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Unusual Presentation of a Skin Rash J Clin Pathol: First Published As 10.1136/Jclinpath-2016-204007 on 17 April 2017

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Unusual Presentation of a Skin Rash J Clin Pathol: First Published As 10.1136/Jclinpath-2016-204007 on 17 April 2017 JCP Online First, published on April 17, 2017 as 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204007 Virtual case of the month Unusual presentation of a skin rash J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204007 on 17 April 2017. Downloaded from Rajendra Singh, David Teranno Department of Pathology and CLINICAL QUESTION lesions, oral ulcers, condylomata, bullous lesions, Laboratory Medicine, The A 44-year-old man with erythema and oedema of and erythema muliforme-like folliculitis. Patients Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at the left abdomen. The duration of the lesion is with secondary syphilis can also develop fever, Mount Sinai, New York, unknown. Review the high-quality, interactive digital headache, weight loss, myalgias and arthralgias. New York, USA Aperio slide at http://virtualacp.com/JCPCases/ Left untreated, secondary syphilis resolves within jclinpath-2016-204007/ and consider your diagnosis. 2–10 weeks. After a latent phase, patients can pro- Correspondence to gress to cure with seronegativity; seropositivity Dr Rajendra Singh, Department of Pathology and Laboratory WHAT IS YOUR DIAGNOSIS? without lesions; or develop lesions of tertiary Medicine, The Mount Sinai A. Viral xanthem syphilis. Hospital and Icahn School of B. Bacterial folliculitis The histopathology of primary and secondary Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy fi C. Secondary syphilis syphilis is non-speci c, but there several common Place, Box-1194, New York, fi NY 10029, USA; rajendra. D. Collagen vascular disease ndings. In primary syphilis, corresponding to the [email protected] E. Linear IgA punched-out appearance of a chancre, histology shows ulceration with adjacent epidermal hyperpla- Received 6 November 2016 ANSWER sia and lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic dermal Revised 9 January 2017 infiltrates. Plasma cells can be present, and in any Accepted 17 February 2017 C Secondary syphilis skin biopsy, should at least raise the suspicion for this disease. Finally, there is often prominent endo- DISCUSSION thelial cell swelling of dermal blood vessels. The incidence of syphilis has been increasing in the The histology of secondary syphilis is much more USA since 2001.1 The histology of syphilis, though variable, which accounts for the diagnostic chal- widely studied, still remains a diagnostic challenge, lenge. However, the histology can coincide with particularly when the clinical presentation does not the clinical presentation, which can also be normal. suggest the diagnosis. We present an overview of For example, a papulosquamous presentation will the clinical and pathological features commonly show psoriasiform changes. The inflammatory reac- associated with cutaneous primary and secondary tion patterns include granulomatous inflammation, syphilis, addressing, at the end, the current case. superficial and deep perivascular and periadnexal Treponema pallidum,2 as is well known, is the lymphocytic inflammation, and a lichenoid-like etiological organism of syphilis. Syphilis presents in pattern with or without basal hydropic change. one of three stages—primary, secondary and Endothelial cell swelling is common, and a leukocy- tertiary—with primary and secondary syphilis being toclastic vasculitis has been reported, though is http://jcp.bmj.com/ the most common. Secondary syphilis is most com- extremely rare. Plasma cells tend to be more numer- monly encountered in dermatopathology practice. ous compared with the lesions of the primary The anogenital region is the most common location. chancre. Neutrophils may be present within the epi- However, 5% of cases arise in extragenital sites, dermis or stratum corneum, a finding that should which are termed endemic, or non-venereal, syphilis. also always raise the suspicion for syphilis in any The oral cavity is the most commonly involved skin biopsy. Keratinocyte necrosis has also been on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. extragenital site, but any site can be involved. observed.3 In primary syphilis, the lesion typically appears A recent report reviewed the most common as a chancre, a punched-out, painless ulcer that histological features in 106 cases of secondary develops 20–30 days after exposure to T. pallidum syphilis. Although interstitial inflammation and and may be associated with painless lymphadenop- endothelial cell swelling were the most common at athy. These lesions resolve within 1–5 weeks and 91.5% and 87.7% of cases, respectively, no single do not scar. feature was present in 100% of cases. Furthermore, Secondary syphilis arises 6–8 weeks after the plasma cells were present in only 69.8% of cases. primary chancre. The lesions initially present as Similar to the current case presentation, the study 5–10 mm erythematous macules on the head, face showed that neutrophils were present but in only and neck similar to a viral xanthem. A polymorphic 32.1% of cases, which shows their poor sensitivity papular eruption subsequently occurs and consists but higher specificity for syphilis when present. of coppery red papules, measuring 3–10 mm in While the findings of this study may represent a diameter. Involvement of the palms, soles and oral sampling issue, it underscores the histological vari- cavity is highly suspicious for secondary syphilis. ability of syphilitic lesions.3 However, this classic progression is not always Definitive diagnosis requires identification of the To cite: Singh R, observed and there is clinical significant overlap spirochaete organism, which is now greatly aided Teranno D. J Clin Pathol fi Published Online First: with other entities and non-speci c presentations. by an anti-treponemal immunohistochemical stain. [please include Day Month Patients can also present with other cutaneous This is a polyclonal antibody against T. pallidum Year] doi:10.1136/jclinpath- manifestations, some of which overlap with syph- surface antigens. The organisms are typically 2016-204007 ilis. These include papulosquamous/psoriasiform present within the basal layer of the epidermis. The Singh R, Teranno D. J Clin Pathol 2017;0:1–2. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204007 1 Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2017. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd under licence. Virtual case of the month reported specificity is nearly 100% with a sensitivity as high as changes, collagen vascular disease is a consideration. While the J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204007 on 17 April 2017. Downloaded from 90%.4 Interpretation can be challenging because the number of current case show some increase in dermal mucin, periadnexal organisms can range from a few to many, and dendrites of mela- inflammation was absent and the presence of neutrophils makes nocytes and Langerhans cells can show artifactual staining.4 it much less likely. The presence of numerous neutrophils The current case shows an unusual combination of histo- within the superficial papillary dermis and focally along the der- logical features in a patient who did not have a reported history moepidermal junction does, however, bring a bullous disorder of immunosuppression or clinical features for syphilis. The into the differential diagnosis, including linear IgA. Direct biopsy shows a lichenoid and interface dermatitis with signifi- immunofluorescence would exclude this diagnosis once spiro- cant basal hydropic change and neutrophils. Given the interface chaete infection is excluded. Given that secondary syphilis can present as a maculopapular rash, viral xanthem is also part of the differential diagnosis. However, the lichenoid pattern and the presence of neutrophils argue against this diagnosis. Finally, Key messages a folliculitis pattern can be seen clinically, but the current biopsy did not show follicular-centric inflammation or evidence of fol- ▸ licle rupture. While the above differential diagnoses are prudent Incidence of cutaneous secondary syphilis has been to consider, one should perform anti-treponemal immunohisto- increasing in the USA since 2001. chemistry to identify or exclude infection by T. pallidum before ▸ Treponema pallidum is the etiological organism of syphilis. fl ▸ undertaking studies such as direct immuno uorescence. In the Clinical and histological presentations vary widely. Age current case, this was done, and numerous organisms were iden- (young adult) and unsafe sex practice are associated risk tified, confirming the diagnosis. factors. ▸ Primary syphilis presents clinically as a painless chancre. ▸ Secondary syphilis presents 6–8 weeks after primary chancre Handling editor Iskander Chaudhry. initially as erythematous macules on the head, face, and Twitter Follow Rajendra Singh @mydermpath neck followed by coppery red papules. Competing interests None declared. ▸ Involvement of palms, soles and the oral cavity is highly Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed. suspicious for secondary syphilis. Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the ▸ No single histological pattern is specific for syphilis, Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which underscored by the current case, which shows features that permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, overlap with viral xanthem, psoriasis, collagen vascular and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/ disease and linear IgA. licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ▸ Recent published data indicate that reactive endothelial
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