DOCSLIB.ORG

A New Approach to Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A New Approach to Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia ESAPP Sustainable Land Management – A New Approach to Soil and Water | downloaded: 8.5.2016 Conservation in Ethiopia Mitiku Haile Karl Herweg Brigitta Stillhardt Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection Department Mekelle University, Ethiopia, and Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South University of Bern, Switzerland 2006 https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.19217 source: ESAPP Sustainable Land Management – A New Approach to Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia Sustainable Land Management – A New Approach to Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia Mitiku Haile Karl Herweg Brigitta Stillhardt Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection Department Mekelle University, Ethiopia, and Swiss Centre for Development and Environment, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South University of Bern, Switzerland 2006 Citation: Mitiku, H., Herweg, K., Stillhardt, B., 2006 Sustainable Land Management – A New Approach to Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia. Mekelle, Ethiopia: Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection Department, Mekelle University; Bern, Switzerland: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South. 269 pp. This publication was prepared with support from: Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme (ESAPP) and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South, funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection Department, Mekelle University, Ethiopia Copyright: Mekelle University P.O.Box 231 Mekelle, Ethiopia Tel: +251 (0)4 409 228 Fax: +251 (0)4 409 304 Mail: [email protected] Layout: Simone Kummer Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) University of Bern Cover Photos: Frontcover: Karl Herweg Backcover: Martin Moll Graphics, Tables and Photos: Karl Herweg and Brigitta Stillhardt Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) University of Bern Copies of this report can be obtained from: Mekelle University P.O.Box 231 Mekelle, Ethiopia Tel: +251 (0)4 409 228 Fax: +251 (0)4 409 304 Mail: [email protected] ISBN 3-906151-92-1 Contents Foreword 13 1 Approaches and Concepts 15 1.1 Introduction 15 1.2 Elements of the new approach 16 1.3 Land degradation problems and causes 19 1.4 Approaches in soil and water conservation extension 24 1.4.1 Approaches in the development of soil and water conservation technologies 26 1.4.2 Approaches to evaluation methodologies in soil and water conservation 26 1.4.3 Approaches in soil and water conservation training and research 26 2 Soil Degradation with a Focus on Soil Erosion 31 2.1 Soil functions 31 2.2 Global aspects of soil degradation 32 2.3 Types of soil degradation – a brief brush-up 36 2.4 Soil erosion by water – a specific form of soil degradation 39 2.4.1 Soil erosion processes and features 40 2.4.2 Direct factors of influence on soil erosion 45 2.5 Questions and issues for debate 50 3 Soil Erosion Monitoring Methodology 51 3.1 Concept and methodology of the Soil Conservation Research Program of Ethiopia 51 3.1.1 Altitudinal zonation and agroecological belts 52 3.1.2 Traditional classification of altitudinal belts 53 3.1.3 Agroecology and agroclimatology 54 3.2 SCRP research methodology 55 3.3 Levels of soil erosion measurement – an example 58 3.4 Management concept and interpretation of SCRP data 60 3.5 Questions and issues for debate 64 5 4 Average Soil Erosion Patterns under Different Agro-Climatic Conditions 65 4.1 Temporal resolution I: mean annual data 67 4.1.1 General interpretation 67 4.1.2 Site-specific interpretation 70 4.2 Temporal resolution II: mean monthly data 74 4.3 Spatial differentiation I: the influence of plot length and steepness on erosion 76 4.4 Questions and issues for debate 78 5 Extreme Soil Erosion Patterns 79 5.1 Temporal resolution III: the irregularity of rainstorm periods 79 5.2 Spatial differentiation II: hot spots of erosion 81 5.2.1 Assessment of current erosion damage (ACED) 83 5.2.2 ACED case studies in selected research sites 88 5.2.3 Linking ACED with test plot measurements 93 5.3 Questions and issues for debate 96 6 Classification of SWC 97 6.1 SWC – scattered knowledge 97 6.1.1 Efficient management of existing knowledge 97 6.1.2 WOCAT – making local experience available at the global level 97 6.2 The WOCAT classification of SWC technologies 98 6.3 SWC – principles of functioning 102 6.4 Questions and issues for debate 106 7 Development of SWC Technologies 107 7.1 Indigenous Ethiopian SWC measures 107 7.2 Proper planning of SWC 108 7.3 Structural (mechanical) soil and water conservation 110 7.4 Agronomic and vegetative SWC measures 125 7.5 Land use changes 130 7.6 SWC on non-agricultural land 130 7.7 Wind erosion control measures 131 7.8 Salinity control measures 131 7.9 Questions and issues for debate 132 6 8 Assessment of Soil and Water Conservation 133 8.1 About assessment, criteria and personal perceptions 133 8.2 Example I: SWC measures under semi-arid conditions 134 8.3 Example II: on- and off-site effects of tied ridges 136 8.4 Example III: comprehensive assessment of selected soil and water conservation measures 137 8.4.1 Methodology 138 8.4.2 Results 140 8.4.3 The ecological dimension: soil loss and runoff 145 8.4.4 The socio-economic dimension: crop production, viability 147 and acceptability 8.4.5 The technical dimension: ill-design and malfunctioning 152 8.4.6 Conclusions 153 8.5 A tool to assess effects and impacts of SWC 157 8.6 Questions and issues for debate 161 9 Sustainable Land Management as a New Approach 163 9.1 Attempts to describe sustainability 163 9.1.1 Definitions of sustainability 163 9.1.2 Definitions of sustainable agricultural systems 163 9.2 Approaching sustainability through unsustainability 166 9.3 Sustainability dimensions 171 9.4 The need for a multi-level-multi-stakeholder approach 173 9.5 The role of science in SLM 174 9.6 Developing an actor-oriented perspective 175 9.6.1 Peasant-oriented perspective 176 9.6.2 Sustainable livelihoods approach 178 9.7 Questions and issues for debate 179 10 Indigenous Knowledge as an Entry Point to Participatory Technology Development 181 10.1 What is indigenous knowledge? – A definition by the World Bank 181 10.2. Indigenous soil and water conservation 184 10.3 Case studies 191 10.3.1 Konso 191 10.3.2 Irob: dams to trap silt and water 192 10.4 Ethnoecology and ethnopedology 193 10.4.1 The physical dimension of ethnopedology 195 10.4.2 The perceptual dimension of ethnopedology 195 10.5 Questions and issues for debate 197 7 11 Participatory Technology Development 199 11.1 Historical development 199 11.2 Principles of PTD 203 11.3 Major clusters or phases of PTD activities 204 11.3.1 Favorable conditions for PTD 205 11.3.2 Challenges and limitations 206 11.4 From participatory to transdisciplinary research 207 11.5 Questions and issues for debate 207 12 Impact Monitoring and Assessment 209 12.1 Clarification of terminology 209 12.2 Six steps of impact monitoring and assessment 211 12.2.1 Involvement of stakeholders and information management 211 12.2.2 Problem analysis and identification of core issues 212 12.2.3 Formulation of impact hypotheses 213 12.2.4 Selection of impact indicators 218 12.2.5 Development and application of impact monitoring methods 226 12.2.6 Impact assessment 233 12.3 Questions and issues for debate 238 13 Decision Support System for Soil Erosion / Soil and Water Conservation 239 13.1 Overview 240 13.2 Detailed consideration of soil erosion and SWC 243 13.2.1 Climatic considerations in SWC 243 13.2.2 Critical locations 244 13.2.3 Timing of SWC 246 13.2.4 The role of vegetative-agronomic SWC 246 13.2.5 Impacts of selected structural SWC measures 247 13.2.6 Spacing of SWC measures 247 13.2.7 Planning of SWC interventions 247 13.2.8 Impact assessment of SWC 248 13.3 Questions and issues for debate 248 References 249 Annex 1: Brief Description of the Research Sites in Ethiopia 271 Annex 2: Impact Monitoring and Assessment 295 8 Photos Photo 2.1: Soil color as an indicator of erosion 43 Photo 2.2: Soil surface levels 44 Photo 2.3: Gully erosion 44 Photo 2.4: Badlands 45 Photo 5.1: Runon, rill erosion and accumulation 85 Photo 5.2: Footpath and soil erosion 86 Photo 5.3: Roadside gully 86 Photo 7.1: Integrated soil and water conservation structures 113 Photo 7.2: Two examples of stone terraces in a semi-arid environment 115 Photo 7.3: Silted up tied ridges after water is infiltrated. 119 Photo 7.4: Water harvesting in a micro catchment in Niger 120 Photo 8.1: An example of failure of SWC structures in Kembata, Ethiopia 152 Photo 8.2: Ill-designed SWC scheme – lack of skills and experience 153 Photo 10.1: Selective removal of SWC structures 186 Photo 10.2: Photo-monitoring: slope treated with SWC measures 187 Photo 10.3: Photo-monitoring: modified SWC measures 187 9 Figures Figure 2.1: Soil functions 31 Figure 2.2: Global degradation of crop and pasture lands 33 Figure 2.3: Major processes and causes of human induced soil degradation 34 Figure 2.4: On-site and off-site effects of soil erosion 35 Figure 2.5: Natural erosion and accelerated soil erosion 40 Figure 2.6: Erosivity and erodibility.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Districts of Ethiopia
    Region District or Woredas Zone Remarks Afar Region Argobba Special Woreda -- Independent district/woredas Afar Region Afambo Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Asayita Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Chifra Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Dubti Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Elidar Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Kori Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Mille Zone 1 (Awsi Rasu) Afar Region Abala Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Afdera Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Berhale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Dallol Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Erebti Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Koneba Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Megale Zone 2 (Kilbet Rasu) Afar Region Amibara Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Awash Fentale Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Bure Mudaytu Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Dulecha Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Gewane Zone 3 (Gabi Rasu) Afar Region Aura Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Ewa Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Gulina Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Teru Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Yalo Zone 4 (Fantena Rasu) Afar Region Dalifage (formerly known as Artuma) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Dewe Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Hadele Ele (formerly known as Fursi) Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Simurobi Gele'alo Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Afar Region Telalak Zone 5 (Hari Rasu) Amhara Region Achefer -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Angolalla Terana Asagirt -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Artuma Fursina Jile -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Banja -- Defunct district/woredas Amhara Region Belessa --
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia Ma - Mezzo © Bernhard Lindahl (2008)
    Local History of Ethiopia Ma - Mezzo © Bernhard Lindahl (2008) ma, maa (O) why? HES37 Ma 1258'/3813' 2093 m, near Deresge 12/38 [Gz] HES37 Ma Abo (church) 1259'/3812' 2549 m 12/38 [Gz] JEH61 Maabai (plain) 12/40 [WO] HEM61 Maaga (Maago), see Mahago HEU35 Maago 2354 m 12/39 [LM WO] HEU71 Maajeraro (Ma'ajeraro) 1320'/3931' 2345 m, 13/39 [Gz] south of Mekele -- Maale language, an Omotic language spoken in the Bako-Gazer district -- Maale people, living at some distance to the north-west of the Konso HCC.. Maale (area), east of Jinka 05/36 [x] ?? Maana, east of Ankar in the north-west 12/37? [n] JEJ40 Maandita (area) 12/41 [WO] HFF31 Maaquddi, see Meakudi maar (T) honey HFC45 Maar (Amba Maar) 1401'/3706' 1151 m 14/37 [Gz] HEU62 Maara 1314'/3935' 1940 m 13/39 [Gu Gz] JEJ42 Maaru (area) 12/41 [WO] maass..: masara (O) castle, temple JEJ52 Maassarra (area) 12/41 [WO] Ma.., see also Me.. -- Mabaan (Burun), name of a small ethnic group, numbering 3,026 at one census, but about 23 only according to the 1994 census maber (Gurage) monthly Christian gathering where there is an orthodox church HET52 Maber 1312'/3838' 1996 m 13/38 [WO Gz] mabera: mabara (O) religious organization of a group of men or women JEC50 Mabera (area), cf Mebera 11/41 [WO] mabil: mebil (mäbil) (A) food, eatables -- Mabil, Mavil, name of a Mecha Oromo tribe HDR42 Mabil, see Koli, cf Mebel JEP96 Mabra 1330'/4116' 126 m, 13/41 [WO Gz] near the border of Eritrea, cf Mebera HEU91 Macalle, see Mekele JDK54 Macanis, see Makanissa HDM12 Macaniso, see Makaniso HES69 Macanna, see Makanna, and also Mekane Birhan HFF64 Macargot, see Makargot JER02 Macarra, see Makarra HES50 Macatat, see Makatat HDH78 Maccanissa, see Makanisa HDE04 Macchi, se Meki HFF02 Macden, see May Mekden (with sub-post office) macha (O) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Abbysinia/Ethiopia: State Formation and National State-Building Project
    Abbysinia/Ethiopia: State Formation and National State-Building Project Comparative Approach Daniel Gemtessa Oct, 2014 Department of Political Sience University of Oslo TABLE OF CONTENTS No.s Pages Part I 1 1 Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Presentation – Ethiopia 1 1.2 Concept Clarification 3 1.2.1 Ethiopia 3 1.2.2 Abyssinia Functional Differentiation 4 1.2.3 Religion 6 1.2.4 Language 6 1.2.5 Economic Foundation 6 1.2.6 Law and Culture 7 1.2.7 End of Zemanamesafint (Era of the Princes) 8 1.2.8 Oromos, Functional Differentiation 9 1.2.9 Religion and Culture 10 1.2.10 Law 10 1.2.11 Economy 10 1.3 Method and Evaluation of Data Materials 11 1.4 Evaluation of Data Materials 13 1.4.1 Observation 13 1.4.2 Copyright Provision 13 1.4.3 Interpretation 14 1.4.4 Usability, Usefulness, Fitness 14 1.4.5 The Layout of This Work 14 Chapter II Theoretical Background 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 A Short Presentation of Rokkan’s Model as a Point of Departure for 17 the Overall Problem Presentation 2.3 Theoretical Analysis in Four Chapters 18 2.3.1 Territorial Control 18 2.3.2 Cultural Standardization 18 2.3.3 Political Participation 19 2.3.4 Redistribution 19 2.3.5 Summary of the Theory 19 Part II State Formation 20 Chapter III 3 Phase I: Penetration or State Formation Process 20 3.0.1 First: A Short Definition of Nation 20 3.0.2 Abyssinian/Ethiopian State Formation Process/Territorial Control? 21 3.1 Menelik (1889 – 1913) Emperor 21 3.1.1 Introduction 21 3.1.2 The Colonization of Oromo People 21 3.2 Empire State Under Haile Selassie, 1916 – 1974 37
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Blood Revenge Practices and Communities Perception: the Case of Tedbabemariam Community in Saint Wereda of South Wollo Zone
    EXPLORING BLOOD REVENGE PRACTICES AND COMMUNITIES PERCEPTION: THE CASE OF TEDBABEMARIAM COMMUNITY IN SAINT WEREDA OF SOUTH WOLLO ZONE BY: MEKIDES WONDUANTE ADVISOR: ABEJE BIRHANU (P.H.D) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA JUNE , 2019 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Mekides Wonduante, entitled: Blood revenge practice and communities perception: in the case of Tedbabemariam community in Saint wereda of south Wollo zone and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee: Advisor __________________ Signature _______________ Date _______________ Examiner ___________________ Signature _______________Date ______________ Examiner ___________________ Signature _______________Date _______________ i Abstract This study was intended to explore blood revenge practice and communities perception, to examine the cause, consequence, intervention mechanism, societies view and reasons for the continuation of blood revenge practice. To this end, relevant literature has been reviewed to shade light on the issue under study. This study employs a qualitative research approach, particularly key informant interview, in-depth interview, focus group discussion and case studies were used as tools for data collection in order to obtain the data needed for the study. Samples of 28 people are selected using a purposive sampling technique based up on their knowledge and experience on the issue under study.
    [Show full text]
  • Spices, Condiments and Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia, Their Taxonomy and Agricultural Significance
    V V Spices,condiment s and medicinal plants inEthiopia , theirtaxonom y andagricultura l significance P.C.M .Janse n NN08201,849 34° 36c 3 TOWNS AND VILLAGES —I DEBRE BIRHAN 66 MAJI DEBRE SINA 57 8UTAJIRA ANKOBER KARA KORE 58 HOSAINA DEJEN KOMBOLCHA 59 DEBRE ZEIT (BISHUFTU) GORE BATI 60 MOJO YAMBA 6 TENDAHO 61 MAKI TEPI 7 SERDO 62 ADAMI TULU ASSENDABO 8 ASSAB 63 SHASHAMANE KOLITO 9 WOLDYA 64 SODDO DEDER 10 KOBO 65 BULKI GEWANI 11 ALAMATA 66 BAKO 12 LALIBELA 67 GIDOLE 13 SOKOTA 66 GIARSO 14 MAICHEW 69 YABELO 15 ENDA MEDHANE ALEM 70 BURJI 16 ABIYADI 71 AGERE MARIAM 17 AXUM 72 FISHA GENET 18 ADUA 73 YIRGA CHAFFE 19 ADIGRAT 74 DILA 20 SENAFE 75 WONDO 21 ADI KAYEH 76 YIRGA ALEM 22 ADI UGRI 77 AGERE SELAM 23 DEKEMHARE 7B KEBRE MENGIST (ADOLA) 24 MAS SAWA 79 NEGELLI 25 KEREN 60 MEGA 26 AGORDAT 81 MOYALE 27 BARENTU 62 DOLO 28 TESENEY 83 EL KERE 29 OM HAJER 84 GINIR 30 DEBAREK 85 ADABA 31 METEMA 86 DODOLA 32 GORGORA 87 BEKOJI 33 ADDIS ZEMEN 88 TICHO 34 DEBRE TABOR 89 NAZRET (ADAMA) 36 BAHAR DAR 90 METAHARA 36 DANGLA 91 AWASH 37 INJIBARA 92 MIESO 36 GUBA 93 ASBE TEFERI 39 BURE 94 BEDESSA 40 DEMBECHA 95 GELEMSO 41 FICHE 96 HIRNA 42 AGERE HIWET (AMBO) 97 KOBBO 43 BAKO (SHOA) 98 DIRE OAWA 44 GIMBI 99 ALEMAYA 45 MENDI 100 FIK 46 ASOSA 101 IMI 47 DEMBI DOLO 102 JIJIGA 48 GAMBELA 103 DEGEH BUR 49 BEDELLE 104 AWARE 50 DEMBI 105 WERDER 51 GHION(WOLUSO) 106 GELADI 52 WELKITE 107 SHILALO 53 AGARO 108 KEBRE DEHAR 54 BONGA 109 KELAFO 55 MI2AN TEFERI 110 FERFER LAKES A LAKE RUDOLF G LAKE ABAYITA B LAKE CHEW BAHIR H LAKE LANGANO C LAKE CHAMO (RUSPOLI) J LAKE ZIWAI D LAKE ABAYA K LAKE TANA (MARGHERITA) L LAKE ABBE E LAKE AWASA M LAKE ASALE F LAKE SHALA MOUNTAIN PEAKS a RAS DASHAN (4620 M) RAS BIRHAN (4154 M) b MTABUN A YOSEF (4194M) MT YERER (3051 M) C MT GUNA (4281 M) MT GURAGE (3719 M) d AM8AFARIT (3978 M) MT TOLA (4200 M) e MT AMEDAMIT (3619 M) j PEAK IN AMARRO MTS (3600 M) 0 GARA MULETTA (3364 M 40° 42° U° 46° 48° P.
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia Ama - Azzazzo © Bernhard Lindahl (2008)
    Local History of Ethiopia Ama - Azzazzo © Bernhard Lindahl (2008) ama, hamaa (O) honeybadger, Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon ?? Ama ../.. [x] former Capuchin mission station in the late 1800s HDM13 Ama 0911'/3939' 1627 m 09/39 [Gz] JDH46 Ama Yusefo 0928'/4118' 1587 m 09/41 [Gz] HDU52c Amad Washo (recorded in 1841) 10/39 [Ha] HEC38 Amadamit, see Amedamit Amado, a male personal name; amedu (amädu) (A) the ashes; amed washa, ash cave JEA77 Amado (area) site for fossils 11/40 [WO] JEC01 Amadu (Lo Ammadu, Amadoo) (plain) 10/41 [Gu WO Ha] HCJ80 Amaia (Ammaia), see Ameya HCS44 Amairaba 0739'/3754' 2460 m 07/37 [WO Gz] amaja: ameja, amija (A) kind of shrub or small tree, Hypericum revolutum, H. quartinianum JDJ12 Amaja (Amagia) (saddle), see under Grawa 09/41 [+ Gu] JDJ12 Amaja, cf Ameja, Amija ?? Amajah (historical), in eastern Shewa ../.. [Pa] HDU60 Amajo 1033'/3920' 2605 m 10/39 [Gz] -- Amam language, see [1] Bambassi, [2] Kwama amami (T) sweeping HFC47 Amamu (area) 14/37 [WO] aman (A,Arabic) peace, tranquility, pacified, safe (area); Aman, a male personal name HCG68 Aman (greater & lesser) 06/35 [WO Po] Aman (Greater Aman) 0657'/3532' 1277 m 06/35 [Gz] Aman (Lesser Aman), replaced by Mizan Teferi 06/35 HDM71 Aman, in the Wegda district 09/39 [n] HDT38 Aman 1015'/3914' 1942 m, 10/39 [Gz] between Liche and Tegulet HDL34 Amana Wesi 0923'/3848' 2693 m 09/38 [AA Gz] ?? Amandare (visiting postman under Jimma) ../.. [Po] GCT35 Amanha 07/33 [WO] HDL79 Amantie, see Amente amanu (O) believe, have faith; ager (A) land, region HEF33 Amanu Ager (Amanu Agher), see under Dessie 11/39 [+ Gu] HDS50 Amanuel (Ammanuel) 1027'/3734' 2438 m 10/37 [Ad Gz] (centre in 1964 of Machakel wereda) with sub-post office HDT05 Amanuel (Amaniel) (church) 10/38 [+ WO] HED44 Amanuel (Abala, Abahala) 1115'/3757' 2034 m 11/37 [Gz Gu WO] HEJ87 Amanuel (Emanuel) (church) 12/37 [+ WO] HDE56 Amanuel Iyesus (church) 0840'/3902' 08/39 [Gz] HFF32c Amanu'el Ma'agwä 13/39 [En] Monastery some 5 km outside the village of Negash, to the left of the road to Adigrat.
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia
    Local History of Ethiopia Mek - Mekwenta © Bernhard Lindahl (2005) mek (mäq) (A) deep pit HEA94 Mek (Mec) (village) 11/35 [+ Gu] meka (mäqa) (A) kind of reed, Arundo donax, can be used for cutting pens; meka (meeqa) (O) how much? maka (maqaa) (O) name HCH71 Meka 06°59'/35°50' 2049 m, near Shewa Gimira 06/35 [Gz] HEH99c Meka (Meca) (abandoned) 12/36 [+ Gu] HFD07 Mekabir Anbesa (Mek'abir A., Meqabir A.) 13/38 [Gz q] 13°39'/38°12' 1202 m, west of Sekota in Simen HC... Mekakalenye Demeke, in Dalocha wereda 07/38 [n] The school was started in 1983/84, with grade 6 added in 1988/89. In 1993/94 there were 248 boys and 27 girls, with 4 male teachers. [12th Int. Conf. of Ethiopian Studies 1994 p 141] HCE66 Mekale (Mecale), cf Mekele 05/39 [+ WO Gu] HED97 Mekalyes, see Mekane Iyesus HEM02 Mekamechit (Mecamecit) (pass) 2040 m 11/39 [+ Gu] mekan (mäkan) (Geez,A) 1. place; 2. (also mehan) (A) barren, sterile /woman or cattle/; mekan (mäqan) (A,T) lintel, door frame; mekane (T) place /for/, abode of; mekan (mäkan) (A), mekwan (mäkwan) (T) sterile; Mekan, Shuro, a small Nilotic tribe living along the Ethiopia-Sudan border, cf Me'en HEU13 Mekan (Mecan, Mecam, Makhan) 12/39 [+ Gu WO 18] see under Korbeta HEU13 Mekan (pass) 2512 m 12/39 The artist William Simpson from London was at Mekan on 7 May 1868 when accompanying Napier's headquarters on the way back from Mekdela. ?? Mekane Akiset (Makana A.) (historical) ../.. [x] In the district of Selesit which was perhaps in Agame? Sebagades (1818-1831) made a land charter to the convent of Mekane Akiset.
    [Show full text]
  • Land and the Challenge of Sustainable Development in Ethiopia
    Land and the Challenge of Sustainable Development in Ethiopia Conference Proceedings ■ v Land and the Challenge of Sustainable Development in Ethiopia Conference Proceedings Edited by Dessalegn Rahmato Taye Assefa Forum for Social Studies Addis Ababa © 2006 Forum for Social Studies and the authors All rights reserved. Printed in Addis Ababa Address: Forum for Social Studies Te l. (251-11) 157-2990/91 P.O.Box 25864 code 1000 Fax (251-11) 157-2979 Addis Ababa E-mail: [email protected] Ethiopia www.fssethiopia.org.et ISBN 999-44-50-08-5 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of FSS or its Management Board. Contents Preface Dessalegn Rahmato....................................................................... v Part I Access to Land and Agrarian Class Differentiation From Heterogeneity to Homogeneity: Agrarian Class Structure in Ethiopia since the 1950s Dessalegn Rahmato....................................................................... 3 Rural Women’s Access to Land in Ethiopia Yigremew Adal.............................................................................. 19 Part II Land Transaction Recent Experiences in Land Rental Markets in Ethiopia: Impact on Equity, Efficiency and Poverty Samuel Gebreselassie.................................................................... 43 Land Transaction and Market-Oriented Production: The Case of East Shewa Zone, Ethiopia Bezabih Emana............................................................................. 83 Part III
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia: Breaking New Ground
    Ethiopia Breaking New Ground Beginnings 3 A bird's eye view 4 A land of plenty 6 Menelik the Moderniser 10 Haile Selassie, King of Kings 11 The Derg years 13 The nationalities question 16 Building the Second Republic 21 A life of exile 25 Living off the land 28 The environment 32 Farming and herding 35 Can Ethiopia feed itself? 39 The world's second-poorest economy 42 Education: a way out of poverty? 45 Women's lives: the 15-hour day 47 'May God grant you health' 49 Surviving in the city 51 A land of righteousness 53 The re-invention of Ethiopia 58 Dates and events 60 Up-date: events in Ethiopia since 1995 61 Facts and figures 70 Further reading 71 Oxfam in Ethiopia 72 First published by Oxfam (UK and Ireland), 1995 (0 85598 270 5) Revised edition published by Oxfam GB, 2003 (0 85598 484 8) Ben Parker © Oxfam GB 1995, 2003 All rights reserved. A catalogue record for this with Abraham Woldegiorgis publication is available from the British Library. Published by Oxfam GB, 274 Banbury Road, Oxford 0X2 7DZ www.oxfam.org.uk/publications Printed by Information Press, Eynsham Oxfam GB is registered as a charity (no. 202918) and is a member of Oxfam International. This book converted to digital file in 2010 Map of Ethiopia, showing places featured in this book Dire Dawa / X Awbare Camp ' OX . Somaliland •Hargeisu a ,.•• Harar» • X Jijiga OHartisheikCamps Kafa Wollavra Beginnings The cradle of humanity We all come from Ethiopia. Four million years ago, this land was the home of the ancestors of homo sapiens.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopian-Eritrean Studies: a Bibliography on Society and History, 2010-2015
    J. Abbink Ethiopian-Eritrean Studies: a Bibliography on Society and History, 2010-2015 Leiden: African Studies Centre 2016 i African Studies Centre Leiden University P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands Tel. 0031-71-527.3372 [email protected] www.ascleiden.nl ISBN: 978-90-5448-151-5 On the cover: Presbiteri Iohannis, Sive, Abissinorum Imperii Descriptio, map of Ethiopia by A. Ortelius, 1573- 75. First printed in: Aegidius Raedus (Gillis van den Rade), ed. (1575), Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Antwerp: Gilles Coppens van Diest (Latin edition). ii Table of contents Introduction 1 Subject headings 1. Bibliographies 5 2. History and Development of Eritreo-Ethiopian Studies 5 3. Manuscripts, Documents, Sources, Library and Information Studies 11 4. Memoirs and Biographies of Ethiopians and Eritreans 18 5. Travellers, Foreigners, and Tourists 20 6. History 24 6.1 General 24 6.2 Palaeonthology, prehistory and ancient history 34 6.3 Medieval, to 1855 44 6.4 From 1855 to 1935 49 6.5 Italo-Ethiopian war and occupation, 1935-1941 54 6.6 British Eritrea, 1941-1952 58 6.7 The Empire, 1941-1974 59 6.8 The Dergue period, 1974-1991 60 6.9 The period after 1991 61 6.10 Ethiopian and Eritrean migrant communities abroad 63 7. Cultural Geography, Demography and Environmental Crises 71 8. Politics, Law and Revolution, until 1991 92 9. Political Developments and Political Thought after 1991 94 10. Law, Legal Development and Administration after 1991 103 11. International Relations 109 11.1 1896-1941 109 11.2 1941-1974 109 11.3 1974-1991 110 11.4 After 1991 111 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Political History of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916
    Social and Political History of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916 By Misganaw Tadesse Melaku A Dissertation Submitted in the fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of the Western Cape Principal Supervisor: Prof. Suren Pillay Co-Supervisor: Prof. Teshale Tibebu 6 September 2019 https://etd.uwc.ac.za/ DECLARATION I, Misganaw Tadesse Melaku, hereby declare that Social and Political History of Wollo Province in Ethiopia: 1769-1916 is my own work and has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Misganaw Tadesse Melaku Date: 06 September 2019 i https://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Dedication This Thesis is dedicated to Bete Abreham ii https://etd.uwc.ac.za/ Acknowledgment Foremost, I would like to recognize the praiseworthy God from the bottom of my heart who deserves the credit for everything in my life. Thanks for giving me the strength and wisdom in my study. This research has been made possible by the generous support of the National Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS). However, it must be noted that the opinions expressed, and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the aforementioned organization. My gratitude goes to Dr. Nthabiseng Motsemme and her NIHSS staff for their kind help in critical moments. I am extremely grateful to my principal supervisor Prof. Suren Pillay and co-supervisor Prof. Teshale Tibebu for their invaluable advice and supervision starting from the stage of proposal writing to the final draft of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Cause and Consequence of Cross Border Illegal Migration from South
    ial Scien oc ce S s d J n o u a r s n t a r l A Arts and Social Sciences Journal Mohammed, Arts Social Sci J 2016, 7:2 DOI: 10.4172/2151-6200.1000188 ISSN: 2151-6200 Research Article Open Access Cause and Consequence of Cross Border Illegal Migration from South Wollo, Ethiopia Mohammed YA* Department of Social Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Mohammed YA, Department of Social Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia, Tel: 920275116; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: April 19, 2016; Accepted date: May 25, 2016; Published date: May 31, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Mohammed YA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Developing countries such as Ethiopia the phenomenon of cross border Illegal migration which is mainly triggered by rural 'push' causes than urban 'pull' causes is the main cause of unbalanced rate of population growth and distribution between urban and rural areas in origin and destination states. This situation in turn affects the healthy development of both urban and rural areas. In spite of this fact, not much in known on many of the recent aspects of illegal migration. The present study of migration from Kutaber is mainly concerned with an assessment of the major causes and consequences of cross border illegal migration of people from rural- urban areas to foreign countries mainly to Gulf States. To achieve the objective 120 household heads were selected randomly from three kebeles of the woreda to Schedule interview.
    [Show full text]