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Adhesive Tape Selection and Processing Instructions for the Professional Use of Adhesive Tapes Contents PROFESSIONAL BONDING Theory and practical knowledge: Adhesive tape selection and processing instructions for the professional use of adhesive tapes Contents Basics of bonding 3 Processing/Application 13 Adhesion _________________________________ 3 Applying the adhesive tape ___________________ 13 Cohesion _________________________________ 3 Pressure __________________________________ 13 Adhesive strength __________________________ 3 Processing temperature _____________________ 13 Surface tension and energy ___________________ 4 Equipment and processing tools _______________ 14 Initial and final bond strength _________________ 5 Dispensing/Cutting _______________________ 14 Product structure ___________________________ 5 Pressing _______________________________ 14 Applying adhesion promoter ________________ 14 Selecting the right adhesive tape 6 Removing adhesive tapes 15 Application _______________________________ 6 Factors for determining the Loosening a single-sided adhesive tape _________ 15 right product ______________________________ 6 Loosening a double-sided adhesive bond ________ 15 Surfaces to be bonded ______________________ 7 Removing pressure-sensitive adhesive residues ___ 15 Material type ____________________________ 7 Surface structure ________________________ 7 Bondability _____________________________ 7 Storage and transport 16 Requirements for the adhesive bond ___________ 8 Duration of application ____________________ 8 Temperature resistance ___________________ 8 Typical characteristics and Thermal expansion _______________________ 9 test methods 17 Weather/UV resistance ____________________ 9 Resistance against solvents _________________ 10 Bond strength _____________________________ 17 Stress types and their Static shear test ____________________________ 17 effects on bonding ________________________ 10 Tensile test ________________________________ 18 Thickness _________________________________ 18 Temperature resistance ______________________ 19 Surface preparation 11 Double-sided adhesive tapes _______________ 19 Single-sided adhesive tapes ________________ 19 Surface cleaning ___________________________ 11 Cleaning with water and solvent _____________ 11 Mechanical cleaning ______________________ 11 Pretreatment with bonding agent (adhesion promoter) _________________________ 12 Physical pretreatment _______________________ 12 2 Contents Basics of bonding An adhesive bond always depends on the interplay between adhesion and cohesion. Adhesion Adhesion refers to the sum of all face with which it comes into contact forces which occur at the interfaces with virtually no pressure. But the tack between two substrates, e.g. a sur- does not ultimately correlate with the face to be bonded and a pressure- actual bond strength of a pressure- sen si tive adhesive. The measurable sensitive adhesive. Pressure-sensitive bond strength of adhesion results from adhesives with a low tack are capable the combination of these physical of withstanding high stresses when inter actions and the energy dissipation high final adhesive strength and/or from the pressure-sensitive adhesive’s high shear strength are formed. Substrate Pressure-sensitive adhesive viscoelastic properties. Therefore, the thumb test (or even fin- A particular form of adhesion is the ger tack) is not suitable for drawing tack, which determines whether an con clusions about the bond strength adhesive mass can quickly wet a sur- of a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Cohesion For the adhesive bond to stay intact, sufficient cohesion (internal strength) of the pressure-sensitive adhesive is required. The cohesion of a pressure- sensitive adhesive describes the elastic behaviour of the adhesive, which in turn has an impact on the shear strength or restoring forces of a bond. Substrate Pressure-sensitive adhesive Adhesive strength Adhesive strength is described by the interplay of adhesion and cohesion, i.e. only through a certain combination of adhesion and internal strength is an adhesive bond able to withstand the stresses that act on it. Substrate Pressure-sensitive adhesive Basics of bonding 3 Surface tension and energy In order to achieve sufficient contact and low surface energy substrates. If in the range of a surface energy of points for the formation of high adhe- the droplet forms a film, this points to a 36 – 38 mN/m. Therefore, the bonda- sion forces, the pressure-sensitive high surface energy. On the other bility for surface tensions above this adhesive must be able to sufficiently hand, if it stays a droplet or drips off, it range is usually problem-free, whereas wet the substrate to be bonded. points to a lower surface energy than at values below​​ this range a pretreat- Wetting largely depends on the surface water. In this case, bonding to the ment of the surface to be bonded tension or energy of the substrate and substrate may be difficult. should be considered. the pressure-sensitive adhesive. More accurate results are achieved A pressure-sensitive adhesive is with so-called test inks, which are also generally able to wet-out a substrate if available in pen form. The surface the substrate’s surface energy is energy is given in mN/m, dyn/cm or greater than or equal to that of the sometimes also in mJ/m², whereby: adhesive. The higher the wet-out, the 1 mN/m = 1 dyn/cm. more contact points are available to form a bond between two surfaces. As The boundary between low-energy and a first indication one can use a water high-energy surfaces is usually drawn droplet to differentiate between high Test inks Wettability Poor Good Very good Surface energy Pressure-sensitive adhesive > Substrate Pressure-sensitive adhesive = Substrate Pressure-sensitive adhesive < Substrate Material Surface energy [mN/m = dyn/cm] 10 20 30 40 50 60 Pure acrylate 47 55 Steel 45 55 PET (polyethylene terephthalate) 43 47 PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) 43 47 PUR (polyurethane) 43 47 Glass 40 47 High surface energy Modified acrylate 40 49 of the material PC (polycarbonate) 38 42 ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) 37 41 Hard PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 37 41 PP (polypropylene), primed 36 40 Soft PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 36 40 Aluminium 35 45 PS (polystyrene) 35 39 PVA (polyvinyl acetate) 35 39 Natural rubber 32 39 EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) 31 35 Synthetic rubber 30 39 Low surface energy PE (polyethylene) 29 33 of the material PP (polypropylene) 28 32 PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon®) 16 20 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substrate 4 Basics of bonding Initial and ultimate peel adhesion Due to the viscoelastic character of an ultimate peel adhesion of acrylic Higher temperatures also significantly adhesive tape the peel adhesion adhesives. With the use of a bonding reduce the time needed to achieve increases over time. The time needed agent (adhesion promoter) the time the ultimate peel adhesion. At lower to achieve the ultimate peel adhesion needed to achieve the ultimate peel processing temperatures, a much strongly depends on factors such as adhesion is typically reduced. longer time is once again required to the type of adhesive mass, tempera- achieve the ultimate peel adhesion. ture, contact pressure and substrate. Synthetic rubber This behavior is described as the initial 100% ber and ultimate peel adhesion. tural rub Na c li ry ac d e ifi The figure on the right shows, both d o M 75% synthetic and natural rubber pres- ic l ry sure-sensitive adhesives require less c a e r u P time to reach the ultimate peel 50% adhesion than acrylic-based pres- sure-sensitive adhesives. As a rule of Peel adhesion Peel thumb, it takes 72 hours to achieve the 25% 0% Time Product structure All adhesive tapes consist essentially of a backing material and at least one self-adhesive layer of adhesive. The product structures shown on the right are typical for single-sided and double-sided adhesive tapes. 1 2 The adhesive and backing materials 1 3 are adapted to the specific application 2 requirements of each tesa® adhesive 4 3 5 tape solution. Examples of adhesive 4 6 masses are acrylics, natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Examples of backings are film, paper, tissue and Product structure Product structure foam. In order to help you choose the single-sided adhesive tape: double-sided adhesive tape: appropriate adhesive tape, we offer 1. Rear surface release coating 1. Separation cover (siliconized) product ranges for the various fields 2. Backing 2. Pressure-sensitive adhesive of application. These include, for 3. Primer (covered side) example, adhesive tapes for surface 4. Pressure-sensitive adhesive 3. Primer protection, masking, bundling and 4. Backing 5. Primer permanent bonding in the automotive, 6. Pressure-sensitive adhesive electronics, construction or furniture (open side) industries. Basics of bonding 5 Selecting the right adhesive tape Application The requirements for an adhesive solution are extremely diverse and vary greatly between different applications. Therefore, it is important to use the most suitable adhesive tape for each individual case. The following general information applies to all tesa® adhesive tape applications and is intended to help you to select suitable tesa® products. For more technologically advanced applications and product groups, there are also far more detailed, application-specific processing instructions that you can receive both through our technical customer service and our sales department. Double-sided adhesive tapes are used for joining parts and attaching objects, while single-sided adhesive tapes are used, e.g. for sealing packaging, covering
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