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Identifying Conflict Between Winter Recreational Trail Users in Middlesex Fells Reservation" (2011)

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Identifying Conflict Between Winter Recreational Trail Users in Middlesex Fells Reservation University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2011 Identifying conflict between winter ecrr eational trail users in Middlesex Fells Reservation Kimberly A. Russell University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Russell, Kimberly A., "Identifying conflict between winter recreational trail users in Middlesex Fells Reservation" (2011). Master's Theses and Capstones. 640. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/640 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMT IDENTIFYING CONFLICT BETWEEN WINTER RECREATIONAL TRAIL USERS IN MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION BY KIMBERLY A. RUSSELL Bachelor of Science, University of Massachusetts, 2009 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science In Recreation Management and Policy May, 2011 UMI Number: 1498969 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI 1498969 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 This thesis has been examined and approved. '? /£?( /<k^ ~c?—"—7^ Thesis Director, Dr. Charles Boyd Hegarty Assistant Professor of Recreation Management and Policy jr. Janet Sable, Department Chair, Professor of Recreation Management and Policy ^?- Dr. Christopher Harrist Assistant Professor of Recreation Management and Policy /y^7 / (*> Z* I( Date Copyright © 2011 Kimberly Russell All rights reserved DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my hard-working and supportive mother, and to my father who taught me that when life hands you cherries, you make cherry pie. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to thank my Thesis Director and Advisor Dr. Charles Boyd Hegarty for his help throughout my graduate career, and Sean Mclaughlin for his help developing my research protocol and thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Janet Sable and Dr. Christopher Harrist for dedicating their time to be on my thesis committee. I would also like to thank Paul Jahnige, Director of Greenways and Trails in the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, for allowing me to conduct this study at Middlesex Fells Reservation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI ABSTRACT XII CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION 13 I. RECREATION CONFLICT IN MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION 15 Middlesex Fells Reservation 15 Middlesex Fells within the Greater Boston Area 16 Management of Middlesex Fells Reservation 17 Overview of Recreation Conflict 20 Recreation Conflict in Middlesex Fells Reservation 21 Gaps in Middlesex Fells Recreation Conflict Data 23 Study Significance 24 Statement of Purpose 26 Research Questions 26 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 27 Theoretical Conflict Models 27 Goal Interference Conflict 27 VI Factors Affecting Conflict 28 Social Values and Perceived Conflict 33 Interpersonal and Social Values Conflict 33 Winter Recreation Conflict 36 Alpine and Cross-Country Skiers 37 Snowshoers, Hikers, Nature Walkers, and Mountain Bikers 39 Runners 41 Dog Owners 42 Multiple-Use Trails Conflict 44 Benefits of Urban Parks 45 Recreation Satisfaction & Benefits-Based Management 47 The Urban Park Conflict Dilemma 51 Public Involvement in Urban Park Management 53 Predicting Management Decision Conflict 54 III. METHOD 56 Research Design 56 Hypotheses 58 Variables 58 Sample area 58 Sample Population 59 Instrument 61 Data Collection 61 Data Analysis 63 IV. RESULTS 66 vii Respondent Profiles 66 Observed Frequency of Behavior Events 70 Perceived Problem with Behavior Events 74 Interpersonal or Social Values Conflict 77 V. DISCUSSION 87 Respondent Profiles 88 Conflict Analysis 89 Dog Owners 89 Cross-Country Skiers 91 Findings of No Conflict 93 Both Interpersonal and Social Values Conflict 94 Management Implications for Middlesex Fells Reservation 95 Dog Owners 95 Cross-Country Skiers 96 Urban Park Management 98 Limitations 98 Survey Design Constraints 98 Limitations of Study Findings 100 Future Research 102 Theoretical Implications 104 Conclusion 105 LIST OF REFERENCES 108 APPENDICES 120 APPENDIX A DEFINITION OF TERMS 121 VIM APPENDIX B ORTHOIMAGERY OF MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION 125 APPENDIX C SATELITTE IMAGERY OF MIDDLSEX FELLS RESERVATION 126 APPENDIX D MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION TRAIL MAP 127 APPENDIX E IRB APPROVAL LETTER 128 APPENDIX F PASSIVE CONSENT LETTER 129 APPENDIX G SURVEY INSTRUMENT 130 APPENDIX H AGGREGATED SURVEY COMMENTS BY DOMINANT THEME 135 IX LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS IN MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION 60 TABLE 2: SAMPLING FREQUENCIES BY LOCATION, DAY, TIME, WEATHER, AND TRAIL CONDITION 62 TABLE 3: CHARACTERISTICS BY PRIOR CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS,SNOWSHOERS/HIKERS/ NATURE WALKERS, AND DOG OWNERS IN MIDDLESEX FELLS 68 TABLE 4: CHARACTERISTICS BY PRIOR CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS, SNOWSHOERS/HIKERS /NATURE WALKERS, AND DOG OWNERS IN MIDDLESEX FELLS 70 TABLE 5: OBSERVED FREQUENCY OF BEHAVIOR AT MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION 73 TABLE 6: PERCEIVED PROBLEM WITH BEHAVIOR AT MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION 76 TABLE 7: CONFLICT CLASSIFICATIONS WITH CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS' BEHAVIORS 78 TABLE 8: CONFLICT CLASSIFICATIONS WITH SNOWSHOERS/HIKERS/NATURE WALKERS' BEHAVIORS 80 TABLE 9: CONFLICT CLASSIFICATIONS WITH RUNNERS' BEHAVIORS 82 TABLE 10: CONFLICT CLASSIFICATIONS WITH DOG OWNERS'BEHAVIORS 84 TABLE 11: CONFLICT CLASSIFICATION RELATED TO MOUNTAIN BIKERS' BEHAVIORS 86 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: CONFLICT EVALUATION TABLE (VASKE ET AL., 2007) 65 XI ABSTRACT IDENTIFYING CONFLICT BETWEEN WINTER RECREATIONAL TRAIL USERS IN MIDDLESEX FELLS RESERVATION by KIMBERLY A. RUSSELL University of New Hampshire, May, 2011 This study investigates conflict between recreational trail users in Middlesex Fells Reservation during the winter season, specifically conflict between cross-country skiers, snowshoers/hikers/nature walkers and dog owners. Conflict in outdoor recreation can be theoretically classified as 1) interpersonal, where the physical presence of another individual or group directly interferes with one's goals, and 2) social values conflict, where groups do not share the same norms or social values, regardless of physical presence of other groups. Data were collected at five trail heads using a quantitative, on- site survey design. Data were analyzed from respondents in three major activity groups who had previously recreated in Middlesex Fells Reservation (N= 206). This study found that all three activity groups experienced interpersonal conflict with dog owners not keeping their dog on a leash and not cleaning up after their dog. Cross-country skiers experienced interpersonal or social values conflict with other activity groups disrupting physical trail conditions. The findings of this study supported management decisions proposed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, including allocating trail use for cross-country skiers, and increased enforcement of leash and dog-waste cleanup policies. XII INTRODUCTION Recreation conflict is one of many components in outdoor recreation that can decrease an individual's satisfaction. Conflict in outdoor recreation has generally been defined as "goal interference" attributed to direct contact with another's behavior (Jacob & Schreyer, 1980). The behavior of individuals or groups can lead to conflict if those behaviors are perceived to be a problem by other users; e.g. if they have a negative impact on their enjoyment or interfere with their goals for recreating. Recreation conflict can also result from differences between users' social values, ancillary to actual physical contact with another's behavior. Conflict can be attributed to both users within the same activity and users of different activities. Conflict is often asymmetric, where only one individual or group experiences conflict. Recreation conflict is a prevalent and persistent issue at Middlesex Fells Reservation, an undeveloped, urban park available to a variety of recreational trail users. Recreational trail users and stakeholder groups alike have reported the negative impact of conflict events on their enjoyment of their outdoor recreation experience. Commonly reported behavior that induces conflict includes displays of rudeness and disrespectful behavior. Other users that report conflict have been confronted by unleashed and aggressive dogs, and some have been run off trails by mountain bikers riding out of control or too fast. Conflict at Middlesex Fells can be identified by examining 1) reported observations of conflict events, such as displays of rudeness and, 2) reported perceptions of these conflict events, and 3) whether or not users have an inherent
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