DOCSLIB.ORG

Culture's Oxygen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Culture's Oxygen CULTURE’S OXYGEN THE PEN REPORT DEVELOPING THE MINORITY-LANGUAGE CREATIVE WRITING INDUSTRY IN KENYA, HAITI, SERBIA AND NIGERIA AN INTER-REGIONAL RESEARCH, ADVOCACY AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME TO THE MEMORY OF KEN SARO-WIWA, JNR. (1968–2016) Author and Project Director: Simona Škrabec Editors: Sarah Clarke & James Tennant Copyright © PEN International 2016 Design: Brett Evans Biedscheid Cover Photo: PEN’s Nigeria’s Olúwáfrópò Ewénlá at Port Harcourt Book Festival, 2014 With special thanks to: Moses Kilolo, Ngugi wa Thiong’o, André Brenner, Ronald Blunden, Romana Cacchioli, Ellah Wakatama Allfrey, Ken Saro-Wiwa Jnr, Bibi Bakare-Yusuf, Juno Fitzpatrick, Judy Nwanodi, Tony Enyia, Mark Cowling, Paul Finegan, Jose Borghino, Philip Omorogbe and Hay Festivals. Published by PEN International, with the support of UNESCO’s International Fund for Cultural Diversity PEN International Unit A - Koops Mill Mews 162-164 Abbey Street London SE1 2AN United Kingdom PEN International promotes literature and freedom of expression and is governedby the PEN Charter and the principles it embodies: unhampered transmission of thought within each nation and between all nations. Founded in 1921, PEN International connects an international community of writers from its Secretariat in London. It is a forum where writers meet freely to discuss their work; it is also a voice speaking out for writers silenced in their own countries. Through Centres in over 100 countries, PEN operates on fve continents. PEN International is a non-political organisation which holds Special Consultative Status at the UN and Associate Status at UNESCO. International PEN is a registered charity in England and Wales with registration number 1117088. http://www.pen-international.org/ CULTURE’S OXYGEN THE PEN REPORT LIST OF ACRONYMS AND CREDITS ................................................................................................................ 1 CONCLUSIONS AND LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES ............................................................................. 36 List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................2 Valorisation of minority languages...........................................................................................................................36 Photo credits .............................................................................................................................................................2 Translation ...............................................................................................................................................................36 List of documents ......................................................................................................................................................2 Freedom of Expression and Minority-Language Publishing ...................................................................................39 List of case studies ...................................................................................................................................................2 Spontaneous and unregulated creativity .................................................................................................................39 Transformation of teaching methods.......................................................................................................................40 PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Thiomi: Okicinjeni ya Mĩikarĩre ...................................................................................................................................3 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 41 Language Contact: The Oxygen of Culture ...............................................................................................................4 To Governments: .....................................................................................................................................................41 To Cultural Actors, Publishers and Writers: .............................................................................................................41 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Cultural Osmosis .......................................................................................................................................................5 STUDY SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Study Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................5 Primary Sources ......................................................................................................................................................42 The Importance of Translation ...................................................................................................................................6 Reports Commissioned ...........................................................................................................................................42 The Role of New Technologies ..................................................................................................................................8 Chronological List of Meetings, Seminars and Workshops Held. ...........................................................................43 List of Interviews .....................................................................................................................................................43 PART ONE ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................................................................43 Trends in Minority-Language Literatures .................................................................................................................10 Creolisation .............................................................................................................................................................11 RESEARCH TEAM ............................................................................................................................................................ 46 Supraregional Languages........................................................................................................................................12 Project Director .......................................................................................................................................................46 Fragmented Peoples ...............................................................................................................................................12 Country Coordinators ..............................................................................................................................................46 Peoples with the nomadic lifestyle ..........................................................................................................................12 Project Managers ....................................................................................................................................................46 Vitality of ‘minority’ languages in everyday life ........................................................................................................14 Residual Languages, Ethnological Treasures ..........................................................................................................15 ENDNOTES TO CASE STUDIES AND TESTIMONIES ..................................................................... 47 Minorities that Originate from Neighbouring Countries ...........................................................................................16 PART TWO ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17 The Linguistic Situation in the Four Countries ........................................................................................................17 Kenya: Minority Languages as an Obstacle to National Unity? ..............................................................................17 LIST OF ACRONYMS Haiti: Building Pride for One’s Roots .......................................................................................................................18 Serbia: Reclaiming a Space for Culture ..................................................................................................................18 IFCD UNESCO International Fund for Cultural Diversity TKK (Kiswahili: ‘Let’s Read Our Own’). Programme of teaching materials for schools Nigeria: Inconsistent Promotion of Mother-Language
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
    Embleton, Nadia (2019) Re‐imagining Nigerian unity : identity, ethno‐nationalism and the depiction of the nation in Nigerian novels by female authors. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30987 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Reimagining Nigerian Unity: Identity, Ethno-Nationalism and the Depiction of the Nation in Nigerian Novels by Female Authors Nadia Embleton Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2017 Department of Africa SOAS, University of London 1 Declaration for SOAS PhD thesis I have read and understood Regulation 21 of the General and Admissions Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Mennonite Writing Mennonite Experience | Many Voices
    Journal of Mennonite Writing Mennonite Experience | Many Voices VOLUME 9 JANUARY 2016 ISSUE 2 Journal of Mennonite Writing Mennonite Experience | Many Voices About The Journal of Mennonite Writing is a quarterly online journal devoted to literary, artistic, and cultural production. Each issue focuses on a particular theme, author, or genre within Mennonite Writing, and includes poetry, fiction, essays, and criticism. The Journal of Mennonite Writing is published by the Center for Men- nonite Writing, an online community hosted at MennoniteWriting.org. The Center (CMW) provides resources for the study of Anabaptist and Mennonite-related artistic, cultural, and intellectual thought. It also houses Ervin Beck’s bibliogra- phies of Mennonite literature—one for U.S. authors, and one, with Hildi Froese Tiessen, for Canadian authors—updated annually. Co-Editors Ann Hostetler, Professor of English, Goshen College, Goshen, IN Ervin Beck, Goshen College Professor Emeritus, Goshen, IN Advisory Board Beth Martin Birky, Goshen College, Indiana Jeff Gundy, Bluffton University, Ohio Julia Spicher Kasdorf, The Pennsylvania State University Robert J. Meyer-Lee, Agnes Scott College, Atlanta Paul Meyer Reimer, Goshen College Maurice Mierau, author, Winnipeg, Manitoba Barbara Nickel, author, Fraser Valley, BC John D. Roth, Goshen College Kyle Schlabach, Goshen College Duane Stoltzfus, Goshen College Hildi Froese Tiessen, Professor Emerita Conrad Grebel University College Submission Guidelines Address inquiries to Editor at [email protected] and include a biography that describes your connection to Mennonite faith, culture, heritage, or identity. Work should be submitted as a Word attachment. Our issues are thematic, as announced through the Center for Mennonite Writing at www.mennonitewriting. org, but we also accept submissions of poetry, fiction, memoir, and critical essays year round.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Radiofrequency Exposure from Base Stations in Some Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria
    ISSN (Print): 2476-8316 ISSN (Online): 2635-3490 Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), Vol. 4 No. 2 December 2018 Assessment of Radiofrequency Exposure from Base Stations in Some Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria *Briggs-Kamara1, M. A., Funsho2, B. I. & Tamunobereton-Ari, I.3 1,2,3Department of Physics, Rivers State University, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria Email: [email protected] Abstract The objective of this research work was to assess the effect of radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure from Mobile Base Stations, if any, on the Environment. Measurements were carried out using the RF Strength Meter (ALRF05 Model, Toms Gadgets). Six (6) locations with a total number of ten (10) Mobile Base Stations were considered. The minimum and maximum power densities measured ranged between 0.03 μW.cm-2 and 4.094 μW.cm-2 at the Rivers State University, 0.072 μW.cm-2 and 3.239 μW.cm-2 at University of Port Harcourt - Abuja campus, 0.110 μW.cm-2 and 4.204 μW.cm-2 at the Elechi Amadi Polytechnic and 0.112 μW.cm-2 and 2.090 μW.cm-2 at the Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni Campus. Mobile Base Stations were not sited within the campuses of the Catholic Institution for West Africa (CIWA) and the Eastern Polytechnic Rumuokwurusi (EPR) however, measurements show minimum and maximum power densities which ranged between 0.112 μW.cm-2 and 0.487 μW.cm-2 at CIWA and 0.112 μW.cm-2 and 0.487 μW.cm-2 at EPR.
    [Show full text]
  • PEN Canada Annual Report 2012
    PEN Canada 2011-12 Annual Report This year’s annual report takes inspiration from PEN Canada’s recent focus on Mexico. As detailed in the essays that follow, this campaign was launched with an groundbreaking investigation into the war on Mexico’s journalists; PEN’s focus continued through its involvement in an historic delegation led by PEN International president John Ralston Saul. To recognize this important commitment, the pages of this report are inspired by two essential elements in the traditional Mexican Day of the Dead celebration: marigolds, the flower whose scent is believed to draw the souls of the dead back to earth temporarily, and tissue paper, which is used to make decorations in many shapes and styles. Throughout this report, you’ll find “Protestas,” short pieces originally read by their authors in Mexico as part of the PEN delegation. They serve as vital reminders of not just the predicament in that country, but the broader challenges facing free expression around the world. Contents 1 Foreword 2 President’s Message 6 Protesta: Is This Worth Dying For? 8 PEN International President’s Message 14 National Affairs Committee Report 16 Protesta: Gather In Solidarity 18 Honorary Members 26 Honorary Members Released 30 Writers in Exile Committee Report 34 Protesta: The Violence Must Stop 36 Western Canada Outreach Committee Report 38 Protesta: Defend Humanity 40 Writers in Prison Committee Report 46 Protesta: Free Expression Matters 48 Spotlight: Free Expression 50 Members and Supporters PEN Canada is a nonpartisan organization of writers that works with others to defend freedom of expression as a basic human right, at home and abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Und Jugendliteratur]
    TIckETS Kasse Haus der Berliner Festspiele Schaperstraße 24 10719 Berlin Mo–Sa 14.00–18.00 Uhr Abendkasse eine Stunde vor Vorstellungsbeginn Online www.berlinerfestspiele.de Gebühr 2 pro Bestellvorgang TelefOn 030. 25 48 91 00 Gebühr 3 pro Bestellvorgang Die hier angegebenen Ticketpreise gelten, sofern nicht unter der jeweiligen Veranstaltung ein abweichender Preis vermerkt ist. EINTRITTSPREISE normal ermäßigt Schüler Eröffnung 12,– 08,– 04,– Einzelkarte 08,– 06,– 04,– Tageskarte 18,– 12,– 08,– Gesamtkarte Festival 60,– 50,– 40,– Gesamt- und Tageskarten gelten für die Veranstaltungen im Haus der Berliner Festspiele [außer Vormittagsveranstaltungen der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur]. Es besteht kein Anspruch auf Einlass bei ausver- kauften Veranstaltungen. Karten für die Veranstaltungen an anderen Orten erhalten Sie im Haus der Berliner Festspiele und an den jewei- ligen Abendkassen. Das internationale literaturfestival berlin ist eine Veranstaltung der Peter-Weiss-Stiftung für Kunst und Politik e. V. Es wird ermöglicht aus Mitteln des Hauptstadtkulturfonds. Wir sorgen für Übersetzung! Unsere Veranstaltungen werden, falls nicht anders gekennzeichnet, ins Deutsche übersetzt. Veranstaltungen, die mit diesem Zeichen ge- kennzeichnet sind, werden simultan übersetzt Bitte vergewissern Sie sich vor der Veranstaltung, dass Sie Kopfhörer erhalten haben. 2 Gestaltung / Cover Banerjee Sunandini * Gestaltung / Programm [veruschkaT616 götz] mit Katrin Kassel und Dani Ziegan GRUSSwort FRaNk-walTER STEINmEIER Die Internationale Politik befindet sich heute permanent im Krisenmodus. Zahl und Intensität von Konflikten nehmen zu, und die Bedrohungen berühren unmittelbar unseren Alltag. Dennoch dürfen wir in dieser Lage großer Verunsicherung nicht an simple Lösungen glauben. Es macht mir Sorge, dass eine enge und engherzige Sicht auf die Dinge heute so populär scheint. Je komplizierter die Welt, je komplexer die Krisen, desto größer scheint das Bedürfnis nach einfachen Antwor- ten.
    [Show full text]
  • Membership Pack November 2020 Scottishpen.Org
    Membership Pack November 2020 scottishpen.org Scottish PEN is a registered Scottish Charity with the charity number SC008772. Scottish PEN is a SCIO (Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation). Photo by Patrick Tomasso on Unsplash Contents Welcome from Scottish PEN President ____________________________________________________ 3 Introduction ____________________________________________________________________________ 5 Scottish PEN 5 PEN International 6 PEN Charter ____________________________________________________________________________ 7 Women’s Manifesto _____________________________________________________________________ 8 Background Information _______________________________________________________________ 10 Constitution 10 Trustees 10 Staff 10 Office Location 10 Trustee Biographies _____________________________________________________________________ 2 Communication ________________________________________________________________________ 6 Website – www.scottishpen.org 6 Newsletter 7 Social Media 7 Lesser Wearie __________________________________________________________________________ 7 Ongoing Campaigns ___________________________________________________________________ 9 Defamation Reform 9 Protecting At-Risk Writers 10 Opposing Pervasive Surveillance Defending Human Rights 10 Hate Speech & Online Expression 10 1 Committees ___________________________________________________________________________ 11 Women Writers Committee 11 Writers At Risk Committee 11 Writers in Exile Committee 12 Writers For Peace Committee 12
    [Show full text]
  • PEN (Organization)
    PEN (Organization): An Inventory of Its Records at the Harry Ransom Center Descriptive Summary Creator: PEN (Organization) Title: PEN (Organization) Records Dates: 1912-2008 (bulk 1926-1997) Extent: 352 document boxes, 5 card boxes (cb), 5 oversize boxes (osb) (153.29 linear feet), 4 oversize folders (osf) Abstract: The records of the London-based writers' organizations English PEN and PEN International, founded by Catharine Amy Dawson Scott in 1921, contain extensive correspondence with writer-members and other PEN centres around the world. Their records document campaigns, international congresses and other meetings, committees, finances, lectures and other programs, literary prizes awarded, membership, publications, and social events over several decades. Call Number: Manuscript Collection MS-03133 Language: The records are primarily written in English with sizeable amounts in French, German, and Spanish, and lesser amounts in numerous other languages. Non-English items are sometimes accompanied by translations. Note: The Ransom Center gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the National Endowment for the Humanities, which provided funds for the preservation, cataloging, and selective digitization of this collection. The PEN Digital Collection contains 3,500 images of newsletters, minutes, reports, scrapbooks, and ephemera selected from the PEN Records. An additional 900 images selected from the PEN Records and related Ransom Center collections now form five PEN Teaching Guides that highlight PEN's interactions with major political and historical trends across the twentieth century, exploring the organization's negotiation with questions surrounding free speech, political displacement, and human rights, and with global conflicts like World War II and the Cold War. Access: Open for research. Researchers must create an online Research Account and agree to the Materials Use Policy before using archival materials.
    [Show full text]
  • With the Support of Developing the Minority
    with the support of Developing the Minority Language Creative Writing Industry in Kenya, Haiti, Serbia and Nigeria: An Inter-Regional Research, Advocacy and Development Programme Roundtable Meeting, London, 29 & 30 May 2014 Carles Torner, the Acting Executive Director of PEN International, with Professor Christopher Lukorito Wanjala from Kenya (left) and Oluwafiropo Ewenla from Nigeria (right) Background PEN International has been awarded the UNESCO International Fund for Cultural Diversity (IFCD) grant for the project ‘Developing the Minority Language Creative Writing Industry in Kenya, Haiti, Serbia and Nigeria: An Inter-Regional Research, Advocacy and Development Programme’. This 18-month project, running from May 2014 to November 2015, proposes to strengthen minority language publishing industries in Haiti, Kenya, Nigeria and Serbia through the identification of the main challenges and policy gaps affecting the publishing industry, the development of recommendations on the strengthening of cultural policies to promote minority language publishing industries and the development and strengthening of a network of key stakeholders working to promote minority language publishing industries. On May 29-30, PEN International organised a roundtable meeting on the theme of “Strengthening minority language policies and publishing” in London, the outcomes of which are intended to inform the research project. The first day of the meeting brought together PEN International staff members and representatives from each of the countries involved in the project (Haiti and Serbia were present through Skype, having not received visas into the UK in time). This was an opportunity to discuss the framework of the project and establish the four national contexts in which the project will develop.
    [Show full text]
  • KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS Kenya Population Situation Analysis
    REPUBLIC OF KENYA KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS Kenya Population Situation Analysis Published by the Government of Kenya supported by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Kenya Country Oce National Council for Population and Development (NCPD) P.O. Box 48994 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-271-1600/01 Fax: +254-20-271-6058 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ncpd-ke.org United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Kenya Country Oce P.O. Box 30218 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254-20-76244023/01/04 Fax: +254-20-7624422 Website: http://kenya.unfpa.org © NCPD July 2013 The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the contributors. Any part of this document may be freely reviewed, quoted, reproduced or translated in full or in part, provided the source is acknowledged. It may not be sold or used inconjunction with commercial purposes or for prot. KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS JULY 2013 KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS i ii KENYA POPULATION SITUATION ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................iv FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................................................ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................................................x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................xi
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Defending Writers Under Attack
    A guide to defending writers under attack The Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN ‘I have personally known writers who have chosen to raise forbidden topics purely because they were forbidden. I think I am no different. Because when another writer in another house is not free, no writer is free. This, indeed, is the spirit that informs the solidarity felt by International PEN, by writers all over the world’ Orhan Pamuk A guide to defending writers under attack: The Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN Contents Introduction 3 Part One: What is International PEN? 6 International PEN Charter 7 Part Two: An introduction to the Writers in Prison Committee 8 How does the Writers in Prison Committee work? 9 Part Three: Joining the Writers in Prison Committee 12 Part Four: Who does the Writers in Prison Committee work for? 14 Case List 15 Part Five: The Writers in Prison Committee Activities & Resources 17 Honorary Members 17 Rapid Action Network 23 Writing Offi cial Appeals 27 Biennial Conferences 32 Campaign and Focus Actions 32 The Day of the Imprisoned Writer & other international days 34 Meetings with Ambassadors and Governments 36 Embassy Visits 37 Visits to your foreign ministry 37 Trial observations and other missions 38 Working with other NGOs 38 Approaching Intergovernmental organisations 38 Working with Writers in Exile 39 PEN Emergency Fund 39 Awards 40 Part Six: Media and Publicity: raising public awareness and infl uencing opinion 40 Part Seven: The Writers in Prison Committee and International PEN 44 Part Eight: Resources and Glossary 47 2 A guide to defending writers under attack: The Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN September 2010 Dear colleagues in International PEN, It is a great pleasure to be able to present to you, at the 76th Congress of International PEN in Tokyo, printed copies of the Writers in Prison Committee’s handbook, A guide to defending writers under attack.
    [Show full text]
  • The Path of Somali Refugees Into Exile Exile Into Refugees Somali of Path the Joëlle Moret, Simone Baglioni, Denise Efionayi-Mäder
    The Path of Somalis have been leaving their country for the last fifteen years, fleeing civil war, difficult economic conditions, drought and famine, and now constitute one of the largest diasporas in the world. Somali Refugees into Exile A Comparative Analysis of Secondary Movements Organized in the framework of collaboration between UNHCR and and Policy Responses different countries, this research focuses on the secondary movements of Somali refugees. It was carried out as a multi-sited project in the following countries: Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Netherlands, Efionayi-Mäder Denise Baglioni, Simone Moret, Joëlle South Africa, Switzerland and Yemen. The report provides a detailed insight into the movements of Somali refugees that is, their trajectories, the different stages in their migra- tion history and their underlying motivations. It also gives a compara- tive overview of different protection regimes and practices. Authors: Joëlle Moret is a social anthropologist and scientific collaborator at the SFM. Simone Baglioni is a political scientist and scientific collaborator at the SFM and at the University Bocconi in Italy. Denise Efionayi-Mäder is a sociologist and co-director of the SFM. ISBN-10: 2-940379-00-9 ISBN-13: 978-2-940379-00-2 The Path of Somali Refugees into Exile Exile into Refugees Somali of Path The Joëlle Moret, Simone Baglioni, Denise Efionayi-Mäder � � SFM Studies 46 SFM Studies 46 Studies SFM � SFM Studies 46 Joëlle Moret Simone Baglioni Denise Efionayi-Mäder The Path of Somali Refugees into Exile A Comparative
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in the Twentieth-Century
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY: A LITERARY HISTORY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE BY HADJI BAKARA CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iii Introduction: A Century in Four Figures 1 Chapter One: The Legislator 29 Chapter Two: The Refugee 77 Chapter Three: The Prisoner 131 Chapter Four: The Witness 182 Bibliography 240 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 | Vladimir Nabokov, American Identification Card (1940) | 1 Figure 2 | Vladimir Nabokov, Index Card Drafts Lolita (undated) | 2 Figure 3 | Archibald MacLeish, Preamble to the United Nations Charter (undated) | 30 Figure 4 | Archibald MacLeish’s “Declaration Draft” detail (undated) | 34 Figure 5 | Archibald MacLeish’s “Declaration Draft” (undated) | 51 Figure 6 | Archibald MacLeish’s draft of the preamble to the UN Charter (1945) | 52 Figure 7 | Archibald MacLeish First Fragment of “Actfive” (1945) | 63 Figure 8 | United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Lake Success, New York (1947) | 65 Figure 9 | Peter Benenson, “The Forgotten Prisoners,” May 28th, 1961 | 133 Figure 10 | “Freedom Writers.” Amnesty Campaign (1988) | 136 Figure 11 | PEN International Campaign Poster Jen Saro Wiwa (1994) | 137 Figure 13 | Heinemann edition of Ngugi’s Detained (1981) | 143 Figure 14 | Paul Tabori, Book Cover for The Pen in Exile (1954) | 145 Figure 15 | Paul Tabori, List of imprisoned writers (1960) | 147 Figure 16 | Agostinho Neto (1968) | 148 Figure 17 | Spanish Edition of Henri Alleg’s La Question (1957) | 157 Figure 18 | Ernesto Sabato delivers first drafts of Nunca Mas (1984) | 163 Figure 19 | Gabriel Garcia Marquez at the Russell War Crimes Tribunals II (1974) | 164 Note: Actual images not included in this version of the dissertation due to copyright issues.
    [Show full text]