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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER Radiotélescopes seek cosmic rays COMPUTING MEDICAL IMAGING NUCLEAR MASSES Information technology and Spin-off from particle physics Precision measurements from physics advance together pl6 wins awards p23 accelerator experiments p26 Multichannel GS/s data acquisition systems used For more information, to be expensive. They also would fill up entire visit our Web site at www.acqiris.com instrument racks with power-hungry electronics. But no more. We have shrunk the size, lowered 1)Rackmount kit available the cost, reduced the power consumption and incorporated exceptional features such as clock synchronization and complete trigger distribution.1) A single crate (no bigger than a desktop PC) can house up to 24 channels at 500MS/S or 1 GS/s when deploying an embedded processor, or up to 28 channels (14 at 2GS/s) using a PCI interface. CONTENTS Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to Member State governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly except January and August, in English and French editions. The views expressed are not CERN necessarily those of the CERN management. Editor: Gordon Fraser CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (22) 782 1906 Web http://www.cerncourier.com News editor: James Gillies COURIER VOLUME 41 NUMBER 3 APRIL 2001 Advisory Board: R Landua (Chairman), F Close, E Lillest0l, H Hoffmann, C Johnson, K Potter, P Sphicas Laboratory correspondents: Argonne National Laboratory (USA): D Ayres Brookhaven, National Laboratory (USA): PYamin Cornell University (USA): D G Cassel DESY Laboratory (Germany): Ilka Flegel, P Waloschek Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (USA): Judy Jackson GSI Darmstadt (Germany): G Siegert INFN(ltaly):APascoiini IHEP, Beijing (China): Qi Nading Jefferson Laboratory (USA): S Corneliussen JINR Dubna (Russia): B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan): A Maki Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (USA): Christine Celata Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA): C Hoffmann New results from Brookhaven p4 Advances in radio detection p26 Baldin marks 75th birthday p37 NIKHEF Laboratory (Netherlands): Margriet van der Heijden Novosibirsk Institute (Russia): S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France): Anne-Marie Lutz News 4 PSI Laboratory (Switzerland): P-R Kettle Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK): Jacky Hutchinson Microeffect in muon magnetism. How CP violation came to B. Solar Saclay Laboratory (France): Elisabeth Locci telescope CASTs the net for solar axions. End-cap toroids for ATLAS IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia): Yu Ryabov Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (USA): M Riordan experiment are ready to roll. NIKOS makes coronary tests comfortable. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada): M K Craddock PCs gain greater importance in particle accelerator control. Produced for CERN by Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd I0P Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS16BE, UK Tel.+44 (0)117 929 7481 Astrowatch 10 E-mail [email protected] Web http://www.iop.org Physicswatch 11 Head of magazines: Richard Roe Sales manager: Justin Mafham Marketing manager: Tessa Edgecombe Features Art director: Andrew Giaquinto B factories measure an eternal triangle 13 Production editor: Lucy Farrar Technical illustrator: Alison Tovey CP violation enters a new domain Advertising manager: Nicola Rylett Deputy advertising manager: Chris Thomas Recruitment sales: Andrew Hardie and Jayne Purdy Computer technology sits in the driving seat 16 Advertisement production: Katie Graham Physics and computing advance hand in hand Product manager: So-Mui Cheung Advertising: Nicola Rylett, Chris Thomas, Antennas tune in to high-energy particles 19 Andrew Hardie or Jayne Purdy Tel. +44(0)117 930 1027 Using radio waves to detect cosmic rays E-mail [email protected] Fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 Physics aids medical techniques 23 General distribution: Jacques Dallemagne, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. E-mail [email protected] Award-winning development in medical science In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: Spectrometry provides precision for the masses 26 China: Chen Huaiwei, Institute of High-Energy Physics, P.O. Box 918, Beijing, People's Republic of China Meeting surveys a range of mass spectrometry methods Germany: Gabriela Heessel or Veronika Werschner, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg 52. E-mail [email protected] Italy: Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale CERN experience benefits students and specialists 31 56, 00044 Frascati, Roma United Kingdom: Su Lockley, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Fresh work and research experience offered by CERN Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire 0X11OQX. E-mail [email protected] USA/Canada: Janice Voss, Creative Mailing Services, P.O. Box 1147, St Charles, Illinois 60174. Tel. 630-377-1589. Fax 630-377-1569 People 34 Published by: European Laboratory for Particle Physics, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. Tel. +41 (22) 767 6111 Recruitment 40 Telefax+41 (22) 767 65 55 USA: Controlled Circulation Periodicals postage paid at St Charles, Bookshelf 48 Illinois Gordon Fraser on Selected Papers of Richard Feynman Printed by: Warners (Midlands) pic, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK ©2001 CERN ISSN 0304-288X Cover: The 70 m radiotélescope in Goldstone, California, used to search for electromagnetic pulses from ultra-high energy particles. CERN Courier April 2001 3 NEWS Microeffect in muon magnetism Above: precision masterpiece - the superconducting storage ring at Brookhaven used to measure the muon's magnetism. Right, top (left to right): Georges Charpak, Antonino Zichichi, Hans Sens, Francis Farley and Francis Muller, who performed a pioneer precision measurement of the muon's magnetism at CERN in 1961. Farley is one of the collaborators on the new Brookhaven experiment. Right, bottom: the microsecond wobbles in the spectrum of positrons from muon decay in Brookhaven's storage ring. A new precision measurement of the muon's known as "g-2" experiments. the muons could decay. magnetism during an experiment at The additional effects mean that the muon Unlike the earlier experiments at CERN, the Brookhaven has shown a tiny unexplained magnets do not line up in exactly the direction Brookhaven g-2 experiment injects muons discrepancy. of the magnetic field in the storage ring. into the ring.The CERN studies injected The experiment is one of the few in particle Instead, each muon wobbles (precesses) as it pions, which then decayed in orbit. Muon physics that does not study particle circulates round the ring, and the observed injection was suggested by the late g-2 scattering. A team of physicists from Germany, positron pattern reflects these wobbles. pioneer Fred Combley. Japan, Russia and the US injects 3.09 GeV What are these additional magnetic As well as interacting electromagnetically, polarized (spin-oriented) positively charged effects? First, the muon's magnetism is the muon is also affected by weak muons from Brookhaven's Alternating affected by its attendant electromagnetic interactions. In addition, the photon - the Gradient Synchrotron into a superconducting cloud.The muon behaves like a heavy cousin carrier of the electromagnetic force - has a storage ring with a circumference of 14.2 m. of the electron, and the discovery in 1947 by minute quark-gluon component, which is As they circulate round the ring, the stored Polycarp Kusch and Henry Foley that the affected by the strong nuclear force.This has a muons decay into positrons, which can be electron's g-2 is not zero provided some of further effect on the muon's g-2. detected, and neutrinos, which cannot, over the first experimental evidence for the then Taking all of these effects into account, the periods measured in microseconds. new theory of quantum electrodynamics.This experimental measurement at Brookhaven (to A muon spins round an internal axis. A describes the way in which charged particles a precision of about one part per million) and spinning charged particle acts like a tiny like electrons and muons are surrounded by the theoretical prediction differ by 2.6 times magnet, and the positrons emitted as the tiny clouds of additional electromagnetic the estimated error of the measurement. muons decay inside the ring reflect the effects. Quantum electrodynamics predicted This result from Brookhaven is based on magnetic behaviour of the parent particle. exactly what the electron's g-2 should be, and 2.9 billion muon decays carefully accumulated Classical Dirac quantum theory of spin 1/2 the agreement with experimental results was during 1999. Analysis of the experiment's 2000 particles shows that the "gyromagnetic ratio" an impressive confirmation of the new theory. data sample has not yet been completed. (g) of the magnetic moment of a charged In the 1960s and 1970s a series of preci­ With such a precise result apparently particle, such as the muon, to its spin angular sion experiments at CERN measured g-2, this differing from the theoretical prediction, those momentum is exactly two. However, additional time for muons, to a few parts per million. involved in the experiment may indulge in the small effects can creep in to change this These were among the most precise particle luxury of speculation. Is additional physics value, so that g-2 is not zero. Such precision physics results ever obtained at that time. This being seen for the first time? Only with more magnetism measurements are collectively pioneered the idea of a storage ring in which g-2 information will we know. 4 CERN Courier April 2001 NEWS B PHYSICS How CP violation came to B Two major new experiments have antiparticle, CP appears as a time- provided the first strong indications dependent asymmetry in the of the delicate CP violation effect in decays to a specific CP state. a totally new domain - the decays The quark transitions responsible of B mesons (containing the fifth or for CP violation are conventionally "b" quark). Exploring this still described by a 3 x 3 matrix - the unexplained phenomenon under Cabibbo/Kobayashi/Maskawa these conditions could provide (CKM) matrix - the rows and fresh insights.
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  • Latin America— Indigenous Invention Ceramic Researchers and Companies Pursue Homegrown Solutions to Global Challenges in Latin America

    Latin America— Indigenous Invention Ceramic Researchers and Companies Pursue Homegrown Solutions to Global Challenges in Latin America

    AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bullemerginge ceramicstin & glass technology OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2020 Latin America— Indigenous invention Ceramic researchers and companies pursue homegrown solutions to global challenges in Latin America ACerS Annual Meeting and MS&T20 | Aerospace materials | Student exchange experience Your kiln, Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and, for more than industrial design, fabrication and a century, Harrop has responded with applied construction, followed after-sale service for engineered solutions to meet your exact firing commissioning and operator training. requirements. Harrop’s experienced staff are exceptionally Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our qualified to become your partners in providing three-phase application engineering process the kiln most appropriate to your application. is what separates Harrop from "cookie cutter" kiln suppliers. A thorough technical and Learn more at www.harropusa.com, economic analysis to create the "right" kiln or call us at 614.231.3621 to discuss your for your specific needs, results in arobust, special requirements. Your kiln Ad.indd 1 6/30/20 7:55 AM contents October/November 2020 • Vol. 99 No.8 department feature articles News & Trends ............... 3 Latin America—Indigenous invention Spotlight ..................... 7 28 Ceramic researchers and companies pursue Research Briefs ............... 16 homegrown solutions to global challenges in Advances in Nanomaterials .... 21 Latin America Ceramics in Biomedicine ....... 23 Industry partnerships drive the focus of much academic Ceramics in Energy ........... 24 research across Latin America, but financial performance Ceramics in Manufacturing ..... 26 is not the only goal—efforts to address environmental impacts and pursue sustainability play large roles in research as well. by Alex Talavera and Randy B.