DOCSLIB.ORG

A Two-Year Survey on Mosquitoes of Lebanon Knio K.M.*, Markarian N.*, Kassis A.* & Nuwayri-Salti N.**

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Two-Year Survey on Mosquitoes of Lebanon Knio K.M.*, Markarian N.*, Kassis A.* & Nuwayri-Salti N.** Article available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2005123229 A TWO-YEAR SURVEY ON MOSQUITOES OF LEBANON KNIO K.M.*, MARKARIAN N.*, KASSIS A.* & NUWAYRI-SALTI N.** Summary: Résumé : LES MOUSTIQUES DU LIBAN : RÉSULTATS DE DEUX ANS DE RÉCOLTES A total of 6,500 mosquitoes were identified during a two-year survey (1999-2001) in Lebanon, and these belonged to twelve Au cours d’une période d’observation de deux ans (1999-2001), species: Culex pipiens, Cx. laticinctus, Cx. mimeticus, 6500 moustiques ont été identifiés au Liban et répartis en Cx. hortensis, Cx. judaicus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. cretinus, 12 espèces : Culex pipiens, Cx. laticinctus, Cx. mimeticus, Ochlerotatus caspius, Oc. geniculatus, Oc. pulchritarsis, Culiseta Cx. hortensis, Cx. judaicus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. cretinus, longiareolata and Anopheles claviger. Culex pipiens was the most Ochlerotatus caspius, Oc. geniculatus, Oc. pulchritarsis, Culiseta predominant species in Lebanon, collected indoors and outdoors. longiareolata and Anopheles claviger. Culex pipiens, l’espèce It was continuously abundant and active throughout the year. prédominante, a été collectée à l’extérieur et à l’intérieur. Elle a Culex judaicus was a small and rare mosquito and it is reported été trouvée abondante et active tout au long de l’année. Culex to occur for the first time in Lebanon. On the coastal areas, judaicus, espèce petite et rare, a été observée et identifiée pour Ochlerotatus caspius was very common, and proved to be a la première fois au Liban. Dans les zones côtières, il s’est avéré complex of species as two forms were detected. One of the que l’espèce Ochlerotatus caspius, très communément observée, vectors of malaria, Anopheles claviger, was collected from May to était en fait un complexe car deux formes ont été identifiées. September, from eight sites in Lebanon. Its breeding sites were Anopheles claviger, porteur de malaria, a été collecté de mai à restricted to fresh, cool, and clean water in pools and wells. Most septembre sur huit sites libanais. Leur habitat de prédilection était of these breeding sites were in the populated Metn County where l’eau claire et froide des puits et bassins. La plupart des sites a few indigenous cases of malaria were reported from 1997- concernés se trouvent dans le comté du Metn où quelque cas de 2000. This shows that the reported malaria cases were not malaria autochtones ont été rapportés entre 1997 et 2000, ceci imported, but caused by the bites of locally infected Anopheles prouvant bien l’implication des anophèles femelles localement females. infectées. KEY WORDS : mosquito, Culex, Anopheles, malaria, Lebanon. MOTS CLÉS : moustique, Culex, Anopheles, paludisme, Liban. osquitoes are of great economic importance In Lebanon, several mosquito-borne diseases mainly because many act as vectors for a number of malaria and dengue were endemic until the 1950’s Mhuman diseases, such as malaria, dengue, when the government launched a mosquito eradica- filariasis, and several types of encephalitis including tion program (Matossian & Ibrahim, 1974). No cases West Nile fever (Service, 1993). With the constantly of dengue and malaria were reported afterward; changing environment, the epidemiology of mosquito- however, since 1997, several incidences of local malaria borne diseases is also modified. Global warming, per- have occurred in some populated areas of Lebanon iodic flooding and deforestation have opened new (Hamadeh, 1997). It seems that malaria still poses a habitats to mosquitoes which show high plasticity in threat to the country especially that the disease was their breeding behavior and readily spread their dis- never eradicated from the neighboring countries. To tribution. In fact, sporadic malaria outbreaks have examine the transmission of diseases by mosquitoes been reported in non-endemic countries and trans- in Lebanon, it is critical to start by studying the taxo- mission of the disease was caused by the bite of a nomy, distribution and abundance of these vectors, locally infected Anopheles species (Zucker, 1996). especially that knowledge of the mosquito species in Lebanon is very patchy and dates from the 1940’s and * Biology Department, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American Uni- 70’s (Parr, 1943; Matossian & Ibrahim, 1974). versity of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. The aims of this study are to update and evaluate the ** Department of Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Ame- current status of mosquito species in Lebanon, and to rican University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. determine the breeding sites, abundance and distri- Correspondence: Dr Khouzama Knio. Tel.: 961 350 000 (ext. 3886) – Fax: 961 1 351706. bution of the Lebanese mosquitoes, with special E-mail: [email protected] emphasis on the malaria vectors. Parasite, 2005, 12, 229-235 Mémoire 229 KNIO K.M., MARKARIAN N., KASSIS A. & NUWAYRI-SALTI N. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to estimate changes in mosquito density throughout the year, periodic indoor house collections from July 1999 to July 2000 were made weekly in five tarting 1999, a two-year survey on mosquito spe- selected houses situated in Beirut and its suburbs: Ain cies was initiated in Lebanon. Mosquitoes were El Roumaheh (Greater Beirut), Sabtieh (Greater Beirut), collected from all provinces and sectors of the S Zalka (Metn Co., Mount Lebanon), Nabay (Metn Co., country, with the exception of some inaccessible areas Mount Lebanon), and Rabwe (Metn Co., Mount Leba- in the South (Fig. 1). The aquatic larvae and pupae non). The weekly indoor collections involved the same were collected using dippers (Bioquip), from different catch efforts per unit time in each house: number of breeding sites, such as rocky pools, ponds, swamps, actively biting and resting mosquitoes caught during irrigation ditches, streams... They were brought to the five hours after sunset. laboratory and reared into adults using mosquito bree- The taxonomy of the collected mosquitoes were deter- ders (Bioquip). mined using keys by Dubose & Cutin (1965), Harbach Adult mosquitoes were collected from outdoors and (1985, 1988), Jayson (1992), Glick (1992), and Sama- indoors using various methods, such as vials, aspira- nidou-Voyadjoglou & Harbach (2001) after an initial tors, human bait technique, and mosquito traps (Stan- consultation and species confirmation by Dr Harbach dard New Jersey Light Trap, and Heavy Duty EVS CO2 (NHM, London). Voucher specimens were preserved Mosquito Trap by Bioquip). in the NHM, American University of Beirut. RESULTS total of 6,500 mosquitoes were collected from 1 various sites in Lebanon. The mosquitoes belon- North Tripoli Aged to two subfamilies, Culicinae and Anophe- linae, and twelve species: a - Culex (Culex) pipiens; 2 4 3 b-Cx. (Culex) laticinctus; c - Cx. (Culex) mimeticus; 5 d-Cx. (Maillotia) hortensis; e - Cx. (Neoculex) judai- Mediterranean 6 cus;f-Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) caspius; g - Oc. (Fin- Sea 7 laya) geniculatus; h - Oc. (Ochlerotatus) pulchritarsis; Mount Beqaa i-Aedes (stegomyia) cretinus;j-Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti; Lebanon 8 k-Culiseta (Allotheobaldia) longiareolata; and l - Ano- 16 Beirut 9 pheles (Anopheles) claviger. 10 The regions with GPS readings where different mos- 17 11 quito species were collected are indicated in the text below with the exception of Cx. pipiens which was Syria 12 extremely widespread in the country. For this reason, Saida 18 the counties and number of sites per county are indi- cated for the latter species. 13 South a - Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnaeus, 1758 15 Greater Beirut: 442F:15M Beirut (20 sites). Mount Leba- Tyr non: 597F:36M (Aaley Co.) (14 sites); 514F:12M 8.7 Km 14 (Baabdah Co.) (4 sites); 292F:18M (Chouf Co.) (12 sites); 385F:40M (Kesrouan Co.) (14 sites); 588F:31M (Metn Co.) (22 sites); 205F:2M (Jbeil Co.) (5 sites). North Leba- non: 78F (Batroun Co.) (2 sites); 274F:5M Koura (Co.) (6 sites); 112F:5M (Tripoli Co.) (4 sites); 10F:4M (Akkar Co.) (2 sites); 10F (Zgharta Co.) (2 sites). South Leba- Fig. 1. – Map of Lebanon showing the different counties where mos- non: 156F:10M (Saida Co.) (6 sites); 94F:2M (Nabatiyeh quitoes were collected for this survey, and showing the sites of col- Co.) (2 sites); 96F:4M (Tyr Co.) (4 sites). Beqaa Valley: lection of Anopheles claviger. (1) Akkar Co.; (2) Tripoli Co.; (3) Zgharta Co.; (4) Koura Co.; 172F:13M (Zahle Co.) (5 sites); 507F:12M (Baalback (5) Bcharre Co.; (6) Batroun Co.; (7) Jbeil Co.; (8) Kesrouan Co.; Co.) (6 ); 329F:12M (West Beqaa Co.) (4 sites). (9) Metn Co.; (10) Baabdah Co.; (11) Aaley Co.; (12) Chouf Co.; Culex pipiens was the most predominant and wides- (13) Saida Co.; (14) Tyr Co.; (15) Nabatiyeh Co.; (16) Baalback Co.; pread species in Lebanon, collected indoors and out- (17) Zahleh Co.; (18) West Beqaa Co. (• denotes sites of collection of An. claviger). doors, and comprising ca. 78 % of the total collected Parasite, 2005, 12, 229-235 230 Mémoire MOSQUITOES OF LEBANON Total behavior was anthropophilic, endophagic, and endo- Species number Females Males Percentage philic. In 1999-2000, the changes in population den- sity of Cx. pipiens indoors, as observed in the moni- Culex pipiens 5,082 4,861 221 78.20 tored houses, showed that the female mosquitoes were Cx. laticinctus 142 77 65 2.18 Cx. mimeticus 99 51 48 1.52 active throughout the year as long as the temperature Cx. hortensis 39 22 17 0.60 was favourable (Fig. 2). An increase in the population Cx. judaicus 33 22 11 0.51 of Cx. pipiens females was detected in November Ochlerotatus caspius 769 526 243 11.83 when the temperature started to drop. This could be Oc. geniculatus 20 20 – 0.31 Oc. pulchritarsis 2 2 – 0.03 explained by the fact that the females appeared to be Ae. cretinus 34 32 2 0.52 the overwintering stage, and remained active and did Ae. aegypti 1 – 1 0.01 not hibernate when the winter was wild.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Host Selection by Culex Pipiens Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Amplification
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 80(2), 2009, pp. 268–278 Copyright © 2009 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Host Selection by Culex pipiens Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Amplification Gabriel L. Hamer , * Uriel D. Kitron, Tony L. Goldberg , Jeffrey D. Brawn, Scott R. Loss , Marilyn O. Ruiz, Daniel B. Hayes , and Edward D. Walker Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, and Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois; Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota Abstract. Recent field studies have suggested that the dynamics of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission are influenced strongly by a few key super spreader bird species that function both as primary blood hosts of the vector mosquitoes (in particular Culex pipiens ) and as reservoir-competent virus hosts. It has been hypothesized that human cases result from a shift in mosquito feeding from these key bird species to humans after abundance of the key birds species decreases. To test this paradigm, we performed a mosquito blood meal analysis integrating host-feeding patterns of Cx. pipiens , the principal vector of WNV in the eastern United States north of the latitude 36°N and other mosquito species with robust measures of host availability, to determine host selection in a WNV-endemic area of suburban Chicago, Illinois, during 2005–2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Dark—Highlighting the Importance of Genetically Identifying Mosquito Populations in Subterranean Environments of Central Europe
    pathogens Article Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Dark—Highlighting the Importance of Genetically Identifying Mosquito Populations in Subterranean Environments of Central Europe Carina Zittra 1 , Simon Vitecek 2,3 , Joana Teixeira 4, Dieter Weber 4 , Bernadette Schindelegger 2, Francis Schaffner 5 and Alexander M. Weigand 4,* 1 Unit Limnology, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 2 WasserCluster Lunz—Biologische Station, 3293 Lunz am See, Austria; [email protected] (S.V.); [email protected] (B.S.) 3 Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria 4 Zoology Department, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle de Luxembourg (MNHNL), 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; [email protected] (J.T.); [email protected] (D.W.) 5 Francis Schaffner Consultancy, 4125 Riehen, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +352-462-240-212 Abstract: The common house mosquito, Culex pipiens s. l. is part of the morphologically hardly or non-distinguishable Culex pipiens complex. Upcoming molecular methods allowed us to identify Citation: Zittra, C.; Vitecek, S.; members of mosquito populations that are characterized by differences in behavior, physiology, host Teixeira, J.; Weber, D.; Schindelegger, and habitat preferences and thereof resulting in varying pathogen load and vector potential to deal B.; Schaffner, F.; Weigand, A.M. with. In the last years, urban and surrounding periurban areas were of special interest due to the Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in higher transmission risk of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Culex Pipiens in Sweden Jenny C
    Hesson et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:632 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1925-3 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Open Access First report on human-biting Culex pipiens in Sweden Jenny C. Hesson1,2*, Martina Schäfer3 and Jan O. Lundström1,3 Abstract Culex mosquitoes are vectors of several bird-hosted arboviruses that cause outbreaks in Europe, such as Sindbis virus and West Nile virus. Recently, the human-biting form of Culex pipiens, Cx. pipiens biotype molestus, was found causing big nuisance in a housing cooperative in Gothenburg in southern Sweden, confirmed by molecular identification. This is the first report of human-biting Culex in Scandinavia, signalling increased risk of arbovirus infection in northern Europe. Keywords: Vector-borne infections, West Nile virus, Zoonoses, Mosquito vector, Arbovirus, Sindbis virus Letter to the Editor birds to humans, as they possess the vector competence of Mosquitoes of the genus Culex are the vectors of bird- Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens [5] but an opportunistic feed- hosted arboviruses that occasionally cause disease in ing behaviour [6]. humans, such as Sindbis virus (SINV) (Alphavirus) West The last countrywide mosquito survey recognised Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) (Flavivirus), three Culex species as endemic to Sweden: the ornitho- all circulating in Europe. Seven potential vector species philic species Cx. torrentium, Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens are recognised within the genus Culex in Europe, most and Cx. territans that primarily feeds on ectothermic of which show a preference for biting birds (ornithophi- hosts [7]. Recently, an encounter with Cx. modestus that lic). One of the species, the northern house mosquito commonly bite man in central European countries has Cx.
    [Show full text]
  • (Diptera: Culicidae) in Fianl›Urfa Province, Turkey
    TurkJZool 30(2006)383-392 ©TÜB‹TAK SeasonalFrequencyandRelativeDensityofLarvalPopulationsof MosquitoSpecies(Diptera:Culicidae)infianl›urfaProvince,Turkey* FatihMehmetfi‹MfiEK AdnanMenderesUniversity,FacultyofArtsandScience,DepartmentofBiology,EcologySection,09010Ayd›n-TURKEY Received:27.09.2005 Abstract: ThisresearchwasconductedbetweenJune2000andAugust2002in2regionsoffianl›urfa:one(IR)wheretherewas substantialirrigatedagricultureduetotheSoutheasternAnatoliaProjectandanother(MR)whereahighnumberofmalariacase s weredeterminedeveryyear.Tenspecies,namely Anopheles(Anopheles)claviger Meigen,1804,An.(Anopheles)sacharovi Favre, 1903,An.(Cellia)superpictus Grassi,1899, Culex(Neoculex) martinii Medschid,1930, Cx.(Culex)pipiens Linnaeus,1758, Cx. (Neoculex)territans Walker,1856, Cx.(Culex)theileri Theobald,1903, Culiseta(Allotheobaldia)longiareolata Macquart,1938, Ochlerotatus(Ochlerotatus)caspius Pallas,1771andUranotaenia(Pseudoficalbia)unguiculata Edwards,1903,wererecordedinthis study,andseasonalfrequenciesandrelativedensitiesoflarvalpopulationsweredeterminedseparatelyforeachregion.Based on thefrequencies,relativedensitiesandvectorialsignificanceofspeciesfoundinthisstudy,Culexpipiens,Cx.theileri andOchlerotatus caspius inIRandAnophelesclaviger,An.sacharovi,andAn.superpictus inMRwereofhighersignificance. KeyWords: Mosquitoes,larvalpopulation,frequency,relativedensity,malaria,fianl›urfa fianl›urfa‹li'ndeSivrisinekTürlerinin(Diptera:Culicidae) LarvaPopulasyonlar›n›nMevsimselS›kl›¤›veNisbiYo¤unlu¤u Özet: Buaraflt›rma,fianl›urfa‹li'nin,Güneydo¤uAnadoluProjesikapsam›ndasulutar›muygulamalar›n›nyap›ld›¤›bölgesi(IR)ileher
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Itinerary
    Detailed Itinerary Trip Name: [10 days] People & Landscapes of Lebanon GENERAL Dates: This small-group trip is offered on the following fixed departure dates: October 29th – November 7th, 2021 February 4th – Sunday 13th, 2022 April 15th – April 24th, 2022 October 28th – November 6th, 2022 Prefer a privatized tour? Contact Yūgen Earthside. This adventure captures all the must-see destinations that Lebanon has to offer, whilst incorporating some short walks along the Lebanon Mountain Trail (LMT) through cedar forests, the Chouf Mountains and the Qadisha Valley; to also experience the sights, sounds and smells of this beautiful country on foot. Main Stops: Beirut – Sidon – Tyre – Jezzine – Beit el Din Palace – Beqaa Valley – Baalbek – Qadisha Valley – Byblos © Yūgen Earthside – All Rights Reserved – 2021 - 1 - About the Tour: We design travel for the modern-day explorer by planning small-group adventures to exceptional destinations. We offer a mixture of trekking holidays and cultural tours, so you will always find an adventure to suit you. We always use local guides and teams, and never have more than 12 clients in a group. Travelling responsibly and supporting local communities, we are small enough to tread lightly, but big enough to make a difference. DAY BY DAY ITINERARY Day 1: Beirut [Lebanon] (arrival day) With group members arriving during the afternoon and evening, today is a 'free' day for you to arrive, be transferred to the start hotel, and to shake off any travel fatigue, before the start of your adventure in earnest, tomorrow. Accommodation: Hotel Day 2: Beirut City Tour After breakfast and a welcome briefing, your adventure begins with a tour of this vibrant city, located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon’s Mediterranean coast.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Assessment of the Tourism Sector
    The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 4 Sector Review Report Chapter 4 Assessment of the Tourism Sector 4.1 Competitiveness This section uses the well-known Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats [SWOT] approach to evaluate the competitiveness of Lebanon for distinct types of tourism, and to provide a logical basis for key measures to be recommended to strengthen the sector. The three tables appearing in this section summarize the characteristics of nine segments of demand that Lebanon is attracting and together present a SWOT analysis for each to determine their strategic importance. The first table matches segments with their geographic origin. The second shows characteristics of the segments. Although the Diaspora is first included as a geographic origin, in the two later tables it is listed [as a column] alongside the segments in order to show a profile of its characteristics. The third table presents a SWOT analysis for each segment. 4.1.1 Strengths The strengths generally focus on certain strong and unique characteristics that Lebanon enjoys building its appeal for the nine segments. The country’s mixture of socio-cultural assets including its built heritage and living traditions constitutes a major strength for cultural tourism, and secondarily for MICE segment [which seeks interesting excursions], and for the nature-based markets [which combines nature and culture]. For the Diaspora, Lebanon is the unique homeland and is unrivaled in that role. The country’s moderate Mediterranean climate is a strong factor for the vacationing families coming from the hotter GCC countries.
    [Show full text]
  • TOURISM in HEZBOLLAND with the War in Syria, The
    Tourism in Hezbolland ERIC LAFFORGUE With the war in Syria, the entire Lebanese border has become a red area which Western governments warn against all travel to. But on the ground, only a few military checkpoints remind the rare traveler that tensions are running high in the region as life goes on. Hezbollah (the Party of God) rules in the Beqaa Valley. It is a Shia Islamist political, military and social organisation which has become powerful in Lebanon and is represented in the government and the Parliament. Hezbollah is called a terrorist organisation by Western states, Israel, Arab Gulf states and the Arab League. It now controls areas that are home to UNESCO World Heritage sites and has built a museum that glorifies the war against Israel. In the Beqaa Valley, Machghara village greets you with portraits of Iranian leaders and Hezbollah martyrs. Hezbollah relies on the military and financial support of Shia Iran. F o r t h o s e w h o d o n ’t f o l l o w geopolitics, it is easy to guess who Hezbollah’s friends are just by looking at signs in the streets or the DVDs for sale in local shops: Syria’s Bashar Al Assad and the Iranian leaders. The UNESCO listed Temple of Bacchus in Baalbek is now deserted. For years, its festival saw the likes of international stars such as Miles Davis, Sting, Deep Purple, or Joan Baez… During the Second Lebanon War, Israel dropped 70 bombs on Baalbek but the Roman ruins show only very little damage.
    [Show full text]
  • A Classification System for Mosquito Life Cycles: Life Cycle Types for Mosquitoes of the Northeastern United States
    June, 2004 Journal of Vector Ecology 1 Distinguished Achievement Award Presentation at the 2003 Society for Vector Ecology Meeting A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States Wayne J. Crans Mosquito Research and Control, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A. Received 8 January 2004; Accepted 16 January 2004 ABSTRACT: A system for the classification of mosquito life cycle types is presented for mosquito species found in the northeastern United States. Primary subdivisions include Univoltine Aedine, Multivoltine Aedine, Multivoltine Culex/Anopheles, and Unique Life Cycle Types. A montotypic subdivision groups life cycle types restricted to single species. The classification system recognizes 11 shared life cycle types and three that are limited to single species. Criteria for assignments include: 1) where the eggs are laid, 2) typical larval habitat, 3) number of generations per year, and 4) stage of the life cycle that overwinters. The 14 types in the northeast have been named for common model species. A list of species for each life cycle type is provided to serve as a teaching aid for students of mosquito biology. Journal of Vector Ecology 29 (1): 1-10. 2004. Keyword Index: Mosquito biology, larval mosquito habitats, classification of mosquito life cycles. INTRODUCTION strategies that do not fit into any of the four basic temperate types that Bates described in his book. Two There are currently more than 3,000 mosquito of the mosquitoes he suggested as model species occur species in the world grouped in 39 genera and 135 only in Europe and one of his temperate life cycle types subgenera (Clements 1992, Reinert 2000, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Schools That Protect
    SCHOOLS THAT PROTECT The answer to refugees in Lebanon in times of pandemic and educational crisis 1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis at commodo lacus. Nunc commodo a enim eu efficitur. Sed laoreet neque id orci dapibus vestibulum in nec est. Proin aliquet, lorem a facilisis cursus, libero turpis blandit tellus, ac dignissim ipsum enim et lorem. INDEX OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Syria, a unending decade of conflict. 3. Lebanon, immersed in a crisis that affects the Lebanese population and the refugees. 4. Education in Lebanon and Syria. The difficulties in getting a quality education. 5. The change from the classrooms to learning over the telephone in the schools of the JRS in Beqaa. 6. The impact of the transition to on-line education. 7. Conclusions. 8. Recommendations. 9. Bibliography. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Ten years of civil war in Syria have forced more than 13 million people to leave their homes; half of them have had to flee to other countries. Lebanon, mired in a serious multi-causal crisis and with a total population of 6,8 million, is home to 1,5 million Syrians, making it the state hosting the largest number of refugees per capita in the world. According to UNHCR1, 39% of the registered refugee population in Lebanon is concentrated in the Beqaa Valley 30 kilometres from the capital, Beirut, although there are likely to be many more unregistered Syrian households. It is in this region where the ratio of Lebanese citizens to Syrian refugees is now two to one. Part of the refugee population is concentrated in cities such as Baalbek and Bar Elias; however, a large number of families live poorly in makeshift and informal camps, increasing their vulnerability to bad weather, disease and lack of protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Types of Mosquito That Bit for Blood
    Introduction to the Types of mosquito that bit for blood Dr.Mubarak Ali Aldoub Consulatant Aviation Medicine Directorate General Of Civil Aviation Kuwait Airport Mosquito 1: Aedes aegypti AEDES MOSQUITO Mosquito 1: Aedes aegypti • Aedes aegyptihas transmit the Zika virus, in addition to dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Originally from sub‐Saharan Africa,now found throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the world. • Distinguished by the white markings on its legs ‘lyre shaped’ markings above its eyes. The activity of Aedes aegypti is strongly tied to light, with this species most commonly biting humans indoors during daylight hours early morning or late afternoon feeder . • The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is often found near human dwellings, fly only a few hundred yards from breeding sites, but females will take a blood meal at night under artificial illumination. • Human blood is preferred over other animals with the ankle area as a favored feeding site. Mosquito 2: Aedes albopictus Mosquito 3: Anopheles gambiae Mosquito 3: Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito’, Anopheles gambiae is found throughout tropical Africa, where it transmits the most dangerous form of malaria: Plasmodium falciparum. These small mosquitos are active at night and prefer to bite humans indoors—making bed nets a critical method of malaria prevention. Mosquito 4: Anopheles plumbeus Mosquito 4: Anopheles plumbeus • This small species of mosquito is found in tropical areas and throughout Europe, including northern regions of the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. Active during daylight hours, female Anopheles plumbeus are efficient carriers of malaria parasites—with the potential to transmit tropical malaria after biting infected travellers returning home from abroad with parasites.
    [Show full text]
  • Anopheles (Anopheles) Petragnani Del Vecchio 1939—A New Mosquito Species for Germany
    Parasitol Res DOI 10.1007/s00436-016-5014-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Anopheles (Anopheles) petragnani Del Vecchio 1939—a new mosquito species for Germany Norbert Becker1,2 & Wolf Peter Pfitzner1 & Christina Czajka1 & Achim Kaiser1 & Thomas Weitzel1 Received: 7 March 2016 /Accepted: 10 March 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The so far known species of the Anopheles Of the 1289 collected larvae from the rock pools, seven Claviger Complex, Anopheles claviger s.s. and Anopheles belonged to the Anopheles Claviger Complex. Five individ- petragnani, can only be distinguished by partial overlapping uals were determined morphologically as An. petragnani and characteristics of immature stages and by nucleotide sequence two as An. claviger s.s. The associated mosquito fauna com- variation of the genomic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal prised of Aedes japonicus japonicus (548 individuals), Culex transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. The known distribution pipiens s.l. and Culex torrentium (493 individuals) and Culex of An. petragnani is so far restricted to the western hortensis (241 individuals). Mediterranean region, whereas An. claviger s.s. occurs across This is the first record of An. petragnani north of the Alps. most of Europe, up to the Middle East and North Africa. In our Further studies will reveal whether this is an isolated popula- study, we investigated the larval mosquito fauna in rock pools tion of An. petragnani and if the investigated rock pool breed- of the Murg valley (Black Forest, Germany) once a month ing sites represent typical habitats of this species in temperate from April to December 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • NIHA مسار الفينيقيني the PHOENICIANS' ROUTE نيحا INTRODUCTION Niha Is a Small Village Located in the Beqaa Valley
    NIHA مسار الفينيقيني THE PHOENICIANS' ROUTE نيحا INTRODUCTION Niha is a small village located in the Beqaa Valley. It is situated 65 Km East of the capital Beirut, 8 Km north of Zahle, 2 Km north East of the city of Ablah and 29 Km away from the touristic city of Baalbek. At the West of the village, Ferzol; rich in agricultural lands and archaeological sites as well as Nabi Ayla where the prophet Elia is buried. At the South of the village “Ablah”, where the most important military base in the Beqaa is found. On the East side, Tammine; characterized by an important concentration of the Shiia community as well as a big concentration of commercial activities and finally on the north side, Sannine; the western Lebanese mountain chain. The only access to the village is a secondary road that turns around itself, creating a quite intimate, private and calm atmosphere for the village away from any noise pollution or vehicular traffic. HISTORICAL MAPPING The Small Roman Temple (1) Approximate Plan The Rule of 9 Steps The Upper Grand Temple is built 2 Km away from the village of Niha at an altitude of 1400 meters. It is accessible by a recently renovated road though. The temple itself is not restored. Archi- tectural findings suggest that the temple was transformed into a fortress during the Medieval times which is why this area is called today Hosn. The Temple was built on a podium facing East. Upper Grand Roman Temple (2) The Big Roman Temple (1) The Big Roman Temple Map of Niha Scale 1/500 Approximate Elevation Reconstruction and Plan Legend The Romans excavated Greek - Roman Period 333 B.C.
    [Show full text]