Coronavirus Pandemic Symptomatic Recurrence of SARS-Cov-2
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Coronavirus Pandemic Symptomatic recurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers recovered from COVID-19 Serkan Atici1, Ömer Faruk Ek2, Mehmet Siddik Yildiz3, Mehmet Mahfuz Şikgenç4, Efraim Güzel5, Ahmet Soysal6 1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Okan University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Department of Pediatrics, Batman Children’s Hospital, Batman, Turkey 3 Department of Radiology, Private Batman World Hospital, Batman, Turkey 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Batman State Hospital, Batman, Turkey 5 Department of Pulmonology, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey 6 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Memorial Atasehir Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract There is rising concern that patients who recover from COVID-19 may be at risk of recurrence. Increased rates of infection and recurrence in healthcare workers could cause the healthcare system collapse and a further worsening of the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we reported the clinically symptomatic recurrent COVID-19 cases in the two healthcare workers who treated and recovered from symptomatic and laboratory confirmed COVID-19. We discuss important questions in the COVID-19 pandemic waiting to be answered, such as the protection period of the acquired immunity, the severity of recurrence and how long after the first infection occurs. We aimed to emphasize that healthcare workers should continue to pay maximum attention to the measures without compromising. Key words: COVID-19; healthcare workers; recurrence; SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Dev Ctries 2021; 15(1):69-72. doi:10.3855/jidc.14305 (Received 03 November 2020 – Accepted 04 January 2021) Copyright © 2021 Atici et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction headache, cough, weakness, nausea and diarrhea. The Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 diagnosis was made on the typical chest caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 28 computed tomography (CT) scan appearance on 24 million people and nearly one hundred thousand of March 2020, with bilateral ground glass opacities and healthcare workers worldwide [1]. The number of peribronchial thickening predominating on the right infected healthcare workers was announced as the 7428 lung (Figure 1A), confirmed by a positive SARS-CoV- by the ministry of health in Turkey. Recently, articles 2 RT PCR performed on nasopharyngeal sample on 7 about the recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases April 2020. The influenza A + B test result performed among recovered COVID-19 patients have been from the nasopharyngeal swab was negative. The published [2-4]. Herein we reported the recurrent patient received hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), COVID-19 cases in two healthcare workers who azithromycin for five days and ceftriaxone for ten days. recovered from COVID-19 and we aimed to emphasize SARS-CoV-2 RNA by nasopharyngeal swab results that healthcare workers should continue to pay were negative on 15 and 17 April. The patient, whose maximum attention to the measures without symptoms resolved, started working in the clinic after compromising. completed the 14-day isolation period. On July 26, complaints of sore throat, fever, headache, myalgia, Case 1 weakness and nausea started again, and the SARS- First patient 46-year-old male who is pediatrician CoV-2 RT PCR test obtained on the same day was without comorbid disease and one of the study author. found to be positive. 5 days of favipiravir, azithromycin Diagnosis of COVID-19 was suspected in March 2020 and ceftriaxone treatment was administered in home based on a clinical picture like fever, sore throat, quarantine. Clinical improvement started from the Atici et al. – Recurrence of COVID-19 in healthcare workers J Infect Dev Ctries 2021; 15(1):69-72. second day of treatment. SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR tests Figure 1. Chest CT images for the first infection attack of the taken on August 2 and 7 were reported as negative. The first case (1A) and re-infection attack of the second case (1B) time interval from the onset of the illness to the last PCR Timeline of patients SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR results of cases negativity was defined as the diseases duration and the (1C). disease durations for this case were determined as 24 and 12 days, respectively. Case 2 The second patient is a 47-year-old female, working as a nurse in the filiation team, and has frequent contact with COVID-19 patients. On 3 April 2020, myalgia, headache and abdominal pain started without fever and cough. On the same day SARS-CoV-2 RNA test obtained from nasopharyngeal was reported as positive. Palpitations developed in the patient who received HCQ treatment for 5 days. Metoprolol antiarrhythmic therapy was initiated with the diagnosis of arrhythmia as a result of electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and 24 hour holter monitoring of the patient who was evaluated by the cardiology department. There was no pathological finding on chest CT. SARS-CoV-2 RNA diagnosis confirmed with a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT by nasopharyngeal swab results have become negative PCR. She received antipyretic and 5-day favipiravir on 11 and 17 April. On 30 July, sore throat, headache therapy in home quarantine. The complaints improved. and myalgia occurred. There were also fever, cough and On August 14 and 16, SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR tests mild respiratory symptoms in the re-infection attack. became negative (Figure 1C). The disease durations in On the same day, ground glass opacities and subpleural this case were determined as 14 and 18 days, nodule on the left lung base (Figure 1B) consistent with respectively. The demographic and clinical information COVID-19 were detected on chest CT imagine and the of the cases were summarized in Table 1. Table 1. The demographic and clinical summaries of the cases. Case 1 Case 2 Case number First infection Recurrent infection First infection Recurrent infection Age/Gender 46/M 46/M 47/F 47/F Occupation Pediatrician Pediatrician Nurse Nurse Chronic Disease None None None Arrhythmia Laboratory parameters WBC - 7.6 7.6 5.0 Lymphocyte (10^9/L) - 1.2 2.5 1.5 CRP (mg/L) - 8.3 1.7 2.1 SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR Positivity April 7 July 26 April 3 July 30 First negative April 15 August 2 April 11 August 14 Second negative April 17 August 7 April 17 August 16 The time from last negativity to re- - 100 days - 104 days positive The disease durations 24 days 12 days 14 days 18 days Ground glass Ground glass opacities and Chest CT Normal Normal opacities and peribronchial subpleural nodule thickening Favipiravir, HCQ, azithromycin, Treatment azithromycin, HCQ Favipiravir ceftriaxone ceftriaxone M: Male; F: Female; WBS: White blood cell; CRP: C-reactive protein; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine. 70 Atici et al. – Recurrence of COVID-19 in healthcare workers J Infect Dev Ctries 2021; 15(1):69-72. Discussion identic. There are different notifications about the While the COVID-19 pandemic continues all over clinical severity of re-infection and interval of two the world, recently recurrence of positive SARS-CoV- episodes. Although some studies report the re- 2 have begun to report. There are important questions infections as asymptomatic or mild [2,3,9], it can be in the COVID-19 pandemic waiting to be answered, more serious or even fatal in people at risk groups, such as the protection period of the acquired immunity, especially older patients with comorbid disease [4]. the severity of recurrence and how long after the first Reported cases from Hong Kong and Nevada describe infection occurs. Another key question is how re-infection occurred 5 months and 48 days after healthcare workers and healthcare systems will be primary infection, respectively [2,9]. In another study affected by recurrence. Unfortunately, these questions involving elderly patients, readmission to hospital was which will discuss in this section, do not have a certain reported for two out of three patients 22 and 41 days answer today and will become clear with the case series after the first attack [4]. In our study, the time from last and researches. Although numerous articles on negativity to re-positive of SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests COVID-19 have been published, there is limited data were 100 and 104 days and both cases were mild about recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 to date. To (Figure 1C). The cases did not need hospitalization in the best of our knowledge, there is no article presenting either infection period. In the first infection attack of the re-infections in healthcare workers in the literature. first case, there were findings compatible with COVID- The protective role of antibodies and their longevity 19 in the chest CT, while the CT in the re-infection against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. In a study period was normal. The chest CT findings were the published in September 2020, aimed to investigate the opposite for the second case (Table 1). duration of protection from seasonal coronavirus re- infections. The re-infection times ranged between 6 and Conclusions 105 months. They also found that re-infections occurred In light of the current studies we have examined, we as early as 6 months (twice with HCoV-229E and once can hypothesize that it is possible for healthcare with HCoV-OC43) and 9 months (once with HCoV- workers who have intensive and close contact with NL63), but re-infections were frequently observed at 12 infected individuals to suffer from COVID-19 disease months [5]. Limited studies in the literature have shown more than one time. This issue may cause the health that neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels decrease system to collapse, especially in countries with poor within the first 2-3 months after infection, especially health infrastructure.