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Marine Mammals of Hudson Strait the Following Marine Mammals Are Common to Hudson Strait, However, Other Species May Also Be Seen
Marine Mammals of Hudson Strait The following marine mammals are common to Hudson Strait, however, other species may also be seen. It’s possible for marine mammals to venture outside of their common habitats and may be seen elsewhere. Bowhead Whale Length: 13-19 m Appearance: Stocky, with large head. Blue-black body with white markings on the chin, belly and just forward of the tail. No dorsal fin or ridge. Two blow holes, no teeth, has baleen. Behaviour: Blow is V-shaped and bushy, reaching 6 m in height. Often alone but sometimes in groups of 2-10. Habitat: Leads and cracks in pack ice during winter and in open water during summer. Status: Special concern Beluga Whale Length: 4-5 m Appearance: Adults are almost entirely white with a tough dorsal ridge and no dorsal fin. Young are grey. Behaviour: Blow is low and hardly visible. Not much of the body is visible out of the water. Found in small groups, but sometimes hundreds to thousands during annual migrations. Habitat: Found in open water year-round. Prefer shallow coastal water during summer and water near pack ice in winter. Killer Whale Status: Endangered Length: 8-9 m Appearance: Black body with white throat, belly and underside and white spot behind eye. Triangular dorsal fin in the middle of the back. Male dorsal fin can be up to 2 m in high. Behaviour: Blow is tall and column shaped; approximately 4 m in height. Narwhal Typically form groups of 2-25. Length: 4-5 m Habitat: Coastal water and open seas, often in water less than 200 m depth. -
Variation of Bowhead Whale Progesterone Concentrations Across Demographic Groups and Sample Matrices
Vol. 22: 61–72, 2013 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online November 7 doi: 10.3354/esr00537 Endang Species Res FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Variation of bowhead whale progesterone concentrations across demographic groups and sample matrices Nicholas M. Kellar1,*, Jennifer Keliher1, Marisa L. Trego1,2, Krista N. Catelani1,2, Cyd Hanns3, J. C. ‘Craig’ George3, Cheryl Rosa3 1Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Services, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Dr., La Jolla, California 92037, USA 2Ocean Associates, 4007 N. Abingdon St., Arlington, Virginia 22207, USA 3North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management, PO Box 69, Barrow, Alaska 99723, USA ABSTRACT: Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus progesterone concentrations were measured in different sample matrices (serum, blubber, and urine) to investigate (1) concordance among sam- ple type and (2) variation among life-history class. Samples were collected from subsistence- hunted whales (n = 86) taken from 1999 to 2009. In general, irrespective of sample matrix, preg- nant females had the highest concentrations by orders of magnitude, followed by mature animals of both sexes, and subadults had the lowest concentrations. Subadult males and females had sim- ilar progesterone concentrations in all sample matrices measured. When pregnant animals were included in our analyses, permuted regression models indicated a strong positive relationship between serum and blubber progesterone levels (r2 = 0.894, p = 0.0002). When pregnant animals were not included, we found no significant relationship between serum and blubber levels (r2 = 0.025, p = 0.224). These results suggest that progesterone concentrations are mirrored in these sample types over longer periods (i.e. -
The Bowhead Vs. the Gray Whale in Chukotkan Aboriginal Whaling IGOR I
ARCTIC VOL. 40, NO. 1 (MARCH 1987) P. 16-32 The Bowhead vs. the Gray Whale in Chukotkan Aboriginal Whaling IGOR I. KRUPNIK’ (Received 5 September 1984; accepted in revised form 22 July 1986) ABSTRACT. Active whaling for large baleen whales -mostly for bowhead (Balaena mysricetus) and gray whales (Eschrichrius robustus)-has been practiced by aborigines on the Chukotka Peninsula since at least the early centuries of the Christian era. Thehistory of native whaling off Chukotka may be divided into four periods according to the hunting methods used and the primary species pursued: ancient or aboriginal (from earliest times up to the second half of the 19th century); rraditional (second half of the 19th century to the1930s); transitional (late 1930s toearly 1960s); and modern (from the early 1960s). The data on bowhead/gray whale bone distribution in theruins of aboriginal coastal sites, available catch data from native settlements from the late 19th century and local oral tradition prove to be valuable sources for identifying specific areas of aboriginal whaling off Chukotka. Until the 1930s, bowhead whales generally predominated in the native catch; gray whales were hunted periodically or locally along restricted parts of the coast. Some 8-10 bowheads and 3-5 gray whales were killed on the average in a “good year”by Chukotka natives during the early 20th century. Around the mid-20th century, however, bowheads were completely replaced by gray whales. On the basis of this experience, the author believes that the substitution of gray whales for bowheads, proposed recently by conservationists for modemAlaska Eskimos, would be unsuccessful. -
Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling in Greenland: the Case of Qeqertarsuaq Municipality in West Greenland RICHARD A
ARCTIC VOL, NO. 2 (JUNE 1993) P. 144-1558 Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling in Greenland: The Case of Qeqertarsuaq Municipality in West Greenland RICHARD A. CAULFIELD’ (Received 10 December 1991; accepted in revised form 3 November 1992) ABSTRACT. Policy debates in the International Whaling Commission (IWC) about aboriginal subsistence whalingon focus the changing significance of whaling in the mixed economies of contemporaryInuit communities. In Greenland, Inuit hunters have taken whales for over 4OOO years as part of a multispecies pattern of marine harvesting. However, ecological dynamics, Euroamerican exploitation of the North Atlantic bowhead whale (Buhem mysticem),Danish colonial policies, and growing linkages to the world economy have drastically altered whaling practices. Instead of using the umiuq and hand-thrown harpoons, Greenlandic hunters today use harpoon cannons mountedon fishing vessels and fiberglass skiffs with powerful outboard motors. Products from minke whales (Bahenopteru ucutorostrutu)and fin whales (Bulaenopteru physulus) provide both food for local consumption and limited amountsof cash, obtained throughthe sale of whale products for food to others. Greenlanders view this practice as a form of sustainable development, where local renewable resources are used to support livelihoods that would otherwise be dependent upon imported goods. Export of whale products from Greenland is prohibited by law. However, limited trade in whale products within the country is consistent with longstandmg Inuit practices of distribution and exchange. Nevertheless, within thecritics IWC argue that evenlimited commoditization of whale products could lead to overexploitation should hunters seek to pursue profit-maximization strategies. Debates continue about the appro- priateness of cash and commoditization in subsistence whaling and about the ability of indigenous management regimes to ensure the protection of whalestocks. -
Bowhead Whale (Balaena Mysticetus) and Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca) Co-Occurrence in the U.S
1 Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and killer whale (Orcinus orca) co-occurrence in the U.S. Pacific Arctic, 2 2009–2018: evidence from bowhead whale carcasses 3 4 Amy L. Willoughby1,2, Megan C. Ferguson2,3, Raphaela Stimmelmayr4,5, Janet T. Clarke1,2, Amelia A. Brower1,2 5 6 Contact e-mail: [email protected] 7 8 1 University of Washington, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, Seattle, WA, USA 9 2 Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA 10 3 School of Fishery and Aquatic Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 11 4 Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Utqiaġvik, AK, USA 12 5 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA 13 14 15 ABSTRACT 16 Imagery and sighting data on bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) carcasses documented from 2009 to 2018 during 17 aerial surveys in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort seas have provided evidence for killer whale (Orcinus 18 orca) predation on bowhead whales of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas stock. The Aerial Surveys of Arctic 19 Marine Mammals (ASAMM) project provides information on distribution, behavior, and relative density of marine 20 mammals. ASAMM surveys large areas of bowhead whale and killer whale summer and autumn habitat and offers 21 consistent information on bowhead whale carcasses. Thirty-three bowhead whale carcasses were documented in 22 July–October, from 2009 to 2018. Carcasses were distributed across the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort seas 23 from 141.6° W to 168.1° W and 68.9° N to 72.0° N. -
Marine Mammals of the US North Pacific and Arctic
Marine Mammals of the US North Pacific & Arctic 10 METER 0 10 FEET adult male Resident Killer Whale Blue Whale Orcinus orca subsp. Balaenoptera musculus adult female calf Bigg’s (transient) Killer Whale Orcinus orca subsp. Fin Whale Balaenoptera physalus Beluga or White Whale Delphinapterus leucas Sei Whale Balaenoptera borealis Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus adult female North Pacific Right Whale adult male Eubalaena japonica Baird’s Beaked Whale Berardius bairdii Minke Whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Bowhead Whale Balaena mysticetus Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostris adult male Gray Whale Humpback Whale Eschrichtius robustus Megaptera novaeangliae adult female 180º 160ºW 140ºW calf ARCTIC OCEAN Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) Stejneger’s Beaked Whale Beaufort Mesoplodon stejnegeri Sea In 1972, Congress enacted the NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are Chukchi 70ºN the lead federal agencies for enforcing this law to protect Design and illustrations: Uko Gorter (www.ukogorter.com) Sea MMPA, establishing a national Arctic Circle marine mammals. The MMPA protects all whales, dolphins, Alaska policy to help prevent the seals, sea lions, porpoises, manatees, polar bears, otters, NOAA Fisheries extinction or depletion of and walruses from human-induced harm. In the United Alaska Region States, NOAA Fisheries works with scientists, industry, and 60ºN 907-586-7221 Bering Sea Gulf of marine mammal populations conservation groups to develop measures that help to protect Alaska Alaska Fisheries Science Center from human activities. marine mammals from entanglement, ship strike, and other 206-526-4000 PACIFIC OCEAN activities that might cause these animals harm. TO REPORT STRANDED, ENTANGLED, INJURED, OR DEAD MARINE MAMMALS, CALL: NOAA FISHERIES 1-877-925-7773; ALASKA SEALIFE CENTER 1-888-774-7325 (SEAL); U.S. -
Overview of Hunts and Hunts Observed 1998
Overview of hunts and hunts observed 1998 - 2017 - NAMMCO/CIO/2019-03/06 Country Species / stocks Type of hunt Platform*1 and conditions Dispatching mean Years observed *2 1999-2001*, 2002, Pilot whale drive boats, killing from beach spinal lance 2007, 2012, 2015 Dolphins drive boats, killing from beach spinal lance Faroes shotguns with pellets Harbour porpoise recreational boat cartridges reduction purposes around Grey seal boat/land rifle fish farm Bowhead whale professional 3 boats harpoon cannon Fin whale professional 2 boats or larger boat harpoon cannon 2006 Humpback whale professional 1 boat harpoon cannon 2002, 2004, 2006, Minke whale professional 1 boat harpoon cannon 2011, 2014 minimum 5 skiffs/open motor Minke whale - collective professional rifle 2011 boats Bottlenose whale professional/recreational open motor boats - collective rifle Killer whale professional/recreational open motor boats - collective rifle Pilot whale professional/recreational open motor boats - collective rifle Harbour porpoise professional/recreational open motor boats - collective rifle 2004, 2006, 2014 Dolphins professional/recreational open motor boats - collective rifle open motor boats/kayaks - Beluga (North -Qaanaaq) professional/recreational harpoon and rifle collective open motor boats/kayaks - Beluga (Central) professional/recreational harpoon and rifle collective open motor boats/kayaks - Beluga (South) professional/recreational harpoon and rifle collective open motor boats/kayaks - Beluga (East GL) professional/recreational harpoon and rifle -
Marine Mammal Taxonomy
Marine Mammal Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Animals with notochords) Subphylum: Vertebrata (Vertebrates) Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Order: Cetacea (Cetaceans) Suborder: Mysticeti (Baleen Whales) Family: Balaenidae (Right Whales) Balaena mysticetus Bowhead whale Eubalaena australis Southern right whale Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena japonica North Pacific right whale Family: Neobalaenidae (Pygmy Right Whale) Caperea marginata Pygmy right whale Family: Eschrichtiidae (Grey Whale) Eschrichtius robustus Grey whale Family: Balaenopteridae (Rorquals) Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke whale Balaenoptera bonaerensis Arctic Minke whale Balaenoptera borealis Sei whale Balaenoptera edeni Byrde’s whale Balaenoptera musculus Blue whale Balaenoptera physalus Fin whale Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback whale Order: Cetacea (Cetaceans) Suborder: Odontoceti (Toothed Whales) Family: Physeteridae (Sperm Whale) Physeter macrocephalus Sperm whale Family: Kogiidae (Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales) Kogia breviceps Pygmy sperm whale Kogia sima Dwarf sperm whale DOLPHIN R ESEARCH C ENTER , 58901 Overseas Hwy, Grassy Key, FL 33050 (305) 289 -1121 www.dolphins.org Family: Platanistidae (South Asian River Dolphin) Platanista gangetica gangetica South Asian river dolphin (also known as Ganges and Indus river dolphins) Family: Iniidae (Amazon River Dolphin) Inia geoffrensis Amazon river dolphin (boto) Family: Lipotidae (Chinese River Dolphin) Lipotes vexillifer Chinese river dolphin (baiji) Family: Pontoporiidae (Franciscana) -
Late Summer Distribution of Cetaceans Near Barrow, Alaska: Results from Aerial Surveys Conducted During the Bowhead Whale Feeding Ecology Study, 2007–11
Late Summer Distribution of Cetaceans near Barrow, Alaska: Results from Aerial Surveys Conducted During the Bowhead Whale Feeding Ecology Study, 2007–11 KIM E. W. SHELDEN, JULIE A. MOCKLIN, KIMBERLY T. GOETZ, DAVID J. RUGH, LINDA VATE BRATTSTRÖM, and NANCY A. FRIDAY Introduction arctic. For management purposes, four Endangered Species Act (Muto et bowhead whale stocks are currently al., 2016). These stocks occur in the Bowhead whales, Balaena mystice- recognized by the International Whal- Okhotsk Sea (Russian waters), Da- tus, are distributed in seasonally ice ing Commission (IWC) (IWC, 2010) vis Strait and Hudson Bay (western covered waters of the Arctic and sub- and are protected under the U.S. Ma- Greenland and eastern Canadian wa- rine Mammal Protection Act and U.S. ters), the eastern North Atlantic (the Spitsbergen stock near Svalbard), and Kim Shelden ([email protected]), Julie the Bering/Chukchi/Beaufort seas. Mocklin, Kim Goetz, Linda Vate Brattström, Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, and Nancy Friday are with the Marine Mam- Ltd., 301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point, Wel- The latter is the Western Arctic mal Laboratory (MML), Alaska Fisheries Sci- lington 6021 NZ. Dave Rugh (retired MML) is stock, the largest remnant popula- ence Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, at 17416 95th Ave. NE, Bothell, WA 98011. The NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, findings and conclusions in this paper are those tion and only stock found within U.S. WA 98115-6349. Julie Mocklin and Linda Vate of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent waters (Rugh et al., 2003), gener- Brattström are currently with the Joint Institute the views of the National Marine Fisheries Ser- ally north of lat. -
8 Norwegian Minke Whale Hunt
NAMMCO/EG-TTD/Doc 8 NAMMCO EXPERT GROUP MEETING TO ASSESS TTD DATA LARGE WHALES 4 – 6 November 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark DOCUMENT 8 NORWEGIAN MINKE WHALE HUNT 2011 AND 2012 The Norwegian minke whale hunt 2011 and 2012 Studies on killing efficiency in the hunt Report to the Directorate of Fisheries in Norway, October 2015 By Dr. Egil Ole Øen Wildlife Management Service-Sweden [email protected] Background and brief summary of results Time to death (TTD), Survival time (ST) and Instantaneous death rate (IDR) are terms known to describe how fast hunted whales die and has been used as a tool to measure and quantify the killing efficiency and state of art of killing methods and practices in the Norwegian whaling operations since the beginning of 1980ies (Øen EO, 1995a). Sampling and analysis of TTD data in a standardised manner give possibilities for direct comparisons of killing efficiency between different hunts and also the hunting methods and hunting gears used in the hunts. It has successfully been used in Norway to measure the impact of new developments in the minke whale hunt, modifications of hunting gears, new hunting practices, obligatory training of hunters etc. The NAMMCO Expert Group Meeting in 2010 to assess TTD data and results from whale hunts (NAMMCO 2010) recommended new sampling of TTD data from the Norwegian minke whale hunt (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) where the last data sampling had been carried out in 2000-2003. The Group recommended that TTD data should be collected and analysed with covariates (animal size, shooting distance and angle of harpoon cannon shot, hit region and detonation area) like it had been done from 1981-2002 (Øen EO, 1995, 2003, 2006) in order to check the current status of the hunt. -
53. Balaenidae
FAUNA of AUSTRALIA 53. BALAENIDAE J. L. BANNISTER 1 53. BALAENIDAE 2 53. BALAENIDAE DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION The Balaenidae (right whales) is one of the three families of whalebone or baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti, within the Order Cetacea). Mysticetes differ from the other cetacean suborder (Odontoceti, toothed whales) by the presence of a highly specialised filter-feeder apparatus made up of baleen plates attached to the gum of the upper jaw (Fig. 53.1). Figure 53.1 Lateral view of the skull of the Southern Right Whale , Eubalaena australis, showing the attachment of the baleen plates to the upper jaw. (© ABRS) [M. Thompson] 0.5 m Balaenids are distinguished from the other two mysticete families, the grey whales (Eschrichtiidae) and rorquals (Balaenopteridae), by having long and narrow baleen plates and a highly arched upper jaw. Other balaenid features include: externally, a disproportionately large head, long thin rostrum, huge lower lips and lack of multiple ventral grooves (Fig. 53.2); and internally, the lack of a coronoid process on the lower jaw and fused cervical vertebrae. A 3 m B 1.75 m Figure 53.2 Lateral view of: A, the Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis); B, the Pygmy Right Whale (Caperea marginata). (© ABRS) [M. Thompson] 3 53. BALAENIDAE HISTORY OF DISCOVERY Erected by J.E. Gray in 1825 (Watson 1981), the family contains three genera: Balaena Linnaeus, 1758, Eubalaena Gray, 1864 and Caperea Gray, 1864. Some authors (see Honacki, Kinman & Koeppl 1982) include Eubalaena in Balaena, but as Schevill (1986a) pointed out, this is contrary to general practice within the last 60–70 years and obscures their obvious dissimilarities, which are greater, for example, than between the various species of Balaenoptera. -
Preliminary Investigation of Stock Structure of B-C-B Bowhead Whales Based on Analyses of Biological Parameters
THIS PAPER CAN NOT BE CITED EXCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF IWC MEETINGS SC/56/BRG33 Preliminary investigation of stock structure of B-C-B bowhead whales based on analyses of biological parameters Takeharu Bando, Ryoko Zenitani and Seiji Ohsumi The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0055, Japan ABSTRACT The possibility of more than one stock mixing within B-C-B stock of bowhead whales was examined using biological parameters such as conception date, body length distribution of mature whales, migration period and mean cycle of δ13C oscillation in baleen. Heterogeneity was found in some of the parameters but statistical tests were not conducted due to the small sample size. To elucidate the stock structure of B-C-B bowhead whales, further research and samples are needed. KEYWORDS: BOWHEAD WHALE; STOCK IDENTITY; BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS INTRODUCTION The comprehensive assessment of the bowhead whale conducted in 1991 identified five stocks of bowhead whales including the B-C-B stock (IWC, 1992). Since then, the Committee addressed the issue of stock identity of the B-C-B stock on several occasions (DeMaster et al., 2000). However, those discussions were based on very limited data and no comprehensive analyses on stock identity within the B-C-B have been presented. Despite the limited availability of data and comparative analyses, the Committee recommended a single B-C-B stock scenario for management in 2002, which is the only stock scenario being considered by the Aboriginal Whaling Management Procedure (AWMP). Accurate elucidation of the stock structure of the large whales requires not only genetic data but also non-genetic data (Donovan, 1991; Fujise et al., 2001; Perrin, 2001; Rugh et al., 2003, Pastene, 2003).