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Modeling `="0200`="003DCO2 Diffusive Emissions from Lake Systems

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Modeling `= EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Open Access Open Access Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 6, 3509–3556, 2013 Geoscientific www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/6/3509/2013/Geoscientific Model Development GMDD doi:10.5194/gmdd-6-3509-2013Model Development Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 6, 3509–3556, 2013 Open Access Open Access This discussion paper is/hasHydrology been under and review for the journal GeoscientificHydrology Model and Modeling CO2 Development (GMD). PleaseEarth refer toSystem the corresponding final paper in GMDEarth if available.System Sciences Sciences diffusive emissions Discussions from lake systems Open Access Open Access Ocean Science H. Wu et al. Ocean Science Discussions A coupled two-dimensional hydrodynamic Title Page Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Abstract Introduction and terrestrialSolid input Earth model to simulate Discussions CO2 diffusive emissions from lake Conclusions References systems Open Access Open Access Tables Figures The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions H. Wu1,2, C. Peng2,3, M. Lucotte2,4, N. Soumis2,4, Y. Gelinas´ 5, E.´ Duchemin2,4, J I 2,4 5 1 J.-B. Plouhinec , A. Ouellet , and Z. Guo J I 1 Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Back Close Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China 2Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement, Universite´ du Quebec´ a` Montreal,´ Montreal,´ QC, Full Screen / Esc H3C 3P8, Canada 3 Laboratory for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Printer-friendly Version Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China 4GEOTOP, Universityof Quebec´ a` Montreal,´ P.O. Box 8888, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada Interactive Discussion 5Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal,´ QC, H4B 1R6, Canada 3509 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Received: 13 April 2013 – Accepted: 2 June 2013 – Published: 28 June 2013 Correspondence to: H. Wu ([email protected]) and GMDD C. Peng ([email protected]) 6, 3509–3556, 2013 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Modeling CO2 diffusive emissions from lake systems H. Wu et al. Title Page Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures J I J I Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 3510 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract GMDD Most lakes worldwide are supersaturated with carbon dioxide (CO2) and consequently 6, 3509–3556, 2013 act as atmospheric net sources. Since CO2 is a major greenhouse gas (GHG), the accurate estimation of CO2 exchanges at air/water interfaces of aquatic ecosystems 5 is vital in quantifying the carbon budget of aquatic ecosystems overall. To date, la- Modeling CO2 custrine CO2 emissions are poorly understood, and lake carbon source proportions diffusive emissions remain controversial, largely due to a lack of integration between aquatic and terres- from lake systems trial ecosystems. In this paper a new process-based model (TRIPLEX-Aquatic) is in- troduced incorporating both terrestrial inputs and aquatic biogeochemical processes H. Wu et al. 10 to estimate diffusive emissions of CO2 from lake systems. The model was built from a two-dimensional hydrological and water quality model coupled with a new lacustrine Title Page CO2 diffusive flux model. For calibration and validation purposes, two years of data col- ´ lected in the field from two small boreal oligotrophic lakes located in Quebec (Canada) Abstract Introduction were used to parameterize and test the model by comparing simulations with obser- 15 vations for both hydrodynamic and carbon process accuracy. Model simulations were Conclusions References accordant with field measurements in both calibration and verification. Consequently, Tables Figures the TRIPLEX-Aquatic model was used to estimate the annual mean CO2 diffusive flux and predict terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) impacts on the CO2 budget for J I both lakes. Results show a significant fraction of the CO2 diffusive flux (∼ 30–45 %) 20 from lakes was primarily attributable to the input and mineralization of terrestrial DOC, J I which indicated terrestrial organic matter was the key player in the diffusive flux of CO2 from oligotropical lake systems in Quebec,´ Canada. Back Close Full Screen / Esc 1 Introduction Printer-friendly Version Lakes account for more than 3 % of land surface area (Downing et al., 2006) and are Interactive Discussion 25 an important component in terrestrial carbon cycling. Substantial evidence indicates that the transfer of terrestrial carbon to lake ecosystems is considerably larger than 3511 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | the carbon flux to marine systems and approximately coequal to estimates of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the terrestrial biosphere (Richey et al., 2002; Cole GMDD et al., 2007; Battin et al., 2009). In addition, a significant fraction of terrestrial carbon 6, 3509–3556, 2013 can be mineralized in lake systems (Kling et al., 1991; Cole et al., 1994, 2007; Hope 5 et al., 1996; del Giorgio et al., 1997; Striegl et al., 2001; Algesten et al., 2003; Sobek et al., 2003; Rantakari and Kortelainen, 2005). Lake surveys carried out worldwide Modeling CO2 have demonstrated that boreal, temperate, and tropical lakes are typically supersatu- diffusive emissions rated with CO2 and consequently release significant amounts of CO2 into the atmo- from lake systems sphere (Kling et al., 1991; Cole et al., 1994, 2007; Sobek et al., 2003; Roehm et al., H. Wu et al. 10 2009; Battin et al., 2009). The northern latitude biomes have been identified as important for CO2 exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere, with a net sink of CO2 for temperate forests Title Page (Chapin III et al., 2000; Dunn et al., 2007). However, there are few quantitative esti- mates of lake emission in relation to current assessments of the CO2 balance. To date, Abstract Introduction 15 the lake CO2 emissions over space are poorly understood (Duchemin et al., 2002; Sobek et al., 2003; Cardille et al., 2007; Demarty et al., 2011; Roehm et al., 2009; Conclusions References Tedoru et al., 2011), and lake carbon source proportions in different ecosystems re- Tables Figures main controversial (del Giorgio et al., 1999; Cole et al., 2000; Jonsson et al., 2001, 2003; Prairie et al., 2002; Algesten et al., 2003; Hanson et al., 2003, 2004; Karlsson J I 20 et al., 2007; McCallister and del Giorgio, 2008). Therefore, estimates of the fraction of terrestrial organic carbon that is exported to lakes and then routed into atmospheric J I CO2 and the evaluation of the role of lakes in regional carbon budget require the in- Back Close tegrated studies of the entire lake-watershed system (Algesten et al., 2003; Jenerette and Lal, 2005; Cole et al., 2007; Battin et al., 2009; Buffam et al., 2011). Full Screen / Esc 25 Identifying CO2 emissions from lakes is challenging and tends to be fraught with un- certainty since complex links exist between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Hutjes Printer-friendly Version et al., 1998; Wagener et al., 1998; Kalbitz et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2001; McDowell, 2003; Hanson et al., 2004; Jenerette and Lal, 2005; Cole et al., 2007; Buffam et al., Interactive Discussion 2011). In addition, water bodies exhibit significant multidimensional variations caused 3512 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | by interactions among hydrodynamic, biological, and chemical processes (Cole and Wells, 2006). Although lacustrine biogeochemistry is an integrative discipline, previ- GMDD ous terrestrial and lake models have developed somewhat independently of each other 6, 3509–3556, 2013 (Grimm et al., 2003; Jenerette and Lal, 2005; Hanson et al., 2004; Cole et al., 2007; 5 Cardille et al., 2007; Debele et al., 2008; Jones et al., 2009). Therefore, understand- ing the connectivity between each process and scaling up biogeochemical information Modeling CO2 must rely on coupled terrestrial and aquatic carbon cycle models essential in reducing diffusive emissions uncertainty in carbon fluxes from and into lake systems (Grimm et al., 2003; Jenerette from lake systems and Lal, 2005; Chapin III, 2006; Cole et al., 2007; Battin et al., 2009; Buffam et al., H. Wu et al. 10 2011). In this paper a new process-based two-dimensional model (TRIPLEX-Aquatic) was developed to investigate lake carbon cycles with a particular emphasis on CO2 dif- Title Page fusion. This model incorporates both terrestrial inputs and an aquatic carbon
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