Report on Weather Bureau's Program at Point Barrow, Alaska, for the International Polar Year, August, 1932, to August, 1933

In the BULLETIN for October, 1932 have been made at Barrow with Nome there appeared an account of the and Fairbanks which, if successful, Weather Bureau's complete program will doubtless be of great value in for this event. It can now be reported auroral discussions, in view of the long that the work has been carried out as baselines, viz., 500 miles. contemplated and that very satisfac- A total of 320 pilot balloon observa- tory results have been obtained thus tions have been secured. Cloud obser- far. Several very gratifying reports vations were made on an average of on the progress of the work at Point eight times daily. A number of sky- Barrow, Alaska have been received by coloring as well as numerous special radio from Mr. C. J. McGregor, official weather observations have been made. in charge. The unusually clear On January 1, 1933 a meteor of great weather which fortunately has pre- brilliancy was observed. Several halo vailed at Barrow during this period phenomena were also observed. has resulted in exceptionally favorable In addition to the meteorological ob- conditions for observing and photo- servations, there is also being carried graphing the aurora. Between Sep- out a considerable magnetic program in tember 15, 1932 and March 10, 1933, cooperation with the Department of nearly 4,000 auroral photographs were Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie In- made, developed and catalogued. Sev- stitution, Washington, D. C.—L. T. eral simultaneous auroral photographs Samuels.

A SELECTED AND ANNOTATED LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ON GENERAL CLIMATOLOGY1 By R. DEC,. WARD 2 The following is a selected and anno- of what are now generally recognized tated list of publications dealing with as established subdivisions of climato- the larger and more general aspects of logical science as a whole. Or, on the climatology, i. e., with its fundamental other hand, it can be limited to what principles and general relations. No may best be termed the principles of books on climatography are included climatology. In compiling this bibliog- except in cases where both general and raphy a more restricted, rather than a descriptive climatology are treated to- more literal use of the term was in the gether in one volume. Nor does the mind of the writer. bibliography include titles which prop- ALT, EUGEN: "Das Klima" (Biicher erly belong under any of the other spec- der Naturwissenschaft. No. 12) Leip- ialized headings noted above. It is, zig, Philipp Reclam, Jr., 1912. 5^x4 therefore, a bibliography of general inches. Pages 136; pis.; figs. A pocket-size booklet. Gives a brief dis- climatology. This term, general cli- cussion of the fundamentals of climat- matology * is elastic. It can be ology, together with a bird's eye view stretched to include most, or even all, of the climates of the continents. BONACINA, L. C. W.: "Climatic Con- 1 Cf. R. DeC. Ward, The Literature of Clima- trol." London, A. and C. Black, 3d. ed., tology, Annals Assn. Am. Geographers, Mar., 1927. 7 x 5 inches. Pages 168; maps; 1931, 21:34-51. diagrs.; bibliogr. An interesting book, 2 Late Professor of Climatology, Harvard University. Died Nov. 12, 1931. Cf. biographi- suited to the general reader. Written cal notes in May, 1932 BULLETIN, pp. 87-90. to serve as a small text-book for use in * Allgemeine Klimalehre. schools.

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/24/21 11:14 PM UTC BROOKS, C. E. P.: "The Weather: the world's standard text-book of An Introduction to Climatology" meteorology, contains much informa- (Benn's Sixpenny Library, No. 145) tion of importance in climatology, such, London, Ernest Benn, Ltd., 1928. 6Y2 e.g., as the methods of summarizing x 4 inches. Pages 79; diagrs.; bibliogr. and reducing the numerical data; the A compact little book containing a distribution of the various elements in necessarily very brief discussion of place and time, etc. In fact, the Lehr- some of the fundamentals of meteorol- buch is almost as indispensable to the ogy, also an introduction to climatol- climatologist as are the publications ogy, and an outline of the climates of that are directly concerned with cli- the continents. The very limited text mate. is both accurate and readable. HETTNER, ALFRED : "Die Klimate der ECKARDT, W. R.: "Klima und Leb- Erde" (Geographische Schriften, Heft en." (Naturwissenschaftliche Biblio- 5) Leipzig and Berlin, B. G. Teubner, thek aus der Sammlung Goschen). 1930. 9 x 6 inches. Pages 116; ills., Berlin and Leipzig, G. J. Goschen, maps. Revised reprint of a series of 1912. 6 x 4y2 inches. Pages 83. An articles that appeared in the Geogra- admirable simple statement of the re- phische Zeitschrift in 1911. Although lations of climate and life from the the title suggests that the volume deals point of view of a climatologist. No solely with climatography, there are other single book covers the field in so chapters on insolation; pressure and small a compass, and so well. The sub- winds; the composition of the atmos- title is Bioklimatologie. phere; humidity, cloudiness and rain- EDWARDS, K. C.: "The A B C of fall, and on light and sky colors, all Climate" (The Vanguard Series). considered in relation to climate. The London, John Hamilton, Ltd., 1930 (?), climates of a considerable number of 6V2 x 4V2 inches. Pages 140; figs.; stations are illustrated by curves show- bibliogr. An elementary discussion of ing their mean monthly temperatures some of the important facts of weather and rainfalls. There is a brief survey and climate in a booklet small enough of the climates of the world, classified to fit in one's pocket. Contains chap- on the basis of the author's own ters on weather and climate, how cli- scheme. mate is modified, what determines cli- KENDREW, W. G.: "Climate: A mate and types of climate. Treatise on the Principles of Weather HANN, JULIUS: "Handbuch der Kli- and Climate." Oxford, The Clarendon matologie." Stuttgart, J. Engelhorn, Press, 1930. 8% x 6 inches. Pages 3d ed., 1908-1911. 9 x 6*4 inches.f 329; pis.; figs.; bibliogr. "Written pri- There are three volumes. The first marily for the general reader who volume concerns general climatology; wishes to know something of the prin- the second and third volumes deal with ciples of weather and climate—and for the climates of all parts of the world. those who find a knowledge of climat- Hann's Handbuch was for nearly fifty ology desirable for the furtherance of years the standard work on the whole their main subject of study. . . . The field of climatology, and upon it all book considers climatology mostly from later discussions of climate have been the geographical side . . . and treats based. The first volume of the second the principles of climate largely from edition (1897) was translated into a distributional standpoint. . . . The English by R. DeC. Ward (1903). essential fundamental bases of the phe- This translation has long been out of nomena of the atmosphere . . . are print, but is accessible in the larger li- kept prominent throughout." (From braries. Preface).

HANTN, JUNIUS VON and SURING, KNOCH, KARL: "Klima und Klima- REINHARD: "Lehrbuch der Meteorolo- schwankungen." Leipzig, Quelle & gie" Leipzig, Chr. Herm, Tauchnitz, Meyer, 1930. 7*4 x 5 inches. Pages 4th ed., 1926. 10*4 x inches. 150; figs.; charts; bibliogr. One of the Pages 867; figs; charts; biblogr. This, best of the recent books. The meaning, scope, and methods of climatological t A fourth edition appeared in 1932, edited and elaborated by K. Knoch. (xvi + 444 pp., study; the elements of climate; types 26 illus.)—Ed. of climate and classifications of cli-

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/24/21 11:14 PM UTC mate; "changes" of climate, and cli- logical observations for use in climat- mate and man are all discussed as fully ology. Almost as valuable as when as is possible within the limits of 150 first published. Contains many refer- pages. A brief outline of the world's ences, both historically and practically climatography is also included. To of interest. "changes" of climate, 25 pages, and to climate and man, 20 pages are devoted. MILLER, A. AUSTIN: "Climatology." London, Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1931. 9 KOPPEN, W.: "Klimakunde. I. x 5% inches. Pages x and 304; figs.; Allgemeine Klimalehre" (Sammlung bibliogr. "The object of this book is to Goschen). Leipzig, G. J. Goschen, 2d provide advanced students, and espec- ed., 1906. 6 x 4 inches. Pages 132; ially students of geography, with a pis. An excellent little volume, in the reasoned account of the worlds cli- Sammling Goschen, covering the sub- matic types" (Preface). About 50 ject of general climatology as fully as pages at the beginning are devoted to is possible in less than 150 small pages. general climatology, and about 25 KOPPEN, W: "Die Klimate der pages at the end to "changes" of cli- Erde: Grundriss der Klimakunde." mate. Most of the book is taken up Berlin & Leipzig, W. de Gruyter & Co., with a discussion of the world's cli- 1923. 8x5^ inches. Pages 369; figs., mates, by types and variations from pis. The first part is a revision of the the types. Special emphasis is laid volume in the Sammlung Goschen, re- upon the climatic control of vegetation. ferred to above. The last part is a The volume is essentially climato- description of the World's climates on graphic. the basis of the Koppen Classification.f TRABERT, WILHELM : "Meteorologie KOPPEN, W. and GEIGER, R. (Edi- und Klimatologie." Leipzig & Vienna, tors.: "Handbuch der Klimatologie." Franz Deuticke, 1905. 10 x 7 ins. Berlin, Gebriider Borntraeger, 1930—. Pages 132; figs. The first text in re- IOV2 x 7 inches. Five volumes. This cent years devoted to both meteorology is the authoritative, indispensable, and climatology. The first part deals standard work on climatology, and will with the meteorological elements, their remain so for years to come. The sec- observation and the methods of correct- tions that deal with general climatol- ing, reducing and summarizing the nu- ogy thus far published are as follows: merical data. The second part dis- Vol. I, Part A., M. Milankovitch: cusses the controls of the meteorolog- "Mathematische Klimalehre und As- ical elements and their variation in tronomische Theorie der Eiszeiten" place and time. The third part is de- (1930). Pages 176; figs.; bibliogr.; voted to weather and climate, the cli- Vol. I, Part D. Rudolf Geiger: "Mi- mates of the continents and "changes" kroklima und Pflanzenklima" (1930). of climate. Pages 47; figs.; bibliogr.; Vol. I, Part VISHER, S. S.: "Climatic Laws." E. "Einfluss des Klimas auf den Men- New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., schen," consisting of I. W. Borchardt: 1924. 9% x 6 inches. Pages 96; figs. "Medizinische Klimatologie," and II. "Ninety generalizations, with numer- K. Wegener and W. Koppen: "Klima ous corollaries, as to the geographic und Kultur" (1930). Pages 80; distribution of temperature, wind, charts; bibliogr.; Vol. I. Part F. A. moisture, etc." (sub-title). "An at- Wagner: "Klimatologie der freien At- tempt is here made to state, explain mosphare" (1931). Pages 70; figs.; and illustrate what in lieu of a better bibliogr. short title may be called the "laws of climate" (Preface). MEYER, HUGO : " Anleitung zur Bear- beitung meteorologiseher Beobachtun- gen fur die Klimatologie." Berlin, WARD, R. DEC.: "Climate, consid- Julius Springer, 1891. 8*4 x 5% ered especially in Relation to Man." inches. Pages 187; figs. The only book New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2d that deals comprehensively with the ed., 1918. 8V2 x 5% inches, (The reduction and treatment of meteoro- Science Series). Pages 372; figs. The purpose of this volume is to coordinate t A second edition, "Grundriss der Klima- and to set forth clearly and systematic- kunde" appeared at the end of 1931—Ed. ally the larger facts of climate in such

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/24/21 11:14 PM UTC a way that the general reader, al- ticable route to the summit has been though not trained in the technicalities found. The very small density of the of the science, may find it easy to ap- air makes the use of oxygen in tanks preciate them. almost essential at that height, for a "Bibliography of Meteorological Lit- climber without the artificial aid must erature." Prepared by the Royal Met- take from six to ten breaths for each eorological Society (London) with the step. Acclimatized men without oxy- collaboration of the Meteorological Of- fice. London, Royal Meteorological gen have reached 28,000 feet (Somer- Society. The first number issued cov- vell) and 28,126 feet (Norton), with ers the period Sept., 1920, to June, great difficulty. Men with 30-lb. oxy- 1921. Published twice a year. The gen tanks are known to have climbed arrangement is a modification of that adopted for the International Cata- an unknown distance above their logue of Scientific Literature, now no camps at 26,800 ft. How high is not longer issued. This is the best work- known, for they never returned. ing bibliography of current literature for students of meteorology and cli- The importance of the weather to matology. climbers in the Himalayas, and espec- "The Meteorological Glossary." Lon- ially to those who tackle Mt. Everest, don, Meteorological Office, Air Minis- cannot be overestimated. Without fa- try; 2d ed., 1930. 9 Ms x 6 inches. Pages 233; figs. The working meteor- vorable conditions, little can be done at ologist's indispensable vade mecum those elevations, and without just the should always be within easy reach. proper conditions, according to the MOUNT EVEREST members of the British expeditions Since its discovery by the Great which have tried Mt. Everest, and the Trigonometric Survey of India, in ability to take advantage of them, it will not be possible to reach the sum- 1849-50, Mte Everest has been the goal of many a mountain climber's ambi- mit. The climbing must be done in tions. It still invites any who are May or June, before the summer mon- hardy enough to try it. In 1921 the soon sets in, for then all climbing is first of three British expeditions at- impossible. Thus in the quest of the tempted to reach the top, but like the summit of Mt. Everest, there are few succeeding attempts of 1922 and 1924, elements in the mountaineers' favor, failed, once by less than a thousand and many, nearly all, against him. But feet. With the advantage of former with the proper combination of cir- experiences, and some of the members cumstances, it can probably be done.— of previous expeditions in the party, a E. M. H. fourth expedition has left England. Oxygen and altitude.1—There are The party is headed by Hugh Rutledge, two types of men, those who acclima- who has had long experience in the tize slowly and with difficulty and Himalayas. The other members are those who readily become adjusted to John Longland, distinguished Alpinist, low pressures of oxygen. C. G. Crawford, who narrowly escaped The first type suffer from prolonged the avalanche that struck the 1922 mountain sickness and it is they who expedition, and Eric E. Shipton, of earnestly advocate the use of oxygen. East Africa. They have what Prof. [Yandell] Hen- The thrilling story of the first three derson calls "sea-level respiratory cen- expeditions is summarized by Col. H. ters." For them oxygen is the breath L. Crosthwait, C.I.E., in Nature (Lon- 1 Cf. Apr. and May, 1932, BULLETIN, pp. 82 don), Jan. 7, 1933, pp. 10-14. A prac- and 100.

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