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Assessing diversification patterns in an ancient tropical lake: Gomphocythere (Ostracoda) in Lake Tanganyika. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Park, Lisa Ellyn. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 07:10:10 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187316 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript pas been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. '!be quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete mannscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. A1so, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howellinformalion Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800:521-0600 ASSESSING DIVERSIFICATION PATTERNS IN AN ANCIENT TROPICAL LAKE: GOMPHOCYTHERE (OSTRACODA) IN LAKE TANGANYIKA by Lisa Ellyn Park A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1995 OMI Number: 9620378 UMI Microfonn 9620378 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microfonn edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared bY ____~T~,iws~a~E~1~1~y~n~P~a1r~k~ ___________________ entitled Assessing Diversification Patterns in an Ancient Tropical Take' Gomphocythere (Ostracoda) in T.a ke Tanganyika and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation Doctor of philosophy re:Zflccze of ? !/lj /1'5 And::.,ew Co~ ~ L-U ~.c.. Karl Flessa Date ~ Owen Davis Date o~/qqo- Date S S"fll 11f5 ~~Wayn addison Date I • Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I have read this dissertation prepared under my that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation ,fiR 1'-1 (/,'is Andrew Cohen Da 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank and acknowledge the following people, without whom, this project would not have been possible. Dr. Andy Cohen (University of Arizona) served as my graduate advisor and provided guidance, input and his expertise in this project. Dr. Karel Wouters and Dr. Koen Martens of the Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor N atuurwetenschappen provided access to materials, technical support and lent their taxonomic expertise while I was working at the museum. Dr. Boudwin Goddeeries (also KBIN) allowed me generous use of his microscopes and taught me much about art during my visits to Belgium. Drs. Karl Flessa, Owen Davis and Wayne and David Maddison (University of Arizona), served as members of my dissertation committee, and were very helpful and understanding in this process. On a personal note, I wish to thank my parents, who have always supported me in whatever I do. Thanks especially to my father, Mr. Richard Park for printing my SEM photographs. I thank Dr. Allan Saaf, Heartland Community College for being such a kind and understanding boss, as well as Mrs. Patricia Bozarth, Mrs. Stephanie Johnson, Mrs. Janet Beach Davis and Dr. Edith Wallace, also of Heartland Community College, who provided clerical support. I would like to thank Ms. Kathleen Nicoll and Mr. and Mrs. John Downing for providing an intermittent place for me to stay and work while completing this project. Ms. Lois Roe and Mr. Kevin Moodie provided critical logistical support in Tucson in the final days of preparing this manuscript. And finally, I wish to thank Dr. Kevin Downing (DePaul University) for his unending support, insight, love and friendship. This project was supported by student research grants from the following: The Sulzer Fund, Geological Society of America, University of Arizona Student Research Fund, Chevron, and the University of Arizona Analysis of Biological Diversification Research and Training Grant. 5 This dissertation is dedicated with love to my sister Cynthia, who left us too early, but gave us so much. Your spirit remains with me always. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................ 9 II. LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................... 11 III. ABSTRACT ........................... ....... ..... ............. .................... ............. 12 IV. CHAPTER 1: PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF GOMPHOCYTHERE(CRUSTACEA:OSTRACODA) IN LAKE TANGANYIKA, EAST AFRICA .................................... 14 Introduction ............................................................................... 14 Biological Diversification in Lake Tanganyika .................. 14 Major Groups of Ostracods............... .............. ......... ............ 15 History and Definition of Gomphocythere ............. ......... .... 15 Taxonomic Issues with Gomphocythere .............................. 16 Global Distribution and Evolutionary Significance of Gomphocythere ...... ............................................. .............. 19 Purpose of Study... ...... ...... .... ...... ..... ......... ................................ 20 General Method ......................................................................... 21 Philosophy of Cladistic Analysis ......................................... 21 Materials and Methods ............................................................. 22 Taxa and Characters ........................................................... 22 Collection of Specimens .................................................. 22 Dissections ...................................................................... 25 Outgroup Selection ......................................................... 25 Species Delimitation...................................................... 26 Characters and Character States .................................. 27 Character Definitions..................................................... 30 Hard Parts ............................................................................ 30 Hingement .. ........... ............ ............................................. 30 Muscle Scar Patterns ..................................................... 31 Brood Pouch and Alar Prolongations............................ 36 Sieve Pore Canals ........................................................... 36 Surface Ornamentation .................................................. 37 Nodes, Alae and Longitudinal Ridges ........................... 38 Soft Parts .............................................................................. 38 A1-First Antennae .......................................................... 39 A2-Second Antennae or Antennule ............................... 39 Md-Mandibles ................................................................. 39 Mx-Maxilla ....................................... ....... ........................ 42 P1-First Thoracic Legs ................................................... 42 P2-Second Thoracic Legs ............................................... 43 P3-Third Thoracic Legs .................................................. 43 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Continued Hemipenes ...................................................................... 44 Cladistic Analysis ...............................................................

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