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Manifold from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Contents Manifold From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Contents 1 Atlas (topology) 1 1.1 Charts ................................................. 1 1.2 Formal definition of atlas ....................................... 1 1.2.1 Maximal atlas ......................................... 1 1.3 Transition maps ............................................ 2 1.4 More structure ............................................. 2 1.5 References ............................................... 2 1.6 External links ............................................. 3 2 Manifold 4 2.1 Motivational examples ........................................ 5 2.1.1 Circle ............................................. 5 2.1.2 Enriched circle ........................................ 8 2.1.3 Sphere ............................................ 8 2.1.4 Other curves ......................................... 8 2.2 History ................................................ 8 2.2.1 Early development ...................................... 9 2.2.2 Synthesis ........................................... 10 2.2.3 Poincaré's definition ...................................... 10 2.2.4 Topology of manifolds: highlights .............................. 11 2.3 Mathematical definition ........................................ 11 2.3.1 Broad definition ....................................... 12 2.4 Charts, atlases, and transition maps .................................. 12 2.4.1 Charts ............................................. 12 2.4.2 Atlases ............................................ 12 2.4.3 Transition maps ........................................ 13 2.4.4 Additional structure ...................................... 13 2.5 Manifold with boundary ....................................... 13 2.5.1 Boundary and interior .................................... 13 2.6 Construction ............................................. 14 2.6.1 Charts ............................................ 14 2.6.2 Patchwork .......................................... 14 2.6.3 Identifying points of a manifold ............................... 15 i ii CONTENTS 2.6.4 Gluing along boundaries ................................... 15 2.6.5 Cartesian products ...................................... 15 2.7 Manifolds with additional structure .................................. 16 2.7.1 Topological manifolds .................................... 16 2.7.2 Differentiable manifolds ................................... 16 2.7.3 Riemannian manifolds .................................... 16 2.7.4 Finsler manifolds ....................................... 17 2.7.5 Lie groups .......................................... 17 2.7.6 Other types of manifolds ................................... 17 2.8 Classification and invariants ...................................... 18 2.9 Examples of surfaces ......................................... 18 2.9.1 Orientability ......................................... 18 2.9.2 Genus and the Euler characteristic .............................. 19 2.10 Maps of manifolds .......................................... 19 2.10.1 Scalar-valued functions .................................... 20 2.11 Generalizations of manifolds ..................................... 20 2.12 See also ................................................ 21 2.12.1 By dimension ......................................... 21 2.13 Notes ................................................. 21 2.14 References .............................................. 22 2.15 External links ............................................. 22 2.16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses .......................... 29 2.16.1 Text .............................................. 29 2.16.2 Images ............................................ 29 2.16.3 Content license ........................................ 30 Chapter 1 Atlas (topology) For other uses, see Fiber bundle and Atlas (disambiguation). In mathematics, particularly topology, one describes a manifold using an atlas. An atlas consists of individual charts that, roughly speaking, describe individual regions of the manifold. If the manifold is the surface of the Earth, then an atlas has its more common meaning. In general, the notion of atlas underlies the formal definition of a manifold and related structures such as vector bundles and other fibre bundles. 1.1 Charts The definition of an atlas depends on the notion of a chart.A chart for a topological space M (also called a coordinate chart, coordinate patch, coordinate map, or local frame) is a homeomorphism ' from an open subset U of M to an open subset of Euclidean space. The chart is traditionally recorded as the ordered pair (U; ') . 1.2 Formal definition of atlas S An atlas for a topological space M is a collection f(Uα;'α)g of charts on M such that Uα = M . If the codomain of each chart is the n-dimensional Euclidean space and the atlas is connected, then M is said to be an n-dimensional manifold. 1.2.1 Maximal atlas The atlas containing all possible charts consistent with a given atlas is called the maximal atlas: i.e., an equivalence class containing that given atlas (under the already defined equivalence relation given in the previous paragraph). Unlike an ordinary atlas, the maximal atlas of a given manifold is unique. Though it is useful for definitions, it is an abstract object and not used directly (e.g. in calculations). The completion of an atlas consists of the union of the atlas and all charts which yield an atlas of the manifold. That is, if we have an atlas f(Uα;'α)g on a manifold M , then the completion of the atlas consists of all those charts (Uβ;'β) such that f(Uα;'α)g [ (Uβ;'β) ⊂ M . An atlas which is the same as its completion is a complete atlas. A complete atlas is a maximal atlas. 1 2 CHAPTER 1. ATLAS (TOPOLOGY) 1.3 Transition maps M Uα Uβ 'α 'β τα,β τβ,α Rn Rn Two charts on a manifold A transition map provides a way of comparing two charts of an atlas. To make this comparison, we consider the composition of one chart with the inverse of the other. This composition is not well-defined unless we restrict both charts to the intersection of their domains of definition. (For example, if we have a chart of Europe and a chart of Russia, then we can compare these two charts on their overlap, namely the European part of Russia.) To be more precise, suppose that (Uα;'α) and (Uβ;'β) are two charts for a manifold M such that Uα \ Uβ is non-empty. The transition map τα,β : 'α(Uα \ Uβ) ! 'β(Uα \ Uβ) is the map defined by ◦ −1 τα,β = 'β 'α : Note that since 'α and 'β are both homeomorphisms, the transition map τα,β is also a homeomorphism. 1.4 More structure One often desires more structure on a manifold than simply the topological structure. For example, if one would like an unambiguous notion of differentiation of functions on a manifold, then it is necessary to construct an atlas whose transition functions are differentiable. Such a manifold is called differentiable. Given a differentiable manifold, one can unambiguously define the notion of tangent vectors and then directional derivatives. If each transition function is a smooth map, then the atlas is called a smooth atlas, and the manifold itself is called smooth. Alternatively, one could require that the transition maps have only k continuous derivatives in which case the atlas is said to be Ck . Very generally, if each transition function belongs to a pseudo-group G of homeomorphisms of Euclidean space, then the atlas is called a G -atlas. If the transition maps between charts of an atlas preserve a local trivialization, then the atlas defines the structure of a fibre bundle. 1.5 References • Lee, John M. (2006). Introduction to Smooth Manifolds. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-95448-6. 1.6. EXTERNAL LINKS 3 • Sepanski, Mark R. (2007). Compact Lie Groups. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-30263-8. • Husemoller, D (1994), Fibre bundles, Springer, Chapter 5 “Local coordinate description of fibre bundles”. 1.6 External links • Atlas by Rowland, Todd Chapter 2 Manifold For other uses, see Manifold (disambiguation). In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that resembles Euclidean space near each point. More precisely, The real projective plane is a two-dimensional manifold that cannot be realized in three dimensions without self-intersection, shown here as Boy’s surface. each point of an n-dimensional manifold has a neighbourhood that is homeomorphic to the Euclidean space of di- 4 2.1. MOTIVATIONAL EXAMPLES 5 The surface of the Earth requires (at least) two charts to include every point. Here the globe is decomposed into charts around the North and South Poles. mension n. Lines and circles, but not figure eights, are one-dimensional manifolds. Two-dimensional manifolds are also called surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, which can all be embedded in three dimensional real space, but also the Klein bottle and real projective plane which cannot. Although a manifold resembles Euclidean space near each point, globally it may not. For example, the surface of the sphere is not a Euclidean space, but in a region it can be charted by means of map projections of the region into the Euclidean plane (in the context of manifolds they are called charts). When a region appears in two neighbouring charts, the two representations do not coincide exactly and a transformation is needed to pass from one to the other, called a transition map. The concept of a manifold is central to many parts of geometry and modern mathematical physics because it allows more complicated structures to be described and understood
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