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ISDN) the ISDN Lecture-3 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) The ISDN • The standards for ISDN was defined and developed by ITU-T in 1976. • Set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services. • The whole idea is to digitize the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone lines. • The goal is to form a WAN that provides universal end- to-end connectivity over digital media. Integrated Digital Network (IDN) • A combination of networks available for different purposes. • Access to these networks is by digital pipes • Digital pipes are time-multiplexed channels sharing very high speed paths. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) • ISDN incorporates all communication connections in a home or building into a single interface. • With ISDN all customer services will become digital rather than analog. Principles of ISDN 1. Support of voice and non-voice applications using a limited set of standardized facilities – Defines the purpose of ISDN and the means of achieving it 2. Support for switched and non-switched applications – Both circuit-switched and packet-switched connections – Support non-switched services in the form of dedicated lines 3. Reliance on 64-kbps connections – Fundamental block of ISDN – 64 kbps were chosen because it was the standard rate for digitized voice 5 Principles of ISDN 4. Intelligence in the network – Sophisticated serviced beyond simple setup a circuit-switched call – Sophisticated network management and maintenance capabilities – Use of SS7 (signaling system 7) and intelligent switching nodes in the network – SS7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols which are used to set up the vast majority of the world's PSTN telephone calls. 5. Layered protocol architecture – User access to ISDN protocol is a layered architecture that can be mapped to OSI model – Standards can be developed independently for various layers and functions 6. Variety of configurations – More than one physical configuration is possible for implementing ISDN 6 The ISDN Network 7 The User Interface •User has access to ISDN via a local interface to a digital “pipe” of certain bit rate. • Pipes of various sizes are available to satisfy different needs • Pipe to the user’s premises has a fixed capacity but the traffic on the pipe may be a variable mix up to the capacity limit. • ISDN requires control signals to instruct how to sort out the time-multiplexed data and provide the required services • Control signals are multiplexed onto the same digital pipe • At any time, the User may employ less than the maximum capacityof thepipe and will bechdharged according to the capacity used rather than “connect time”. Benefits • The principle benefits of ISDN to the customer can be expressed in terms of cost savings and flexibility • Carries a variety of user traffic, such as digital video, data, and telephone network services, using the normal phone circuit- switched network • Integrated voice and data means that the user does not have to buy multip leservices tomeet multip le needs. – Access charges to a single line only – Purchasing services based on actual needs – Product diversity, low price, and wide availability of equipment • Offers much faster call setup than modems by using out-of- band signaling (D channel) • Provides a faster data transfer rate than modems by using the 64-kbps bearer channel (B channel) 9 ISDN Architecture NETE0510: Communication Media and Data 10 Communications ISDN Architecture • The ISDN will su pport a completely new phy sical connector for users, a digital subscriber line and a variety of transmission services. • Physical interface provides a standardized means of attaching to the network that is usable for telephone, computer and videotext terminal. • The interface supports a basic service consisting of three time- multiplexed channels, two at 64 kbps and one at 16 kbps in addition with a ppyrimary service that provide multiple 64-kbps channels. • An interface is defined between the customer’s terminal equipment (TE) and a device on the customer’ s premises, known as a network termination (NT). • The subscriber loop is the physical path from the subscriber’s NT to the ISDN central office that must support full-duplex digital transmission for both basic and primary data rates ISDN Architecture • The ISDN central office is connected to nmerosnumerous su bscriber lines to the digital network that provide various services: • Circuit Switched capabilities- operating at 64kbps and provide the same services like other digital switched telecommunication network. • Non-switched capabilities- one such facility offers a 64kbps dedicated link; but at a higher rate provided by broadband ISDN. • Switched capabilities- high speed(>64kbps) switched connection provide ATM services as part of broadband ISDN. • Packet-switched capabilities- Provides packet switched services. • Frame mode capabilities- a service that support frame relay. • Common channel signaling capabilities- SS7 is used to control the network and provide call management. ISDN Channel Types • ISDN uses bearer or B chlhannels for transm itting dtdata, and a signaling or D (delta) channel for transmitting signaling and control information. • There is also an H channel that is used for transmitting user data at higher transmission rates than the B channel. B chlhannel: • A 64-kbps clear channel used to transmit computer data (text and graphics), digitized voice, and digitized video. • B channel transmissions are either circuit- or packet switched. • Data also can be exchanged via frame relay or through a dedicated leased line arrangement. ISDN Channel Types D chlhannel: • The D channel is either a 16-kbps or 64-kbps channel depending on the specific service level provided. • It is used to carry signal and control information for circuit switched user data. • The D channel transmits information related to call setup and termination between an ISDN device and the Telco's central office for each B channel. • The D channel also can be used to transmit packet-switched user data (provided that no signal or control information is needd)ded), dtdata from securityalarm silignalsof remote sensing devices that detect fire or intruders, and low speed information acquired from telemetry services, such as meter reading. ISDN Channel Types H channel: • The H chlhannel isused for tittitransmitting user data (not signal or control information) at Channel Data higher transmission rates than the B channel Rates provides. (Kbps) • Four H channels are defined: H0, H10, H11, and H12. Bearer (B) 64 • H0 comprises six B chlhannel, for a ttltotal capacity of 384 kbps. Data (D) 16, 64 • The H10 channel is US specific and aggregates 23 B channels for a total capacity of 1.472 Mbps. Hybrid (H) 384 (H0), 1472(H10), • The H11 channel is the equivalent of the North 1536(H11), American DS-1 and consists of 24 B channels 1920(H12) for an aggregate bandwidth of 1.536 Mbps. • The H12 channel, which is European specific, comprises 30 B channels and has an aggregate bandwidth of 1.920 Mbps. Types of Digital Subscriber Loops • Basic Rate Interface (BRI) • Primary Rate Interface (PRI) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) • The ISDN basic rate interface is a 192-kbps channel that consists of two 64-kbps B channels, one 16-kbps D channel, and 48 bits of overhead used for framing and other functions . • BRI provides a full duplex data rate of 128 kbps. • If call or signal information is not being carried by the D channel (e.g., transmitting data via packet-switching), then the rate increases to 144 kbps if the D channel is carrying data. • BRI is appropriate for the home or small office, Primary Rate Interface (PRI) • The PRI has two standard configurations-the first is based on the North American DS1 (1.544-Mbps) format, and the second is based on the European E1 (2.048-Mbps) format. • PRI service is essentially the same as BRI except PRI has 23 (or 30) B channels instead of 2, and PRI's D channel operates at 64 kbps instead of 16 kbps. • In Europe, the PRI ildincludes 30 B chlhannelsand 2 D chlhannels to provide the capacity of 2.048 Mbps( E-1 line). • PRI is more appropriate for organizations that have to provide telecommunication services to a large number of sites. Other channel combinations: – 3H0 + D – 4H0 + D – H12 + D ISDN Components • Terminal Adapter (TA) - Converter device that converts standard electrical signals into the form used by ISDN - allows non-ISDN devices to operate on an ISDN network. • Terminal Equipment Type 1 (TE1) - Compatible with the ISDN network. Example: Telephones, personal computers, fax machine or videocon ferenc ing machine. • Terminal Equipment Type 2 (TE2) - Not compatible with the ISDN network. Example: Analog phone or modem, requires a TA (TE2 connects to TA). • NetworkTerminationType1&2(NT1andNT2)-Asmall connection box that physically connects the customer site to the Telco local loop, provides a four-wire connection to the customer site and a two-wire connection to the network. ISDN Components Network Termination Type1(NT1)- • Controls the physical & electrical termination of the ISDN at the user’s premises. • CtConnects theuser’s itinterna lsystem to the digit a l subibbscriber loop • Organizes the data stream s from a connected subscriber into frames that can be sent over the digital pipe • Translates the frames received from the network into a format usable by the subscriber’s devices. Network Termination Type 2 (NT2)- • Performs functions at the physical (multiplexing), data link (flow contl)trol),netktwork layers (ktii)(packetizing) of the OSI modldel • Provides intermediate signal processing between the data- gggenerating devices and an NT1 • Used primarily to interface between a multiuser system and an NT1 in a PRI. ISDN Components and Reference Points ISDN Reference Points • U-Describes full-duplex data signal on the subscriber line. -Two wire cable that connects the customer’s equipment to the telecommunications provider • R-Point between non-ISDN equipment (TE2) and the TA.
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