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Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia Associated with Chlamydial Infection

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Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia Associated with Chlamydial Infection Eur Respir J, 1996, 9, 1320–1322 Copyright ERS Journals Ltd 1996 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.96.09061320 European Respiratory Journal Printed in UK - all rights reserved ISSN 0903 - 1936 CASE STUDY Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with chlamydial infection J-L. Diehl, M. Gisselbrecht, G. Meyer, D. Israel-Biet, H. Sors Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with chlamydial infection. Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation, J-L. Diehl, M. Gisselbrecht, G. Meyer, D. Israel-Biet, H. Sors. ERS Journals Ltd 1996. Hôpital Laënnec, Paris, France. ABSTRACT: A 70 year old man presented with symptoms and laboratory find- Correspondence: J-L. Diehl, Service de ings suggestive of chlamydial pneumonia. Pneumologie et Réanimation, Hôpital Despite adequate antibiotic therapy, his condition did not improve and trans- Laënnec, 42 rue de Sèvres, 75007 Paris, bronchial biopsies disclosed a typical feature of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing France pneumonia (BOOP). After initiation of corticosteroid therapy, there were marked Keywords: Bronchiolitis obliterans orga- clinical and radiographic improvements. nizing pneumonia, chlamydial infection This report demonstrates that chlamydial infection may be associated with BOOP. Received: July 31 1995 Eur Respir J., 1996, 9, 1320–1322. Accepted after revision January 10 1996 Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) The patient underwent a fibreoptic bronchoscopy that is a clinicopathological entity that occurs in response to revealed a diffuse bronchial inflammation. A protected a wide variety of pulmonary injuries. It is a nonspecific brush specimen obtained from the right lower lobe rem- response, which is histologically characterized by intra- ained sterile, as did the pleural fluid. The chlamydia group luminal fibrosis involving the small conducting airways, complement-fixation test was highly positive. The immuno- alveolar ducts and peribronchial alveolar space [1–3]. fluorescence test was positive for Chlamydia psittaci and Primary disease is either idiopathic or is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis. The microimmuno-fluorescence collagen vascular diseases, drugs and toxins, radiation test yielded very high titres for Chlamydia pneumoniae therapy or infections [4–6]. It has been described in a (table 1). Serological tests for influenza virus type A, number of pulmonary bacterial, viral, fungal and proto- influenza virus type B, parainfluenza virus 1 and 3, adeno- zoal infections. BOOP has been described in association viruses, Legionella and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were with atypical pneumonia as caused by legionella, Coxiella negative. Screening serological tests for human immuno- burnetti and viruses [7–11]. However, little mention can deficiency virus 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) were also be found in the literature of chlamydiae as an aetiological negative. Antinuclear antibodies were slightly positive factor of BOOP. We report a case of BOOP, which appeared (1/50), while anti-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) anti- to be secondary to a pulmonary chlamydial infection. bodies were negative. The initial antibiotic therapy consisted in pefloxacin and amoxycillin-clavulanate via intravenous route for 5 Case report days, and was changed to intravenous doxycycline for 21 days when serological results were obtained. Four days A 70 year old man was admitted to our institution with later, the patient remained febrile and his clinical condi- a 10 day history of fever, cough, severe sore throat and tion deteriorated. Erythromycin was added to doxy- increasing dyspnoea. A 7 day roxythromycin treatment cycline. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) had been unsuccessful. At the time of admission, his res- with high inspiratory oxygen fraction (FI,O2) was required. piratory rate was 36 breaths·min-1 and temperature 38.9˚C. Physical examination revealed sparse crackles over the right lung field. The white blood cell count was 7,800 Table 1. – Serological results for chlamydiae during hos- cells·mm-3 (7.8 cells×109·L-1), with 71% neutrophils, pitalization and after recovery (IgG titres) 26% lymphocytes and 3% monocytes. Chest radiography revealed infiltration of the right lung that was greater in Time from admission Day 0 Day 10 Day 22 Day 120 the lower lobe and a right minimal pleural effusion. A pansinusitis was diagnosed on radiographs. Room air Chlamydiae complement 1/160 1/160 1/160 <1/10 arterial blood gas data showed a pH of 7.45, an arterial fixation test C. psittac (IFT) 1/152 1/1024 1/512 1/64 oxygen tension (Pa,O2) of 6.3 kPa (47 mmHg) and an C. trachomatis (IFT) 1/512 1/1024 1/512 1/64 arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa,CO2) of 4.1 kPa (31 C. pneumoniae (MIFT) 1/2048 1/4096 1/2048 1/28 mmHg). Five months before admission, a resection of a prostatic adenoma had been performed and, at that time, IFT: indirect immunoflourescence test; MIF: microimmuno- the chest radiograph was normal. flourescence test; IgG: immunoglobulin G. BOOP ASSOCIATED WITH CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION 1321 Discussion We report the findings in a patient with increasing dys- pnoea and acute respiratory failure related to chlamydial pneumonitis on serological grounds, with progressive deterioration despite adequate antibiotic therapy. BOOP was documented by transbronchial lung biopsies and the subsequent course was satisfactory under corticother- apy. BOOP is currently considered as a nonspecific histopa- thological feature [1–3, 12]. It is either idiopathic or occurs in association with collagen vascular diseases, hyper- sensitivity pneumonitis, drugs, toxins, radiation therapy or infections. To our knowledge, there has been a sin- gle report of pulmonary chlamydial infection associated Fig. 1 – Chest computed tomography after the initial course of anti- with features of BOOP in a patient suffering from Wegener's biotic therapy, demonstrating an heterogeneous consolidation, pre- granulomatosis and with no concurrent pulmonary his- dominantly in the right upper and middle lobes. Areas of subpleural and peribronchovascular consolidations can also be observed. A right tological evidence of Wegener's granulomatosis activity [13]. pleural effusion is also apparent. The initial course of our patient was suggestive of atyp- ical pneumonia. The presence of severe sore throat and Bronchoalveolar lavage count revealed 313×103 cells·mL-1, sinusitis indicated C. pneumoniae rather than other chlamy- with 74% macrophages, 8% lymphocytes and 18% neu- dial species, Mycoplasma or Legionella [14]. C. pneu- trophils. No pathogen was identified. Transbronchial lung moniae was also very likely to be responsible because biopsies revealed inflammatory nonspecific alveolar lesions. of the lack of exposure to birds, the high prevalence of Chest computed tomography showed diffuse alveolar C. pneumoniae and the highest serological titres [14, 15]. infiltrates that were greater in the right upper and mid- Cross-reactions between species can explain the overall dle lobes and a bronchial wall thickening (fig. 1). A trend serological results [15, 16]. to honeycomb changes in the right upper lobe was also This observation illustrates that bronchiolitis obliter- noted. ans organizing pneumonia should be considered in cases During the following 2 weeks, the patient's clinical of unusual radiographic aspect or of chronic evolution condition improved slightly, but he remained dyspnoeic of chlamydial pneumonitis and, conversely, that appro- and febrile and the chest radiograph was unchanged. priate serological tests should be part of the aetiological Repeated transbronchial lung biopsies revealed a typical search in cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneu- feature of BOOP, with intraluminal fibrosis of the distal monia of unknown origin. airspaces (fig. 2). No pathogen was identified on direct examination and cultures. Therapy was completed with prednisone at 1mg·kg-1·day-1, leading to a progressive References clinical improvement. Ten days after the onset of cortico- therapy, arterial blood gas analysis showed a Pa,O2 of 8.9 1. Epler GR, Colby TV, McLoud TC, Carrington CB, kPa (67 mmHg), a Pa,CO2 of 4.9 kPa (37 mmHg), and a Gaensler EA. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneu- pH of 7.44 with full clinical and chest radiograph recov- monia. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 152–158. ery. One year after hospital discharge, prednisone had 2. Guerry-Force ML, Müller NL, Wright JL, et al. A com- been progressively reduced to 0.15 mg·kg-1·day-1. No res- parison of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneu- piratory symptom was observed and the chest radiograph monia, usual interstitial pneumonia and small airways remained normal. disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 705–712. 3. Cordier JF, Loire R, Brune J. Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest 1989; 96: 999–1004. 4. Crestani B, Kambouchner M, Soler P, et al. Migratory bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia after uni- lateral radiation therapy for breast carcinoma. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 318–321. 5. Bayle JY, Nesme P, Bejui-Thivolet F, Loire R, Guerin JC, Cordier JF. Migratory organizing pneumonitis primed by radiation therapy. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 322–326. 6. Valle JM, Alvarez D, Autuney J. BOOP secondary to amiodarone. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 470–471. 7. Nikki P, Meretoza O, Valtonen V, et al. Severe bron- chiolitis probably caused by varicella zoster virus. Crit Care Med 1982; 10: 344–346. 8. Jannigan DT, Marrie TJ. An inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung in Q fever pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 86–88. Fig. 2 – Light microscopic
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