise owned by Time Inc. Cognition - the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Illustration - a visualization or a depiction of a subject made by an artist, such as a drawing, sketch, painting, photograph, cinema or other kind of image of things seen, remembered or imagined, using a graphical representation. Primary Data: is information that you collect specifically for the purpose of your research project. The data is specifically tailored ix Secondary Data: is one type of quantitative data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose to yours x CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The relationship between sports and art has very close bonds. The word “sport” embraces a wide range of activities through which we leave behind the toils and troubles of daily life in search of pleasure, exercise, and spirited competition. Sport art helps us understand our relation to sport, and of sport to life. Art captures emotion: the anxiety of competition,