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University of Kwazulu-Natal Faculty of Humanities A UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL FACULTY OF HUMANITIES A POLICY ANALYSIS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE LESOTHO HIGHLANDS WATER PROJECT FOR RURAL COMMUNITIES IN LESOTHO: A CASE-STUDY OF COMMUNITIES AFFECTED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KATSE AND MOHALE DAMS BY FRANK TSOTETSI MAKORO A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN THE COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, PIETERMARITZBURG, SOUTH AFRICA. SUPERVISOR: DR. SUZANNE FRANCIS NOVEMBER 2014 Abstract This thesis analyses the policy and implementation of the Treaty reached between the Kingdom of Lesotho and the Republic of South Africa to construct two dams, the Katse and Mohale dams, to supply water to the Province of Gauteng in South Africa, in 1986. The nature and intention of this study is to contribute to knowledge since these dams were constructed for socio-economic development in Lesotho and in the Republic of South Africa. The main purpose of the thesis is to investigate the extent to which the construction of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project has benefitted resettled and relocated households in the areas where they now live. The study focuses on how seven of the socio-economic development programmes of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority, namely Infrastructure, Compensation, Resettlement, Relocation, Capacity Building, Rural Development and Tourism, have been understood and implemented during the construction of the Katse and Mohale dams. In this study a more detailed empirical approach of how the Treaty and Compensation Policy for resettlement and relocation of affected communities in two regions of Katse and Mohale is understood and applied in the Katse area and Maseru District (one urban, in the Maseru suburbs, and the other rural foothills of the Machache mountain range of Ha Theko in Nazareth). The thesis identifies contributions made to social and economic development brought about by the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Political structures that governed this project are interrogated, as well as the management structures that were given the responsibility to supervise the administration and operations of this project. This resulted in more than 50 households resettled in the Katse dam region and more than 80 households resettled in urban areas, the outskirts of Maseru City, and more than 100 households relocated to Ha Theko area. The Lesotho Highlands Development Authority was satisfied with the policy implementation in this regard, but little benefit is seen amongst people affected by the LHWP in their resettled and relocated places. The attempt here is to show how the implementation of seven socio-economic programmes of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority has really contributed to the betterment of affected communities who were involuntarily displaced by LHDA. The thesis also reveals the importance of women in taking household leadership positions, in which issues of resettlement, employment, health, building of healthy relationships with host communities and capacity building, have been their major responsibilities and functions. In the Treaty, the intention of the project was that the resettlement programme should be organized in such a way that the standard of affected communities by the construction of Lesotho Highlands Water Project, in particular those resettled and relocated, should not be below the level they were before their resettlement and relocation. Four main areas of focus, namely the nature of the project, the governance of the project, management and policy implementation, and the situation and current consequent conditions of affected communities, are critically analyzed in this study. Declaration: Plagiarism I, Frank Tsotetsi Makoro, declare that: (i) The research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated, and is my original work. (ii) This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. (iii)This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. (iv) This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: (a) their words have been re-written, but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; (b) Where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotations marks, and referenced. (v) Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co-author or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was actually written by myself alone and have fully referenced such publications. (vi) This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation and in the References sections. ____________________________________ Student: Frank Tsotetsi Makoro Acknowledgements To my wife, Thelma, without whose encouragement and support this project could not have been completed. Equally important is the contribution of my children Batlokoa, Lerato and Kweqana and the rest of the family, especially my father and mother, who saw fit for me to go this far, I say to you all, thank you. To Prof. Ralph Lawrence (initial supervisor), Dr Alison Jones (brief transitional supervisor) and Dr. Suzanne Francis (final supervisor) of the University of KwaZulu Natal who excellently and courageously supervised this project and to the many other distinguished scholars at Edinburgh University in Scotland, the late Prof, Alistair Kee and Prof. Marcella Althuas-Reid, both of whom encouraged me to define myself through my own culture, faith and commitment for development of my people, thus strengthening my African identity. I salute you. My appreciation goes to all participants who warmly agreed to be interviewed and gave their time to talk to me, without whom this project would not have been possible. Among them are the chiefs of researched communities, headsmen, retired government officials who spent their time talking to me and the current management staff of the LHDA who agreed to be interviewed. I do not ignore contributions made by the heads of NGOs who participated in this study, they strongly maintained their position regarding the role of the LHWP for social betterment and the affected individuals who fearlessly spoke from their hearts and also introduced me to the members of their households showing me the actual life in which they lived after disturbance. You were honest and determined to share your feelings about this project and your expectations of it. I salute you. I do not underestimate the support I got from the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority’s librarians, Kuena Lerotholi and Makali Kali. They showed good spirit throughout my documentary research. Lenka Thamae of the Transformation Resource Centre, who selflessly directed me to many contacts and sources, I owe you. To scholars at the National University of Lesotho, and the very humbled Basotho who showed me love and eagerness for this research to succeed, and to my clan, Botsotetsi Ba Lebaka, I say, Grace and Peace. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Declaration: Plagiarism-------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv Acknowledgements-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v Table of Contents---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi List of Tables---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x List of Figures-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xii List of Maps---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiii Abbreviations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiv Part One Chapter 1 General Introduction General Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 Project Background-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2 Context of Investigated Communities ---------------------------------------------------------2 1.3 Aims of the Research-----------------------------------------------------------------------------4 1.4 Principal Theories upon which this research is based----------------------------------------6 1.5 Review of Literature------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 1.6 Methodology---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 1.7 The Plan of the Thesis----------------------------------------------------------------------------22 Chapter 2 The Political Background, Treaty and Nature of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 2.1 The Origins of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project----------------------------------------24 2 .2The Political Background of Lesotho during 1986-------------------------------------------26 2.3 The Political Background of South Africa during 1986--------------------------------------33 2.4 The Treaty and Its Provisions --------------------------------------------------------------------35
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