Microgeneration Strategy for Scotland Microgeneration Strategy for Scotland
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Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times. -
Renewable Energy Australian Water Utilities
Case Study 7 Renewable energy Australian water utilities The Australian water sector is a large emissions, Melbourne Water also has a Water Corporation are offsetting the energy user during the supply, treatment pipeline of R&D and commercialisation. electricity needs of their Southern and distribution of water. Energy use is These projects include algae for Seawater Desalination Plant by heavily influenced by the requirement treatment and biofuel production, purchasing all outputs from the to pump water and sewage and by advanced biogas recovery and small Mumbida Wind Farm and Greenough sewage treatment processes. To avoid scale hydro and solar generation. River Solar Farm. Greenough River challenges in a carbon constrained Solar Farm produces 10 megawatts of Yarra Valley Water, has constructed world, future utilities will need to rely renewable energy on 80 hectares of a waste to energy facility linked to a more on renewable sources of energy. land. The Mumbida wind farm comprise sewage treatment plant and generating Many utilities already have renewable 22 turbines generating 55 megawatts enough biogas to run both sites energy projects underway to meet their of renewable energy. In 2015-16, with surplus energy exported to the energy demands. planning started for a project to provide electricity grid. The purpose built facility a significant reduction in operating provides an environmentally friendly Implementation costs and greenhouse gas emissions by disposal solution for commercial organic offsetting most of the power consumed Sydney Water has built a diverse waste. The facility will divert 33,000 by the Beenyup Wastewater Treatment renewable energy portfolio made up of tonnes of commercial food waste Plant. -
An Overview of the State of Microgeneration Technologies in the UK
An overview of the state of microgeneration technologies in the UK Nick Kelly Energy Systems Research Unit Mechanical Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow Drivers for Deployment • the UK is a signatory to the Kyoto protocol committing the country to 12.5% cuts in GHG emissions • EU 20-20-20 – reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; 20% of all energy consumption to come from renewable resources; 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. • UK Climate Change Act 2008 – self-imposed target “to ensure that the net UK carbon account for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990 baseline.” – 5-year ‘carbon budgets’ and caps, carbon trading scheme, renewable transport fuel obligation • Energy Act 2008 – enabling legislation for CCS investment, smart metering, offshore transmission, renewables obligation extended to 2037, renewable heat incentive, feed-in-tariff • Energy Act 2010 – further CCS legislation • plus more legislation in the pipeline .. Where we are in 2010 • in the UK there is very significant growth in large-scale renewable generation – 8GW of capacity in 2009 (up 18% from 2008) – Scotland 31% of electricity from renewable sources 2010 • Microgeneration lags far behind – 120,000 solar thermal installations [600 GWh production] – 25,000 PV installations [26.5 Mwe capacity] – 28 MWe capacity of CHP (<100kWe) – 14,000 SWECS installations 28.7 MWe capacity of small wind systems – 8000 GSHP systems Enabling Microgeneration -
Lecture 09 Closing Switches.Pdf
High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Closing Switches Fall, 2018 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University Switch fundamentals The importance of switches in pulsed power systems In high power pulse applications, switches capable of handling tera-watt power and having jitter time in the nanosecond range are frequently needed. The rise time, shape, and amplitude of the generator output pulse depend strongly on the properties of the switches. The basic principle of switching is simple: at a proper time, change the property of the switch medium from that of an insulator to that of a conductor or the reverse. To achieve this effectively and precisely, however, is rather a complex and difficult task. It involves not only the parameters of the switch and circuit but also many physical and chemical processes. 2/44 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Switch fundamentals Design of a switch requires knowledge in many areas. The property of the medium employed between the switch electrodes is the most important factor that determines the performance of the switch. Classification Medium: gas switch, liquid switch, solid switch Triggering mechanism: self-breakdown or externally triggered switches Charging mode: Statically charged or pulse charged switches No. of conducting channels: single channel or multi-channel switches Discharge property: volume discharge or surface discharge switches 3/44 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Characteristics of typical switches A. Trigger pulse: a fast pulse supplied externally to initiate the action of switching, the nature of which may be voltage, laser beam or charged particle beam. -
The Opportunity of Cogeneration in the Ceramic Industry in Brazil – Case Study of Clay Drying by a Dry Route Process for Ceramic Tiles
CASTELLÓN (SPAIN) THE OPPORTUNITY OF COGENERATION IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL – CASE STUDY OF CLAY DRYING BY A DRY ROUTE PROCESS FOR CERAMIC TILES (1) L. Soto Messias, (2) J. F. Marciano Motta, (3) H. Barreto Brito (1) FIGENER Engenheiros Associados S.A (2) IPT - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo S.A (3) COMGAS – Companhia de Gás de São Paulo ABSTRACT In this work two alternatives (turbo and motor generator) using natural gas were considered as an application of Cogeneration Heat Power (CHP) scheme comparing with a conventional air heater in an artificial drying process for raw material in a dry route process for ceramic tiles. Considering the drying process and its influence in the raw material, the studies and tests in laboratories with clay samples were focused to investigate the appropriate temperature of dry gases and the type of drier in order to maintain the best clay properties after the drying process. Considering a few applications of CHP in a ceramic industrial sector in Brazil, the study has demonstrated the viability of cogeneration opportunities as an efficient way to use natural gas to complement the hydroelectricity to attend the rising electrical demand in the country in opposition to central power plants. Both aspects entail an innovative view of the industries in the most important ceramic tiles cluster in the Americas which reaches 300 million squares meters a year. 1 CASTELLÓN (SPAIN) 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The energy scenario in Brazil. In Brazil more than 80% of the country’s installed capacity of electric energy is generated using hydropower. -
Phase-Out 2020: Monitoring Europe's Fossil Fuel Subsidies
Brief Czech Republic France Germany Greece Hungary Phase-out 2020: monitoring Italy Netherlands Poland Europe’s fossil fuel subsidies Spain Sweden Leah Worrall and Matthias Runkel United Kingdom September 2017 European Union Italy Key Leading on phasing out fossil fuel subsidies: findings • Italy is demonstrating commitment to report on its fossil fuel subsidies, as part of the EU agreements. Following the approval of a Green Economy package by Parliament, the Italian Ministry of Environment released a summary of subsidies with harmful and beneficial impacts on the environment. This includes Italy’s tax expenditures and budgetary support for fossil fuels, but does not include support provided through public finance or state-owned enterprises . • Domestic oil and gas production are in decline, which may account for low domestic support for fossil fuel production infrastructure in Italy through its development bank Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (CDP). • Remaining national subsidies to coal mining and coal-fired power are comparatively low in Italy, indicating the possibility for a complete phase-out of support for these subsidies by 2018, in line with its EU-level commitment to phase out hard-coal mining by 2018. Lagging on phasing out fossil fuel subsidies: • The Fiscal Reform Delegation Law introduced in 2014 required the removal of environmentally harmful subsidies, but it has never been implemented. All sectors reviewed in this analysis still receive fossil-fuel subsidies (see Table 1). • The transport sector receives the most support through government spending. This includes a reduced excise tax rate for diesel compared with petrol fuel, at an annual average cost of €5 billion. -
Two-Stage Radial Turbine for a Small Waste Heat Recovery
energies Article Two-Stage Radial Turbine for a Small Waste Heat y Recovery Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Plant Ambra Giovannelli *, Erika Maria Archilei and Coriolano Salvini Department of Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale, 79, 00146 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (E.M.A.); [email protected] (C.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-57333424 This work is an extended version of the paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Energy and y Environment Research ICEER 22–25 July 2019 held in Aveiro, Portugal and published in Energy Reports. Received: 21 January 2020; Accepted: 24 February 2020; Published: 27 February 2020 Abstract: Looking at the waste heat potential made available by industry, it can be noted that there are many sectors where small scale (< 100 kWe) organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants could be applied to improve the energy efficiency. Such plants are quite challenging from the techno-economic point of view: the temperature of the primary heat source poses a low cutoff to the system thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, high-performance components are needed, but, at the same time, they have to be at low cost as possible to assure a reasonable payback time. In this paper, the design of a two-stage radial in-flow turbine for small ORC industrial plants is presented. Compared to commonly applied mono-stage expanders (both volumetric and dynamic), this novel turbine enables plants to exploit higher pressure ratios than conventional plants. Thus, the theoretical limit to the cycle efficiency is enhanced with undoubted benefits on the overall ORC plant performance. -
DESIGN of a WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri
DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri - Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI Dr. Noah Manring, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined he thesis entitled DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM presented by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI a candidate for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Noah Manring Dr. Roger Fales Dr. Robert O`Connell ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis advisor, Dr. Noah Manring, for his constant guidance, advice and motivation to overcome any and all obstacles faced while conducting this research and support throughout my degree program without which I could not have completed my master’s degree. Furthermore, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Roger Fales and Dr. Robert O`Connell for serving on my thesis committee. I also would like to express my gratitude to all the students, professors and staff of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department for all the support and helping me to complete my master’s degree successfully and creating an exceptional environment in which to work and study. Finally, last, but of course not the least, I would like to thank my parents, my sister and my friends for their continuous support and encouragement to complete my program, research and thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... -
Microgeneration Strategy: Progress Report
MICROGENERATION STRATEGY Progress Report JUNE 2008 Foreword by Malcolm Wicks It is just over two years since The Microgeneration Strategy was launched. Since then climate change and renewables have jumped to the top of the global and political agendas. Consequently, it is more important than ever that reliable microgeneration offers individual householders the chance to play their part in tackling climate change. In March 2006, there was limited knowledge in the UK about the everyday use of microgeneration technologies, such as solar thermal heating, ground source heat pumps, micro wind or solar photovolatics. Much has changed since then. Thousands of people have considered installing these technologies or have examined grants under the Low Carbon Buildings Programme. Many have installed microgeneration and, in doing so, will have helped to reduce their demand for energy, thereby cutting both their CO2 emissions and their utility bills. The Government’s aim in the Strategy was to identify obstacles to creating a sustainable microgeneration market. I am pleased that the majority of the actions have been completed and this report sets out the excellent progress we have made. As a consequence of our work over the last two years, we have benefited from a deeper understanding of how the microgeneration market works and how it can make an important contribution to a 60% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050. Building an evidence base, for example, from research into consumer behaviour, from tackling planning restrictions and from tracking capital costs, means that we are now in a better position to take forward work on building a sustainable market for microgeneration in the UK. -
The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion
AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland This is a report from the Air Quality Expert Group to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland, on the potential air quality impacts from biomass combustion. The information contained within this report represents a review of the understanding and evidence available at the time of writing. © Crown copyright 2017 Front cover image credit: left – Jamie Hamel-Smith, middle – Katie Chase, right – Tom Rickhuss on Stocksnap.io. Used under Creative Commons. United Kingdom air quality information received from the automatic monitoring sites and forecasts may be accessed via the following media: Freephone Air Pollution Information 0800 556677 Service Internet http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk PB14465 Terms of reference The Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) is an expert committee of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and considers current knowledge on air pollution and provides advice on such things as the levels, sources and characteristics of air pollutants in the UK. AQEG reports to Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser, Defra Ministers, Scottish Ministers, the Welsh Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland (the Government and devolved administrations). -
Renewables in Latin America and the Caribbean 25 May 2016
Renewables in Latin America and the Caribbean 25 May 2016 HEADLINE Renewable generation capacity by energy source FIGURES At the end of 2015, renewable 7% 2% generation capacity in Latin America 212 GW 10% and the Caribbean amounted to 212.4 GW. Hydro accounted for the Renewable largest share of the regional total, generation capacity with an installed capacity of 172 GW. at the end of 2015 The vast majority of this (95%) was in large-scale plants of over 10 MW. 81% 6.6% Bioenergy and wind accounted for Growth in renewable most of the remainder, with an installed capacity of 20.8 GW and capacity during 2015, Hydro Bioenergy Wind Others the highest rate ever 15.5 GW respectively. Other renewables included 2.2 GW of solar photovoltaic energy, 1.7 GW of 13.1 GW geothermal energy and about 50 kW of experimental marine energy. Increase in renewable generation capacity Capacity growth in the region in 2015 GW GW 817 TWh 250 6 Renewable electricity 5 200 generation in 2014 4 13% 150 3 Growth in renewable 100 generation in 2014, 2 excluding large hydro 50 1 10% 0 0 Growth in liquid 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Capacity added in 2015 biofuel consumption Hydropower Bioenergy Wind Solar Geothermal in 2014 IRENA’s renewable Renewable generation capacity increased by 13.1 GW during 2015, the largest energy statistics can be annual increase since the beginning of the time series (year 2000). Hydroelectric downloaded from capacity increased by 5.5 GW followed by wind energy, with an increase of resourceirena.irena.org 4.6 GW. -
Microgeneration Certification Scheme: MCS 008
Microgeneration Certification Scheme: MCS 008 Product Certification Scheme Requirements: Biomass Issue 3.0 This Microgeneration Product Certification Standard is the property of Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 3 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HH. © DECC 2013 This Standard has been approved by the Steering Group of the Microgeneration Certification Scheme. This Standard was prepared by the Microgeneration Certification Scheme Working Group 5 ‘Biomass’. REVISION OF MICROGENERATION STANDARDS Microgeneration Standards will be revised by issue of revised editions or amendments. Details will be posted on the website at www.microgenerationcertification.org Technical or other changes which affect the requirements for the approval or certification of the product or service will result in a new issue. Minor or administrative changes (e.g. corrections of spelling and typographical errors, changes to address and copyright details, the addition of notes for clarification etc.) may be made as amendments. The issue number will be given in decimal format with the integer part giving the issue number and the fractional part giving the number of amendments (e.g. Issue 3.2 indicates that the document is at Issue 3 with 2 amendments). Users of this Standard should ensure that they possess the latest issue and all amendments. Issue: 3.0 PRODUCT CERTIFICATION SCHEME MCS: 008 REQUIREMENTS: BIOMASS Date: 01/11/2016 Page 2 of 31 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................