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The Influence of Culture on the Utilization of Traditional Leafy The influence of culture on the utilization of traditional leafy vegetables among VaTsonga and Ba-Pedi women of Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province KT Kock orcid.org 0000-0003-4472-9920 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Indigenous Knowledge Systems at the North West University Supervisor: Prof SA Materechera Co-supervisor: Dr TKP Saurombe Graduation ceremony: July 2020 Student no: 25836587 ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to compare how the culture of the Ba-Pedi and Tsonga women influences the utilization of TLVs. The study was conducted in New Forest and GaBoelang villages, which were selected because most of the Vatsonga and Ba-Pedi women who reside there are knowledge holders in TLVs. A qualitative approach was used to gain more understanding of the influence of culture on the access, utilization, processing and preservation of TLVs among the Tsonga and BaPedi. In-depth face-to-face interviews focus group discussions and observations were employed for data collection using purposive and convenience sampling to select participants. The results of the study showed that there are several TLVs that are utilised by both cultural groups. The local names used for these TLVs are influenced by how the cultural groups interact with their surrounding environment and how they interpret environmental events during their search for food. The study found that leafy vegetables are not only consumed for pleasure, but they have medical, nutrition and economic benefits. The participants are dependant on these TLVs for households’ food security and income. Furthermore, the study found that the processing and preservation methods of TLVs was influenced by cultural beliefs, for instance, among the Vatsonga, shade drying was known to most households as knowledge acquired from elders (ancestors), while among the Ba-Pedi culture, it was only sun drying that was known. Among others, the study concluded that the culture of the two cultural groups (Vatsonga and BaPedi) play a very critical role in influencing how TLVs are planted, harvested, used (such as medical, marketing and nutrition), consumed, prepared and preserved. Furthermore, the study concluded that the Ba-Pedi cultural group has a strong connection with the spiritual world than the Vatsonga cultural group. It is recommended that future studies should research more on the local names of TLVs to protect and preserve the indigenous knowledge around these names. It is also recommended that awareness campaigns about the importance of these TLVs as nutritionally balanced food, source of medicine and as a direct or indirect source of income, particularly for rural communities, must be included in the national development plan and agricultural policy. Key Words: Culture, TLVs, Indigenous Knowledge, VaTsonga, Ba-Pedi i DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents Blessing Tonono Dibakoane and Christinah Nomasonto Kock. My sisters Zenzile Suzette Kock, Lukhanyo Michelle and Luleka Irene Mkhonto and my brother Tonono Welcome Kock. Finally, yet importantly, I also dedicate it to my niece Noluthando Jessica Mavundla, and my nephews Thabiso Zwelihle Mogane and Siyamthanda Clifford Madonsela. ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The undertaking of this study was made possible with the support, cooperation and dedication of several individuals. I therefore wish to express my sincere gratitude to all who encouraged, mentored and sponsored me in my studies. First and foremost, I thank God who kept me alive and gave strength. I would like to thank Almighty God who kept me alive and gave me strength and wisdom throughout my studies. Kuligugu kimina njalo ukwaz’ ukuthi nginomhlobo, ongek’ angishiy’ um’izinsuku zinzima, ohlal’ekhona uma ngidinga ngempela. With heartfelt gratitude, I wish to acknowledge my supervisors Prof S.A Materechera and Dr T Saurombe for providing guidance, invaluable inputs, suggestions and the encouragement throughout the period of my studies. This journey came with a lot of challenges, when I even thought of giving up, but you both encouraged and pushed me to do better because you wanted what is best for me, hence I will forever be grateful. I am very grateful to the NRF and NWU bursary for funding my masters’ studies for 2 years; I really appreciate your financial support. I wish to thank all Ba-Pedi and VaTsonga participants who took their valuable time to participants in the data collection and during the pilot study. This study would not be successful without your patience, understanding and effort. I am also grateful to the Bushbuckridge Local Municipality (BLM) and the community’s leaders (Nduna Theko and Mashile) in Ga-Boelang and Morolo villages for granting me permission to conduct my study in their communities. My appreciation goes to Mr Mphakane, who was there to support and introduced me to the chiefs in Ga-Boelang and Morolo villages, thank you so much also for your guidance during the data collection process. A big thank you goes to the following people Mr Lesley Mashego, Mothusiotsile Maditsi and Olefile Mogotsi, and lastly Ms Thelma Molokwa as I always ran to you when I was facing some challenges during the data collection process and the write up of my dissertation, your support really means a lot to me and it is much appreciated. I will also like to thank the IKS staff especially Ms Lesedi Makapela and Salvation Tumane for always making it possible for me to see Prof Materechera in time when I had to consult, I am very grateful for your patience. I am aslo grateful to Bett member of the NWU geography department for the beautiful study area that he made for me, I am very much grateful for your patience and understanding, you tolerated me even when I was becoming too much and expecting the map to be perfect, however you delivered without any hesitation. iv I also express my sincere gratitude to my parents who gave me life, nurtured, taught and dressed me, fought for me, but mostly importantly, who love me unconditionally. Your support, love, prayers and encouragement were amazing throughout this difficult journey. I will also like to express my gratitude to my siblings, I say thank you for listening to me as I constantly bounced my ideas off you. I really appreciate your patience with me, as I constantly wanted to talk about nothing else but my research when you would have liked to be discussing something else. You are part of my story. In addition, many thanks must go to Matete Mokgotho whose encouragement and support greatly motivated me. Thank you so much for believing in me and for always being my shoulder to cry on, you have really touched my life in a remarkable way. My cousin Nomthandazo Mokoena, God knows I cannot thank you enough, therefore I think it will be best to thank Godinstead, for blessing me with someone like you in my life. I thank God that for making you the young God-fearing woman that you are today. Thank you for the spiritual support, prayers and encouragement, I will forever be grateful. My sincere gratitude goes to my grandmother children (Anna, Beatrice, Wilson, Dingaan, Bernard and Banele), and the rest of the Kock’s family, thank you for your support and prayers throughout my studies I consider myself the luckiest in the world to have such a supportive family, standing behind me with their love and support. My acknowledgement will never be complete without the special mention of my best friend Julia Mashego, you been nothing but what people call a genuine friend for the past 12 years. Thank you for being with me through the thick and thin of life, I am very lucky to have a friend like you. v Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ i Dedication..............................................................................................................................................ii Declaration ..........................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements……………………...………………………………………………………........iv List of Figures……………...………………………………………………………………………....xi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................xiii List of Appendice………………………………………………………………………………….xiv List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………..………………………..xv Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Rationale ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Problem statement ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Aim and objectives of the study ................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Guiding research questions of the study..................................................................................... 4 1.6 The significance of the study...................................................................................................... 5 1.7 The researcher’s positionality to the study ................................................................................
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