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Religion and the State Religion and the State Religion and the State A Comparative Sociology Edited by Jack Barbalet, Adam Possamai and Bryan S. Turner Anthem Press An imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company www.anthempress.com This edition fi rst published in UK and USA 2011 by ANTHEM PRESS 75-76 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8HA, UK or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK and 244 Madison Ave. #116, New York, NY 10016, USA © 2011 Jack Barbalet, Adam Possamai and Bryan S. Turner editorial matter and selection; individual chapters © individual contributors The moral right of the authors has been asserted. Front cover image © 2011 iStockphoto.com/Cosmonaut All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Religion and the state : a comparative sociology / edited by Jack Barbalet, Adam Possamai, Bryan S. Turner. p. cm. Proceedings of a workshop held July 17–18, 2009 at the University of Western Sydney, Parramatta Campus. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-85728-798-4 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Religion and state–Congresses. I. Barbalet, J. M., 1946- II. Possamai, Adam. III. Turner, Bryan S. BL65.S8R4455 2011 322’.1–dc23 2011039325 ISBN-13: 978 0 85728 798 4 (Hbk) ISBN-10: 0 85728 798 2 (Hbk) This title is also available as an eBook. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Notes on Contributors ix List of Tables and Figures xiii Introduction States, Consumption and Managing Religions 1 Bryan S. Turner, Adam Possamai and Jack Barbalet Part I: From Deprivitization to Securitization Chapter 1 Religion in Liberal and Authoritarian States 25 Bryan S. Turner Chapter 2 Religion in Prisons and in Partnership with the State 43 James A. Beckford Chapter 3 The Secularization Thesis and the Secular State: Refl ections with Special Attention to Debates in Australia 65 Stephen Chavura Chapter 4 Secularism, Religion and the Status Quo 93 Gal Levy Chapter 5 Managing China’s Muslim Minorities: Migration, Labor and the Rise of Ethnoreligious Consciousness among Uyghurs in Urban Xinjiang 121 Reza Hasmath Chapter 6 The Tension Between State and Religion in American Foreign Policy 139 Douglas Porpora Chapter 7 Church, State and Society in Post-communist Europe 157 Siniša Zrinšcˇak vi RELIGION AND THE STATE Part II: From Pietism to Consumerism Chapter 8 Chinese Religion, Market Society and the State 185 Jack Barbalet Chapter 9 Hindu Normalization, Nationalism and Consumer Mobilization 207 Arathi Sriprakash and Adam Possamai Chapter 10 Clash of Secularity and Religiosity: The Staging of Secularism and Islam through the Icons of Atatürk and the Veil in Turkey 225 Meyda Yeg˘enog˘lu Chapter 11 Gramsci, Jediism, the Standardization of Popular Religion and the State 245 Adam Possamai Part III: Concluding Comments Chapter 12 Concerning the Current Recompositions of Religion and of Politics 265 Patrick Michel Chapter 13 Public Religions and the State: A Comparative Perspective 277 Jack Barbalet, Adam Possamai and Bryan S. Turner ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On 17–18 July 2009, the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia and the College of Arts from the University of Western Sydney cosponsored a workshop, which was held at the University of Western Sydney (Parramatta Campus). The workshop addressed various relationships between religion and the state through comparative investigations of historical cases and contemporary developments, and this edited book is an outcome of that meeting. This volume includes a number of chapters that were fi rst presented at that workshop as well as invited contributions. The editors would like to thank Alan Nixon and Elena Knox for the help they provided with this workshop and book. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Jack Barbalet is a professor of sociology and head of the Department of Sociology at Hong Kong Baptist University. He is also an adjunct professor in the Institute for Culture and Society at the University of Western Sydney, where he was previously a professorial fellow at the Centre for Citizenship and Public Policy and a foundation professor of sociology. He has also been a professor of sociology and head of department at the University of Leicester. Jack’s most recent book is Weber, Passion and Profi ts: “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” in Context (Cambridge University Press, 2008). His recent papers have appeared in Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, the European Journal of Social Theory, Theory and Society, the Cambridge Journal of Economics, Max Weber Studies, the Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, and the British Journal of Sociology. James A. Beckford, Fellow of the British Academy, is a professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Warwick and was president of the Society for the Scientifi c Study of Religion 2010–11. His recent books include: Social Theory and Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2003), Muslims in Prison: Challenge and Change in Britain and France (with D. Joly and F. Khosrokhavar, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Theorising Religion: Classical and Contemporary Debates (edited with J. Walliss, Ashgate, 2006); and The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion (edited with N. J. Demerath, SAGE, 2007). His current research interests include religion and the state, prison chaplaincy and Muslims in Europe. Stephen Chavura teaches in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Macquarie University, Sydney. His interests include religion and politics, church-state relations in Australia, and the history of political thought. He is the author of Tudor Protestant Political Thought 1547–1603 (Brill, 2011). Reza Hasmath (PhD, Cambridge) is a senior research lecturer in social sciences. His research examines the labor market experiences of urban ethnic minorities, and state and society interactions in China. He is the author of x RELIGION AND THE STATE The Ethnic Penalty: Immigration, Education and the Labour Market (Ashgate, 2011) and A Comparative Study of Minority Development in China and Canada (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), and has edited the collections The Chinese Corporatist State: Adaptation, Survival and Resistance (with J. Hsu, forthcoming) China in an Era of Transition: Understanding Contemporary State and Society Actors (with J. Hsu, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) and Managing Ethnic Diversity: Meanings and Practices from an International Perspective (Ashgate, 2011). Gal Levy (PhD, LSE) is a senior teaching faculty at the Open University, Israel, and the director of New York University in Tel Aviv. His current interest in religion and the state stems from his long-lasting study of the Israeli ethnicized society. Following his dissertation, which explored the interrelationship between ethnic politics and educational policy, Gal became engaged in various research projects that aim to examine the triad relationship of education, ethnicity and citizenship. His most recent projects include a study on education and citizenship among children of labor-migrants and a large scale research project (coauthored with Dr M. Massalha and supported by an Israel Science Foundation grant) on alternative Arab education. His current book manuscript, which is under review at Cambridge University Press, is a political account of the history of education in Israel and its implications for the construction of contemporary ethnic identities and conceptions of citizenship. Gal has published locally and internationally on these topics, as well as on class and ethnic voting in the Israeli general elections. Patrick Michel is a senior research fellow at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que, is president of the Political Science and Sociology of Organizations section of the Comité National de la Recherche Scientifi que of France, and is full professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris). He is also the Director of the Centre Maurice Halbwachs in Paris. In addition to his primary interest in Central Europe, his research focuses on the theoretical aspects of the relation between politics and religion. His published works include Religion(s) et identité(s) en Europe: L’épreuve du pluriel, coedited with Antonela Capelle-Pogacean and Enzo Pace (Les Presses de Sciences Po, 2008), and Politique et religion – La grande mutation (Albin Michel, 1994). Douglas Porpora is a professor of sociology in the Department of Culture and Communication at Drexel University in Philadelphia. Although he has written more widely on social theory in books such as How Holocausts Happen: The US in Central America (Temple University Press, 1990) and Landscapes of the Soul: The Loss of Moral Meaning in American Life (Oxford University Press, 2001), he has NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi here focused on how Americans deal with macro-moral issues. He is currently writing a book on how Americans debated the 2003 attack on Iraq. Adam Possamai is an associate professor in sociology at the University of Western Sydney (UWS). He is the author of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach (with James Henslin and Alphia Possamai-Inesedy, Pearson, 2010), Sociology of Religion for Generations X and Y (Equinox,
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