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NASA Conference Publication 2209 VIJ ..’1 NASA CP 2209 c. 1 NASA ConferencePublication 2209 \- I i I. s,I i Proceedings of a workshop held in Hampton; Virginia June 9-10,1981 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM Electric Flight Edited by Nelson J. Groom and Ray V. Hood Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia Proceedings of a workshop held in Hampton, Virginia June 9-10,1981 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Sciontific and Tadmica1 Information Branch 1982 PREFACE A joint NASA/industryworkshop on electric flight systems was held in Hampton, p' Virginia,June 9-10,1981. The purpose of the workshop was toprovide a forumfor li' the effectiveinterchange of ideas, plans,and program information needed to developthe technology for electric flight systems applications to both aircraft andspacecraft during the years 1985 to 2000. Approximately 154 government/ industry representatives attended the workshop. The first dayconsisted of a number of presentations by industry representa- tives.These presentations provided an excellent overview of work eitherbeing conductedor planned by the varioussegments of the aerospaceindustry. On the secondday of the workshop,separate working group sessions were heldcovering six disciplinary areas related to electric flight systems. These areas were: engine technology; power systems;environmental control systems; electromechanical actuators; digital flight controls;and electric flight systemsintegration. Each group was asked to consider the principalcomponent and system technology issues related to that particular discipline area, majorsteps to be taken relative to ~ technologydevelopment and application, NASA's role,and views on whether flight testing of an all-electric airplane would be necessaryto improve the data base and 1 determinefeasibility. Following these workingsessions, summary reports on the 1 findingsand conclusions of each group were presented by the groupchairmen at a plenary session. This publicationcontains an executive summary of the workshopand summarizes the discussions,conclusions, and recommendations of the six workinggroups. Copies of the materials used in presentations are containedin appendices. Use of trade names or names ofmanufacturers in this report does not constitute anofficial endorsement of such productsor manufacturers, either expressedor implied, by the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration. Nelson J. Groom Ray V. Hood NationalAeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center iii CONTENTS PREFACE ............................ iii I. INTRODUCTION. ......................... 1 11. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................... 3 3 111. SUMMARYOF ENGINETECHNOLOGY WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS .... 13 1 AnthonyHoffman, Chairman i IV. SUMMARYOF POWER SYSTEMSWORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS ...... 17 ! Robert Finke, Chairman .!I i 'SUMMARYV. ENVIRONMENTALOF CONTROL SYSTEMS WORKING GROUP _I DISCUSS IONS ........................ 23 d-I FrankChairman Hrach, VI. SUMMARYOF ELECTROMECHANICALACTUATORS WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS............ ............ 31 JamesBigham, Chairman VII. SUMMARYOF DIGITALFLIGHT CONTROLS WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS ........................ 39 BillyDove, Chairman VIII. SUMMARYOF ELECTRICFLIGHT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION WORKING GROUP DISCUSSIONS ..................... 43 ). Ray Hood, Chairman 5 APPENDIXA - LISTATTENDEES OF ................ 49 APPENDIX B - PRESENTATIONS ELECTRICFLIGHT SYSTEMS 1. ELECTRICFLIGHT SYSTEMS - OVERVIEW .......... 61 MichaelCronin ENGINETECHNOLOGY 2. PROPULSIONA VIEW OF THE ALL-ELECTRIC AIRPLANE. 95 Robert P. Wanger 3. POTENTIALPROPULSION CONSIDERATIONS AND STUDY AREASFOR ALL-ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT. 9 103 Thomas G. Lenox 1, V " " POWER SYSTEMS 4. A LOOKINTO THE FUTURE...THE POTENTIAL OF THE ALL-ELECTRIC SECONDARY POWER SYSTEMFOR THE ENERGY-EFFICIENTTRANSPORT ............. 113 A1an King 5. 400-HERTZCONSTANT-SPEED ELECTRICAL GENERATION SYSTEMS. ...................... 125 Richard McClung ENVIRONMENTALCONTROL SYSTEMS 6. ELECTRIC ECS. .................... 147 DaleMoeller 7. ENVIRONMENTALCONTROL SYSTEMS ............. 155 Fred Rosenbush ELECTROMECHANICALACTUATORS 8. OVERVIEW OFHONEYWELL ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATION PROGRAMS ................. 163 CharlesWyllie DIGITAL FLIGHT CONTROLS 9. DIGITAL FLIGHT CONTROLS ................ 189 John C. Hall ELECTRIC FLIGHT SYSTEMSINTEGRATION 10. ELECTRICFLIGHT SYSTEMS ................ 213 WilliamClay APPENDIX C - WORKING GROUP SUMMARY PRESENTATIONS 1. ENGINE TECHNOLOGY . 235 AnthonyHoffman, Chairman 2. POWERSYSTEMS..................... 241 RobertFinke, Chairman 3. ENVIRONMENTAL3. CONTROL SYSTEMS ............. 247 FrankHrach, Chairman 4. ELECTROMECHANICALACTUATORS .............. 25 3 James Bigham, Chairman 5. DIGITAL FLIGHT CONTROLS ................ 25 9 Billy Dove, Chairman vi 6. ELECTRIC FLIGHT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION . 26 3 Ray Hood, Chairman APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. 269 vii I- I. INTRODUCTION A joint NASA/industry workshop on electric flight systems was held in Hampton, Virginia on June9-10, 1981. The purpose of this workshop was to provide a forum for the effective interchange of ideas, plans, and program information needed to develop the technology for electric flight systems applications to both aircraft and spacecraft during the years1985 to 2000. A list of workshop attendeesis provided in AppendixA. The first day of the 2-day workshopwas devoted to presentations from represen- tatives of industry who have been involved in the development and testing of electric flight systems. These presentations provided an excellent overview of the work being done or planned by various segments of the aerospace industry. Copies of the materials used in these presentations are presented in Appendix B. The second day of the workshop consisted of working sessions covering six disciplinary areas related to electric flight systems. The working groups and their chairmen are listed in Table1. TABLE 1. Electric Flight Systems Workshop Working Groups and Chairmen ". .. .. 1 " .- ~ Working Group Chairman 7 . ~ I. EngineTechnology Anthony C. Hoffman, LeRC 11. PowerSystems Robert C. Finke, LeRC 111. Environmental Control Systems Frank J. Hrach, LeRC IV.Electromechanical Actuators James Bigham, JSC V. DigitalFlight Controls Billy Dove, LaRC VI. Electric Flight Systems Integration Ray Hood, LaRC ". ~~ ~ ~~ Each group chairman was responsible for structuring his own sessions; however, each group was asked to consider the following questions: 0 What are the principal component and system technology issues in your particular descipline area relating to development of electric flight systems for aircraft and space vehicles? 0 How do you characterize the major steps to be taken relative to electric flight sys tems technology development and application? 0 Which of these steps are clearly dependent on government R&T? Why? 0 What should NASA's role be? How should NASA and industry interface with respect to both component and system technology issues? Ill I I1 Ill I1 Ill1 Ill1 I I I 0 To what degree and at what pointshould NASA get involved with the applicationof electric flight systemtechnology? Would flight testing of an all-electric airplane be necessaryto improve the data base and determine feasibility? Following the workinggroup sessions, each chairmanpresented a report-on the findingsand conclusions of his workinggroup in a plenarysession. Copies of the materials usedin these presentations are containedin Appendix C. This reportpresents an executive summary of the workshopand summarizes the discussions,conclusions, and recommendations of the sixworking groups. A list of abbreviationsand acronyms used throughout the report is providedin Appendix D. 2 11. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This section provides a sumary of each working group's report pertaining to thefive questions listed inthe introduction. COMPONENT AND SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY ISSUES Eachof the working groups addressed the question, What are the principal componentand system technology issues relating to the development of electric flightsystems for aircraft andspace vehicles?'1 A summary of the issuesdeveloped by eachof the six working groups is providedbelow. Engine Technolorn Theprincipal electric flightsystems issues which affect enginetechnology are: 0 What is the optimum designfor engine cycles with zero bleed air? Althoughengines would retainprovisions for compressor bleed dueto coolingand starting requirements, the compressor would haveto be redesignedand the bypass ratio would haveto be reoptimizedto take advantageof the reducedcompressor load. Eliminating the customer air bleed has an attractive effect on the hot section of the engine which would alsorequire redesign for full exploitation.Another ramification ofzero customer bleed is that some compressormodification may be necessary to insure ease of starting. 0 What is the optimum designof the accessorysystem? The accessorysystem, withan accessory gearbox, would be significantlyaffected. One consideration is thetype of power forengine accessories. Current shaft drives for engine accessories may prove to be simplerand more reliable thanprecise but complex electronic drives and controls. In addition, electronic accessories are more susceptible to interrupts and electronic interference.The accessory gearbox load would be changed due to a larger generatorand possibly reconfigured accessory drives. The accessory system would thusrequire redesign of shafts and gears. The mechanical interactionbetween the gearbox and the new generator would also require modification.Other considerations for the accessorysystem are reliability/redundancyand thermal loading without
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