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Grabwespen Illustrierter Katalog Der Einheimischen Arten © Westarp Wissenschaften 2012 - Leseprobe Grabwespen Illustrierter Katalog der einheimischen Arten 1. Auflage Manfred Blösch © Westarp Wissenschaften 2012 - Leseprobe Mit 200 Farbfotos von Manfred Blösch Titelfotos: Großes Foto: Cerceris ruficornis; kleine Fotos (von oben nach unten): Crabro cribrarius, Passaloecus corniger mit Blattlaus, Po- dalonia affinis mit Raupe. Alle Fotos: Manfred Blösch. Alle Rechte vorbehalten, insbesondere die der fotomechanischen Vervielfältigung oder Übernahme in elektronische Medien, auch auszugsweise. ©2012 Westarp Wissenschaften- Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hohenwarsleben http://www.westarp.de Lektorat: Dr. Günther Wannenmacher Satz und Layout: Alf Zander Druck und Bindung: Westarp & Partner Digitaldruck Hohenwarsleben UG © Westarp Wissenschaften 2012 - Leseprobe Vorwort und Dank Das zunehmende Interesse an Na- der aber keineswegs den Anspruch turbeobachtung und an der Mak- auf Vollständigkeit erhebt. Immer rofotografie hat eine Flut von z. T. wieder werden neue Arten fest- ausgezeichneten Insektenbildern gestellt, die mit der Klimaerwär- hervorgebracht, die in den Medi- mung eingewandert sind, mit dem en präsentiert werden. Vor allem Warenverkehr verschleppt wurden das hochentwickelte Verhalten der oder nach neuen Erkenntnissen beutejagenden Grabwespen hat als eigene Spezies beschrieben bei Naturfreunden und Wissen- wurden. Einige Arten, die im 19. schaftlern viele Freunde gefun- Jahrhundert nachgewiesen wor- den, die ihr Verhalten beobach- den sind, gelten derzeit bei uns ten und dokumentieren. Oft ist als ausgestorben oder verschollen es aber nicht leicht, die einzelnen und werden hier nur aufgeführt, Arten – vor allem im Freiland – wenn mit ihrem Vorkommen in richtig zu bestimmen. In den ent- den Nachbarländern Österreich sprechenden Naturführern werden und Schweiz noch zu rechnen ist. meist nur die häufigen und auf- Nach schMid-egger (2010) sind aus fallenden Arten mit charakteris- Deutschland 263 Grabwespenar- tischen Merkmalen dargestellt. ten bekannt, von denen aber 17 Ähnliche oder verwandte Arten, Arten hier als ausgestorben gel- die zu einer Verwechslung führen ten. Somit ist derzeit in Deutsch- könnten, werden meist schon aus land mit 246 Arten zu rechnen. räumlichen Gründen nicht berück- Einige davon sind zudem extrem sichtigt oder weil entsprechendes selten oder ihre Verbreitung ist auf Bildmaterial fehlt. nur wenige Orte eng begrenzt. An- In diesem Buch werden neben den dere sind durch ihre geringe Grö- abgebildeten 137 Arten – davon ße von wenigen Millimetern oder 45 Arten in beiden Geschlech- durch ihre versteckte Lebensweise tern – in systematischer Auflis- leicht zu übersehen. tung auch die jeweiligen ähnlichen Für Österreich werden von doll- oder sehr seltenen Vertreter einer fuss (1991), Zettel (2000, 2008) Gruppe aufgeführt und kurz cha- u. a. aktuell 272 Arten angegeben rakterisiert – insgesamt 309 Ar- und aus der Schweiz sind nach de ten. Dies ermöglicht dem Laien BeauMont (1964) und aMiet (in lit.) wie dem Erfahrenen einen schnel- 242 Arten bekannt, von denen len Überblick über die gesamte aber ebenfalls einige ältere Nach- Gruppe. Auf diese Weise ist ein weise aus der aktuellen Liste zu »illustrierter Katalog der einheimi- streichen sind. schen Grabwespen« entstanden, 5 © Westarp Wissenschaften 2012 - Leseprobe Im Zusammenhang mit ihrer 1993, Woydak 1996) Thüringen Fortpflanzung haben Grabwes- (Burger 2005), Rheinland-Pfalz pen, neben einem z. T. kompli- (schMid-egger, riesch & niehuis zierten Präkopulationsverhalten 1995), Hessen (tischendorf, froM- verschiedene Grabtechniken beim Mer & flügel 2011), Bayern (Man- Nestbau, unterschiedliche Jagd- dery et al. 2003) und Baden-Würt- methoden und Formen des Beute- temberg (schMidt 1979, 1980, transports, des Nestverschließens, 1981, 1984). der Abwehr von Parasitoiden so- Mit Hilfe dieses Buches kann der wie der Orientierung, ein hoch Naturfreund etwa 10 % der ab- differenziertes Verhaltenssystem gebildeten Grabwespen im Frei- entwickelt, das unter den Insek- land bis zur Art bestimmen, die ten einmalig ist. Somit bieten die meisten jedoch zumindest bis zur Grabwespen neben der faunis- Gattung. tisch-geografischen Forschung vor Zum wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten allem dem Beobachter ihres Ver- kann der bebilderte Katalog den haltens ein reiches und lohnendes Gebrauch eines einschlägigen Betätigungsfeld. Zusammenfas- Bestimmungsschlüssels natürlich sende Darstellungen des Verhal- nicht ersetzen. Hier sei auf einige tens von Grabwespen finden sich neuere Schlüssel verwiesen, die u. a. bei. Bitsch et al. (1993, z. T. auch südländische Spezies 1997, 2001), Blösch (2000) sowie einbeziehen: Bitsch et al. (1993, Bohart & Menke (1976). 1997, 2001), dollfuss (1991) so- Die Verbreitung der einzelnen Ar- wie JacoBs (2007). ten kann in dieser Übersicht nur sehr pauschal abgehandelt wer- Für das Zustandekommen des den. Die Nennung von Einzelnach- vorliegenden Buches mit seiner weisen würde den Umfang und die großzügigen Bebilderung danke Lesbarkeit der vorliegenden Auf- ich herzlich dem Westarp-Verlag, listung weit überfordern. Ausführ- vor allem Herrn Dr. Günther Wan- liche Artenlisten der Grabwespen nenmacher für seine kompetente Deutschlands geben ohl (2001), Betreuung. Ferner danke ich Herrn Dathe, taeger & Blank (2001) Dr. Manfred Kraus, Nürnberg, für schMid-egger (2010), schMidt & die Erlaubnis, Fotos von einigen schMid-egger (1997). Für einzelne Exemplaren aus der Sammlung Bundesländer wurden ebenfalls von Dr. Enslin anzufertigen, sowie Faunenlisten erarbeitet, so für Dr. Mike Herrmann, Konstanz, und Schleswig-Holstein (Van der sMis- Dr. Michael Ohl, Berlin, für wert- sen 1998, 2001), Niedersachsen volle Literaturhinweise und Rat- (theunert 1994), Mecklenburg-Vor- schläge, sowie allen Ungenann- pommern (JacoBs 2001), Branden- ten, die durch ihre Beobachtungen burg (Burger, saure & oelke 1998), und Mitteilungen zur Kenntnis der Nordrhein-Westfalen (kuhlMann Grabwespen beigetragen haben. 6 © Westarp Wissenschaften 2012 - Leseprobe Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort und Dank 5 1 Einführung 8 1.1 Körperbau 11 1.2 Glossar 13 2 Zum Umgang mit Grabwespen 14 3 Illustrierter Artenkatalog 16 4 Literaturverzeichnis 212 5 Artenregister 216 7 © Westarp Wissenschaften 2012 - Leseprobe 1 Einführung Grabwespen bilden drei Insek- aber nicht wie bei den Bienen mit tenfamilien in der großen Ord- Pollen und Nektar, sondern je nung der Hautflügler, der so nach Art mit den verschiedens- unterschiedliche Formen wie ten Insekten oder deren Larven Ameisen und Bienen, Schlupf-, sowie mit Spinnen als Larven- Gall- und Erzwespen sowie Blatt-, nahrung versorgt. Die Beutetiere Falten- und Goldwespen und wei- werden durch einen oder mehre- tere kleinere Familien angehören. re Stiche, meist in die weichen Mit den Bienen haben Grabwes- Gelenkhäute der Beinansätze, pen zahlreiche morphologische durch das Wespengift paralysiert und biologische Gemeinsamkei- und anschließend in die vorberei- ten, daher wurden die beiden tete Larvenkammer transportiert. Gruppen in der Überfamilie Apo- Hierzu wurden ganz unterschied- idea (Bienenartige) zusammen- liche Tragetechniken entwickelt gefasst. wobei die Beute entweder nur mit Viele Grabwespenarten sind den Kiefern (Mandibeln), mit den schwarz gefärbt, bei einigen sind Mittelbeinen, Bauch an Bauch, in die ersten Segmente des Hinter- einigen Fällen auch Rücken an leibs rot oder sie besitzen gel- Bauch, gehalten, oder am Hinter- be oder weißliche Zeichnungen. leibsende, am Stachel befestigt, Manche Grabwespen mögen mit zum Nest gebracht werden. Der ihrer schwarz-gelben Bänderung Transport kann fliegend, bei grö- den eigentlichen Wespen (Ves- ßeren Beutetieren auch zu Fuß, poidea) gleichen, doch tragen über weite Strecken erfolgen. sie ihre beiden Flügelpaare in der Nach der Verproviantierung und Ruhe niemals wie die »echten« Eiablage wird die Brutkammer Wespen auf dem Rücken längs verschlossen und die aus dem gefaltet, sie besitzen auch keine einzigen Ei schlüpfende Wespen- gefiederten Haare wie die Bienen. larve verzehrt allmählich die noch lebenden, paralysierten Beutetie- Die deutlichsten Unterschiede zu re. Nach einer Ruhephase folgt den Bienen finden sich jedoch in die Verpuppung und das Schlüp- der Brutfürsorge bzw. Brutpflege. fen der jungen Grabwespe, ent- Wie die einzeln lebenden Bienen weder noch im gleichen Sommer errichten die Weibchen der Grab- (2. Generation) oder erst im fol- wespen Larvenkammern in der genden Jahr. Erde oder überirdisch in geeig- neten Hohlräumen. Diese werden Nach der Art, wie die Nester an- gelegt werden, unterscheidet 8 © Westarp Wissenschaften 2012 - Leseprobe man die unterirdische (endogä- von Grabwespen finden sich u. a. ische) Nestanlage und oberirdi- bei Bitsch et al. (1993, 1997, sche (hypergäische) Nester, die 2001), Blösch (2000), Bohart & im morschen Holz oder im wei- Menke (1976). chen Mark von Pflanzenstängeln Das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet der genagt werden, oder es werden Grabwespen in der Paläarktis liegt von einigen Arten auch hohle in den wärmeren Zonen südlich Pflanzenstängel wie Stroh- und der Alpen, vor allem im Mittel- Schilfhalme, oder die verlassenen meergebiet. Viele Arten erreichen Bauten von anderen Hautflüglern bei uns die nördliche Grenze ih- besiedelt. Allein die vor allem im rer Verbreitung. Sie leben hier Süden verbreitete Gattung Sceli- vornehmlich in den klimatisch phron errichtet aus feuchter Erde begünstigten Regionen und sind freistehende Nester, häufig an gegenüber Klimaschwankungen Mauern, zum Teil auch im Inne- sehr anfällig. ren von Gebäuden. Das Graben der Nester
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