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Index Abbess Hild 149–50 Metrical Psalms of the Paris abolgen 265 Psalter 51–54 admonitory poetry 234–5 Pastoral Care 36–42 Advent Lyrics (Christ I) 203–206, 209 Soliloquies 47–54 Ælfric of Eynsham 79, 94, 97, 110, 116–133 compositional practices of 37 as author 130–3 devotion of 52 as translator 119–20 education of 39 Catholic Homilies 117, 122–6 handboc of 38 Colloquy on the Occupations 21, on the state of learning in Anglo-Saxon 116–117, 127–30 England 18, 25, 39 corrections and revisions by 117–118 prefaces of 18, 30, 35–40, 43, 48, life of 116–117 52–55, 364 Lives of Saints 126–7, 366 programme to revive learning 18, 36–38, on the Eucharist 124–6 41, 43, 52–55, 77, 85, 92, 118 prefaces of 117–122, 126–7, 131–3 see also: development of vernacular rhetorical technique of 124–132 writing in England, vernacular in rhythmic prose of 121–2 texts, use of use of the vernacular by 117–120 Almsgiving 268–9 ælfscinu 285, 296 alterity 288, 335–8 affective dynamics 64, 164–182, 212, 231, as theme 376–7 256, 261–4, 281, 352–7, 369, 378–9 Andreas 66, 176, 177–184, 186 Age of Migration 3–4, 16 beasts of battle in 178, 182 aglæca 183–4, 227–8, 281, 282 poet’s handling of sources 177–8 aglæcwif 284–5 relation to Beowulf 182–4 Alcuin 18, 40, 343, 349, 367 Anglo–Latin tradition 24, 27 Aldhelm 16–17, 258 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 5–7, 67–71, 73, 85, hermeneutic style of 17 110, 213, 278, 311, 348 Alexander of TrallesCOPYRIGHTED 106 Cyneheard MATERIAL and Cynewulf episode in Alfred the Great 7, 8, 12, 14, 35–55, 306, 70, 278 340, 374 discursive entries in 69–71 ability to read and write of 16 see also: Peterborough Continuation, appeal of Gregory’s Pastoral Care to 41 poems of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as translator of Anglo-Saxon poetic records 137–8, 143, Consolation of Philosophy 42–47 148, 337, 364, 370 The Anglo-Saxon Literature Handbook, First Edition. Mark C. Amodio. © 2014 Mark C. Amodio. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0001981611.INDDChapter No.: 1 Title 401 Name: Amodio 3/22/2013 10:23:53 AM Comp. by: PPriyadevi Date: 22 Mar 2013 Time: 10:23:53 AM Stage: Printer Page Number: 401 402 Index Apollonius of Tyre 87–91 beot 75, 366 female scop in 90–91 Beowulf 88–89, 181–2, 184, 195, 228, 321, Arthur, king of Britain 4 338, 345, 349, 352, 366, 369, 371–2, Ashburnham House fire 42, 67, 78, 102, 375, 377–8 138, 276, 319, 329 alterity of 228, 281–3, 377 Ascension (Christ II) 206–209 parallels with Grendel 282–3 Christ’s leaps in 207–208 transgressing human limits 286–7 Asser, 16, 18, 25, 35, 38, 39, 41–42, 48 Beowulf 65, 89–90, 101, 103, 137, 139, 142, see also: Life of King Alfred 144, 155, 173, 180, 182–4, 186–7, Augustine 12, 40, 47–51, 72, 80 227–8, 230, 236, 240–1, 273, 276–294, mission to England, 16, 80, 336 303, 315, 318, 324–5, 328–9, 337–8, authors 24, 27, 57, 64–65, 75, 92, 198, 200, 347–9, 352–3, 365–6, 369–70, 372–9 226, 339–41, 343–4, 364, 368–9, 372 alterity of dragon in 288 lack of information about 337, 343–4 Christian elements in 291–2 autograph manuscripts 30 comitatus in 278–80 Azarias 219–221 damage to fols 182r and 201v of 277 macaronic verse in 220–1 dragon in 287–290 relationship to Daniel 219–220 dragon fight in 287–9 elegiac tone in 292 Bald’s Leechbook and Leechbook III 105–108 failure of lord–retainer bond in 279 efficacy of remedies in 107–108 fight with Grendel’s mother in 285–7 incantations in 106–107 fracturing of comitatus in, 278–9 insular origins of remedies in 106 genealogy in 280 magic in 106–107 Grendel’s mother’s mere in 65 Battle of Brunanburh 278, 315, 317–318, heroic disarming in 283, 286 365, 366 Hrothgar’s sermon in 236 allusion to written source of 318 legendary material in, 348–9 historical basis of 317, 318 lone survivor’s speech in, 273 traditional nature of 317–318 oral culture in, 292–3 see also: poems of the Anglo-Saxon poet’s unique sensibilities 277–8 Chronicle section divisions and markings in 277 Battle of Hastings 9 sword failure in 289 Battle of Maldon 109, 319–323 Beowulf Manuscript comitatus in 320–1, 322 contents of 276 historical basis of 320 damage to 276 late date of 322 scribal hands in 276–7 Bayeux Tapestry 10 see also: London, BL, Cotton Vitellius, A.xv Bede 3, 17–18, 31, 40, 69, 92–93, 119, 147, in Index of Manuscripts, Nowell codex 149–51, 330, 340 biblical books Death Song 152 Daniel 167, 170, 219–20, 339 De natura rerum 17 Exodus 162–3, 234, 339 De temporibus 17 Genesis 117, 147, 155–6, 339 De temporibus ratione 17 Joshua, 117 early life of 17 Judith 117, 295 Ecclesiastical History of the English Biscop, Benedict 5, 13, 17 People 3, 17, 23, 26, 31, 67, 78–85, Blickling Homilies 23, 56, 62–66, 368–9 92–93, 138, 148, 240, 308, 340, 366, date of 62 370, 372 Blickling Homily X 63–64, 368–9 list of his works 78–79 Boethius story of the swallow 370–1 Consolation of Philosophy 47, 48, 50, Beechy, Tiffany 356, 364 137, 300 Belshazzar 167, 169–70 Boniface 13 Benedictine reformation 14, 112, 117 bretwalda 5 0001981611.INDDChapter No.: 1 Title 402 Name: Amodio 3/22/2013 10:23:54 AM Comp. by: PPriyadevi Date: 22 Mar 2013 Time: 10:23:53 AM Stage: Printer Page Number: 402 Index 403 Brussels Cross 138 composition in performance 17, 27–29, 142, Bullough, J.A. 349 151, 240, 356 see also: performative poetics Cædmon 31, 187, 240–1, 337 contemporary theory 333–360 as oral poet 149–151 contexts, intrinsic versus extrinsic 357–9 Bede’s story of 82–85, 90, 152, 200, 293, see also: meaning, conferred versus inherent 367, 372 conversion 12, 16, 81, 84–85, 150, 336 Cædmon’s Hymn 23, 138, 147–151 Cottonian fire of 1731 in Latin manuscripts 138, 148–9 see: Ashburnham House fire Cain and Abel 156, 157, 245, 291 critical approaches 335–360 Casley, David 319 fluid boundaries between, 338 Catholic Homilies cultural encyclopaedia 240, 293 see: Ælfric Cynewulf 31, 70, 225–8, 337, 343 Chance, Jane 350–1 compositional practices of 200–201 charity 268–9 possible autobiographical addendum to Charlemagne 5–6, 18, 25 Elene 200 Chaucer, Geoffrey 335 runic signatures of 31, 56, 185, 187, 197, Chaucer’s Pardoner 133 200, 206, 208, 225, 228, 344 Christ 45, 65, 123, 124, 171, 173–4, 178–9, cult of the Cross 192–3 181, 194–6, 204, 207, 223, 250, 379 Christ and Satan 154–5, 170–4, 267 Damico, Helen 350 exile in 172–3 Danes, as invaders 7–8, 14 figure of Christ in 171–2 see also: Viking attacks harrowing of Hell in 173–4 Daniel 154, 162, 167–70, 219–20, Old and New Testament material in 171–2 339, 373 temptation of Christ in 174 angelic writing in 169–70 see also: fall of man, fall of the angels didacticism of 167–8 Christ in Judgement (Christ III) 203, narrative incongruities in 168 209–213, 262 sources of 167–8 affective dynamics of 210–212 dating of Easter 67, 81, 117, 312 Christ’s voice in 211–212 dating Old English texts Christian allegory 250, 347 difficulty of 30–32 Christian devotion 12, 60, 64, 94, 168, 195, linguistic criteria for 31 204, 226, 307 Davis, Craig R. 349 Christian heroic poetry 177–184, 185–8, De Consolatione Philosophiae 192–7, 197–202, 366–7 Alfred’s translation of 42–47 Christian heroism, popularity of 367 see Boethius: Consolation of Philosophy Christian poetry 147–225, 233–5, 262–71, De excidio Britannæ 300–311 see: Gildas Christian thought 47, 133, 291, 310 De natura rerum Christianity see: Bede aesthetic resonance of 368 De temporibus spread of 11–14 see: Bede Church De temporibus anni English 14, 81 see: Wulfstan Roman 81 De temporibus ratione Cnut 8–9, 19, 110 see: Bede reign of 8–9 demons and devils 97, 173, 214–218, 228 Colloquy on the Occupations Deor 31, 240, 253, 337 see: Ælfric Deor 31, 189, 229, 241, 253–5, 260, comitatus 70, 151, 158–9, 194, 297, 321 324, 348 in Beowulf 278–80 refrain in 254 fracturing of in Beowulf 278–9 Germanic legend in 253, 348 0001981611.INDDChapter No.: 1 Title 403 Name: Amodio 3/22/2013 10:23:54 AM Comp. by: PPriyadevi Date: 22 Mar 2013 Time: 10:23:53 AM Stage: Printer Page Number: 403 404 Index Descent into Hell 267–8 subjects of 258 idiosyncrasy of 267 see also Exeter, Cathedral Library, Dean sources of 267 and Chapter MS 3501 in Index of developing state of Anglo-Saxon textuality, Manuscripts 28–29 Exeter Book Riddles 247, 255, 257–60, 272, development of vernacular writing in 275, 308, 310, 313–314 England 18, 24 erotic content of 259 see also: vernacular in texts, use of Riddle 60 272–3 dialogue as genre 308 Riddle 75 258 dialogue between soul and departed exhortation 208, 251, 351 body 188, 189–90 Exodus 154, 162–8, 170, 227, 234, 296, Dream of the Rood 138, 176, 181, 186, 335, 364, 378 192–6, 199, 267, 308, 367 and vernacular Christian heroic as dream vision 192 tradition 164 didactic homiletic focus of 195–6 biblical source of 162–3 heroic depiction of Christ in 194–5 narrative problems in closing sections melding of traditions in 194–5 of 165–6 Rood’s voice in 194 pillars of cloud and fire in 163–4 versions of 193 poet’s skill 165 drunkenness 108, 295 Dunstan 12, 14 fall of man 155,159–61, 171, 173, 215–216, Durham 138, 329–31 350 dating of 329–30 fall of the angels 156, 158–9, 171–3, 238 pointing in 330 fate 46, 265, 372–3 gnomic statements of 372–3 Earl, James W.
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  • The Representation of Animals and the Natural World in Late-Medieval

    The Representation of Animals and the Natural World in Late-Medieval

    The Representation of Animals and the Natural World in Late-Medieval Hagiography and Romance Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by David Salter BA (Leicester) Department of English University of Leicester September 1998 UMI Number: U113229 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U113229 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 The Representation of Animals and the Natural World in Late-Medieval Hagiography and Romance ABSTRACT This thesis takes as its subject the representation of animals and the natural world in two key genres of medieval literature: hagiography and romance. Focusing on the early Lives of St. Francis of Assisi, the romances Sir Gowther, Octavian, and Sir Orfeo, the Middle English Alexander Romances, and the Collatio Alexandri cum Dindimo, it examines the diverse ways in which animals are portrayed in these texts, and the range of mimetic, symbolic, and representative functions that they fulfil. Rather than endorsing the view that medieval culture was characterised by a unified and homogenous attitude towards nature and the natural, the thesis draws out the diversity of opinion and outlook evident in the imaginative literature of the period, and demonstrates in detail the crucial role of genre in determining the representative strategies of individual texts.