Index

Accessories, 3, 6, 84 Auto-feather, 107, 115 Accessory gearbox, 4, 43, 78–9, 84–5, Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), 1–2, 105, 170–2, 181–5, 188, 211, 273–4, 182, 187, 189, 192–3, 269–70, 273 276 Availability, 197, 209, 234, 239–41, 243, Acceleration limiting, 40, 64 249, 252, 273, 276–7 A/D Converter, 82 Axisymmetric inlet, 145 Aeration, 167, 172 Aerial refueling, 98 Bandwidth, 48, 53–4, 57–8, 101, 109, Aero-derivative, 198, 205, 209–11, 217 124, 126 Afterburner, 7, 28–9, 31, 34, 152, 157, Bearing sump, 172, 190–1 181–3, 189, 191, 271 Beta Control Mode, 105, 107 Afterburner ignition, 99 Bias error, 79–81, 83 Air Data Computer (ADC), 117 Blade erosion, 234 Air/Fuel ratio, 44–5 Bleed air, 101, 103, 141, 151, 155, 167, Air Inlet, 3–4, 7–8, 131–6, 139, 171–2, 181, 183, 187, 189–94, 144–51, 158, 204, 208 203, 209–11, 268–70 Air Inlet Control System (AICS), 131, Bleed valve, 39–40, 69–70, 113, 144–5, 150 214 Air turbine starter, 182, 187, 189, Bleedless, 194, 268–9 191–2 Blisks, 263 Airbus, 145, 254, 263–4, 270 Blocker doors, 154–5 Aircraft Mounted Accessory Drive Bode bursts, 60 (AMAD), 181–2 Bode diagram, 51 Aliasing, 82 Boeing, 193, 227, 254–5, 266, 268–70, All Electric Aircraft,COPYRIGHTED 8, 268 MATERIAL273–4 Allied Signal, 2 Boundary layer, 141–2, 145–6 Altitude lapse rate, 93 Brayton Cycle, 11–12 Ambiguity, 224, 247–9 Burner, 46 Anti-icing, 131, 133, 150–2, 203, 207, Bypass, 73, 79, 84, 171, 257, 260–5, 209, 268–70 267, 271 Articulating nozzle, 157 Bypass indicator, 73

Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems, First Edition. Bernie MacIsaac and Roy Langton. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 324 Index

Cascade turning vanes, 208 Convergent nozzle, 29–30 Catalytic igniter, 99 Conversion error, 82 Centrifugal backing pump, 39, 73, 274 Corrected fan speed, 21–2, 92–3 Ceramic bearings, 179 Corrected speed, 41, 50, 62 Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC), Cowl anti-icing, 131, 133, 192–4, 268 264 Cranking, 188, 209 Certification, 66, 84–5, 231, 266, 268 Cruise, 75, 87, 106–7, 114–17, 133, CFM International, 258–9, 261, 264–6 144–9, 197–9, 201, 215, 221, 224, Characteristic equation, 51–2, 125 263, 268, 273 Chip detectors, 177–8 Cut-off, 35, 39, 65, 74–6, 114 Clamshell door, 152–3 Coalescer, 202–3, 213–14 Damping ratio, 53, 121, 123–4 Closed loop roots, 51–3, 58, 60, 107, Data management, 243, 251–3 123, 125–7 De-aerator, 170–2, 175, 211–12 Coking, 73, 167 Deceleration limiting, 40, 46, 57, 72 Cold junction, 64 Diffuser, 132, 146, 150 Collective pitch, 109–10, 119, 122, Digital Electronic Engine Control 126–7, 129–30 (DEEC), 71 COmbined Gas turbine Or Gas turbine Digital modeling, 48 (COGOG), 197, 201, 206, 216 Disc failure, 229–30 Combustion chamber, 5–6, 15, 29, 31, Droop governor, 41, 57, 59–60, 38, 49 77–9 Combustion nozzle, 39, 49, 73, 78 Droop line, 47–8, 63–4 Combustor, 2–7, 13–7, 32, 37–40, 44–5, Dry thrust, 97–8, 100 55, 58, 66, 71–5, 258, 263, 265 Dual-dual architecture, 271 Combustor pressure limiting, 71 Dual channel, 115 Combustor stability, 45 Duplex nozzle, 76 Compressor, axial, 6, 13, 24, 26–8, 62 Compressor, centrifugal, 2–3 Ejector pump, 74, 114 Compressor delivery pressure, 42 Elasto-Hydro-Dynamic (EHD), 164–5, Compressor map, 14–15, 25–6, 31, 33 167, 169, 175 Compressor, multi-stage, 22–3 Electric starter generator, 189, 273 Compressor stall, 202–3 Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI), 65, Compressor surge, 40–5, 47–8, 58–64, 76, 86–7 69 Electronic control, 43, 67, 70–2, 112, Condition lever angle (CLA), 107 114, 123 Constant Speed Drive (CSD), 184, 188 Emergency power, 276–7 Constant Speed Unit (CSU), 105–8, Engine degradation, 232, 277 110–12, 115 Engine gain, 49–51, 54 Contamination, 66, 73, 85, 194, 277 Engine operating line, 15 Control mode, 40, 225 Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR), 21, 44 Controllable Pitch Propeller (CPP), 205, Engine shut-down, 173–4 217 Engine time constant, 50, 54–5, 124 Controllable Reversible Pitch (CRP), Engine water-wash, 208 197–9, 205–6 Enrichment, 69–70 Convergent-divergent nozzle, 34 Epicyclic gearbox, 2, 262 Index 325

Error budget, 77, 79, 83–4 Fuel-oil cooler, 73, 75 Exceedance protection, 71 Fuel pump, 39, 73–5, 78–9, 84, 111, 114, Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), 63–4, 116, 181–3, 191, 211, 214, 273–4 81, 84 Fuel purifier, 213 Exhaust nozzle, 4, 7, 19, 89, 91, 98, 100, Fuel schedule, 42, 62, 223 145–50, 152, 156, 158 Fuel spray bars, 98–9 Explosion proof, 87 Functional integrity, 65, 75, 85–6, 114, External/internal compression inlet, 137 153, 158, 160, 197, 274, 276

FADEC, 70–5, 78, 83, 86–7, 114–8, Gas generator control logic, 45 271, 274 Gas horsepower, 38, 96, 105, 109, 119 Failure modes, 70, 73, 85, 231, 237, Gas producer, 37, 88, 108 241–2, 246, 251 Gas torque, 108, 119–21, 123, 125–8 Fan, 4–5, 37, 72, 84–5, 87, 132, 148, Gaussian distribution, 79 150–8, 260–8 Gearbox, 2–4, 8, 43, 73–4, 78–9, 84–5, Fan pressure ratio, 92, 263 105, 173, 181–6, 188, 197, 204, Fast path, 55–6, 121, 128 208, 211, 215, 223, 260–6, Fault indicator, 243, 245–7, 249–51 269–70, 273–4 Fault library, 245, 247–9, 252, 254 Geared turbofan, 261–2 Feather, 106–7, 110–11, 116 Geometric error, 81 Filtration, 73, 172–3, 210 General Electric, 20, 27–8, 91–2, 225, Fire handle, 114, 116 227, 261, 264, 266, 268 Flame holder, 34, Gerotor, 172, 184 Flame out, 40–1, 45–8, 64, 76 Governor reset, 122–7 Flame test, 85, 87 Ground idle, 94, 106–7, 270 Flat rating, 93, 96 Flexible coupling, 207–8 Halon, 208 Flight idle, 94, 100, 106, 149 Handling bleed valve, 113 Flow distortion, 144 Heat exchanger, 111, 114, 169, 193, Flow separation, 133 210 Fluidics, 67 High power switching, 271, 274 Flyweight, 43, 67–69, 71, 107–8 Honeywell, 2, 110, 272, 275 Foreign Object Damage (FOD), 203, 208 Hot re-slam, 60–2 Free turbine, 3–4, 105, 109, 112–13 Hot start, 189 Frequency of occurrence, 235 Hot stream spoiler, 152, 154 Frequency response, 50–1, 79, 125–6, Hydraulic pump, 182–3, 190, 269–70, 218 273 Frontal area, 1, 91, 98, 135 Hydrodynamic bearing, 162 Fuel cooling, 87–8 Hydromechanical, 43, 67, 71, 77–8, 112, Fuel density, 75 124, 183, 185 Fuel-draulics, 40, 103 Fuel flow trim, 73–4, 76, 79, 124–6 Igniter, 99, 101 Fuel manifold, 34, 100–1, 213–14 Inertial separator, 135, 210 Fuel Metering Unit (FMU), 38–9, 49, 51, Infrared suppression, 204 55, 59, 66–7, 74, 76, 78, 115, 125, Inlet Guide Vane (IGV), 28–9, 39, 183 150–1, 190 326 Index

Inlet filtration, 135 Nacelle, 7–8, 65, 87, 131–60, 190, Inlet plenum, 208 193–4, 230, 272 Inlet throat area, 132, 142, 144 Natural frequency, 59 Integrated Drive Generator (IDG), 186, N-Dot, 57, 59–60, 188 Negative torque threshold, 115 Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio (IEPR), Nitrous oxides, 263 21 Non-dimensional, 13–14, 18–20, 26–7, Interstage bleed, 25, 28 29, 40–5, 62 Isochronous governor, 59 Normal shock, 136, 138–41, 143–4, Isolators, 87 146–9 Notch filter, 123 Jet pipe, 1, 4, 145–6, 151 Nozzle spray patterns, 76 Journal bearing, 162, 164 Nut-cracker servo, 67–8

Labyrinth seals, 190–1 Oblique shock, 137–42, 147 Lead-lag compensation, 59–60 Oil de-aeration, 172 Leaky turbojet, 91, 156 Oil debris monitoring, 175, 178–9, Light-off, 76, 209 251 Lightning, 87 Oil-less engine, 274–5, 278 Limited authority, 70–1 Oil tank, 170–2, 174, 212 Logistics, 238–9, 241, 268 On-condition maintenance, 246 Low cycle fatigue, 236, 275 Open rotor, 261, 265–6, 268 Operations and Maintenance (O & M), Magnetic plug, 177, 179 240, 253 Manifold drain, 101 Overspeed, 39, 65, 85, 109, 111–12, Man-machine interface, 217 114–16, 214, 218 Mass flowmeter, 73 Oxidative stability, 167, 169 Maximum Continuous Thrust, 94 Maximum Climb Thrust, 94 Pawl and ratchet clutch, 187 Mean Delay Time (MDT), 239 Performance analysis, 7 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), Permanent Magnet Alternator (PMA), 238–41 114, 116–17, 183 Mean Time To Repair (MTTR), 239 Pitot, 132, 136, 139, 148 Mechanical back-up, 70–2 Positive displacement, 39, 66, 73, 99, 274 Metering pump, 273–4 Power Lever Angle (PLA), 41–2, 46, Metering valve, 101 71–2, 77–8, 84, 94–7, 100–1, Microprocessor, 65, 70–1, 82, 115, 228, 107–11, 116–19 242 Power rating, 116–18 Military thrust setting, 95 Power transfer, 181–2 Mixed compression inlet, 140 Power turbine, 3–4, 105, 108–10, More Electric Aircraft, 8, 268, 118–29, 205, 207, 209–11, 217 270 Power Turbine Inlet Temperature (PTIT), More Electric Engine (MEE), 8, 268, 276 116, 118 Motive flow, 7 Pratt & Whitney, 12, 28–9, 35, 90–3, Movable ramp, 141, 146, 154 112–14, 116–18, 130, 158, 227, Multi-zone afterburning, 98, 271 262–6, 272 Index 327

Pratt & Whitney Canada, 3–4, 112–17, Scavenge pump, 167, 169–74, 179, 130, 134 211–12, 274 Pressure drop regulator, 43, 101, 111–12, Screech liner, 98 114 Pressure ratio, 12, 14–15, 17, 21–2, 25, Sea Level Static, 20, 31–2, 50, 93, 96 27, 29–33, 39, 42–4, 62, 92, 100, Selectable heating, 151 139, 258, 263–4 Servomechanism, 65, 68, 71, 85 Pressure recovery, 137–42, 148 Shaft horsepower, 2, 96, 118, 196 Pressure sensor, 77, 84, 86–7, 111, 115, Shockwave, 33–4, 136–43, 147–8 148 Shop visits, 231–2 Propeller, 105–8, 110–12, 115–17, 197–9, 201, 204–6, 208, 215, Shut-off valve, 66, 76, 96–7, 101, 112, 217–18, 221–3, 262, 265–6 114 Propeller Electronic Control (PEC), 112, Side slip, 133, 145 115–17 Simulation, 48, 198, 215 Propfan, 262, 265–6, 268, 277 Single shaft engine, 2, 105, 110–12 Propulsive efficiency, 260–1, 264, 267 Puffer jets, 156 Single spool, 11, 19, 27, 31, 38–9, Pyrometer, 65 91 Slave datum, 58–60, 72 Qualification, 84–5 Slow path, 55–6, Small perturbations, 48–9, 51, 56–7, Reduction gearbox, 2–4, 8, 74, 105–6, 107, 121–2, 125–6 109, 112, 187, 191, 197, 208, 265 Reheat, 95 Solid propellant starters, 189 Reliability, 6, 43, 65, 67, 72–3, 77–8, Specific thrust, 6, 33, 94–5 86, 210, 218, 228, 235–9, 241, Speed synchronization, 72 252–5, 262, 264, 273–4, 276 Spillage, 147 Repair and Overhaul (R & O), 8, 244 Spill flow, 74, 76 Response, 5, 7, 17, 39, 43, 48–59, 78–9, 91, 94, 199, 204, 215, 217–19, 234, Spinner, 151 238, 240, 249, 251, 271 Split needle, 110 Reverse flow combustor, 3–4, 112–13 Squeeze film damping, 166 Rolling element bearings, 162–6, 169, Stability, 101, 215 172, 175, 179 Stability margin, 48, 51 Rolls-Royce Dart, 2 Stagger, 13, 20, 24, 26–7 Rolls Royce Pegasus, 156 Root locus, 51–3, 57–60, 123, 125–7 Stall boundary, 20 Rotary wing, 109, 119, 124 Steady running line, 15, 40–1, 47–8, 54, Rotating stall, 144, 202 64 Rotor resonance, 123–4 Stealth, 7, 91, 131–2 Rotor transmission, 109, 119–20, 123, STOVL, 156, 158 126–7, 129 Structural integrity, 85, 87 Salt-related damage, 203 Supersonic inlet, 141, 145 Sampling error, 82 Supervisory electronic control, 70–1 328 Index

Surface damage, 175, 233 Turbofan, 3, 5–6, 21–2, 29, 37, 72, 84, Surge margin, 17, 20, 22, 39–40, 58 87, 90–2, 141, 152, 154, 157, 257, Surge boundary, 41, 44, 48, 64, 69 260–2, 271 Swash plate, 73, 183–5 Turbomachinery, 5–6, 22, 35, 225, 275 Synchronizer, 115 Turboprop, 2–4, 7, 71, 84, 96, 257, 262 Synchronizing, Self Shifting (SSS) clutch, Turbo pump, 97, 101, 189–91 221 Turboshaft, 7, 105, 109–10, 119, 125, 129 Thermal creep, 231–2 Turbulence, 132–3, 136 Thermal stress, 229, 231 Turn-down ratio, 84 Thermal stress fatigue, 231 Turning vanes, 204, 208 Thermocouple, 63–5, 81 Twin spool, 4–5, 22, 38, 92 Three dimensional cam, 67 Throttle, 20, 38–40, 46–59, 67, 71–5, Uncertainty, 79–80, 83, 88, 227, 229 93–5, 100–1, 109–11, 114, 122, Under-speed governor, 105, 109, 111 125, 128, 142, 144, 149, 154–56 Unducted fan, 261 Throttle transient, 110 Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV), 3 Thrust augmentation, 7, 28, 89, 92, 95, Up-trim, 115–16, 119 97, 151–3, 155–6, 158 Thrust management, 6–7, 20, 89, 92–5, Vane pump, 73, 172 271 Vane servo actuator, 62, 67 Thrust reversing, 7, 89, 272 Vapor/Liquid ratio, 73 Thrust vectoring, 131, 152, 155, 157–9 Variable geometry, 62, 131–2, 137, 271, Topping governor, 65 276 Torch igniter, 99, 101 Variable nozzle, 28 Torque balancing, 109 Variable Stator Vane (VSV), 39, 62–3 Torque motor, 71–2, 75–6, 114 Velocity diagram, 22, 27 Tower shaft, 84–5 Venturi, 132 Transfer function, 49, 51, 119, 121, Vibration, 85–7, 207 124–5, 127 V/STOL, 131, 152 Transient, 17–18, 39, 42–8, 61–3, 81–4, 87–8, 102, 110, 114, 129, 214–15, Wash flow filter, 75–6 218 Water injection, 89, 95–7, 190, 192 Transport delay, 49 Water separators, 202 Turbine Gas Temperature (TGT), 55, Whittle, 1, 258–9 63 Woodward Governor, 111 Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT), 6, 12, Wright Patterson Air Force Research 22, 31–3 Labs (WPAFRL), 8, 268