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Home , Beasts of battle, Blickling Homilies, Brussels Cross, Cynewulf, Solomon and Saturn, Soul and Body

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Abbess Hild 149–50 Metrical Psalms of the Paris abolgen 265 Psalter 51–54 admonitory poetry 234–5 Pastoral Care 36–42 Advent Lyrics () 203–206, 209 Soliloquies 47–54 Ælfric of Eynsham 79, 94, 97, 110, 116–133 compositional practices of 37 as author 130–3 devotion of 52 as translator 119–20 education of 39 Catholic Homilies 117, 122–6 handboc of 38 Colloquy on the Occupations 21, on the state of learning in Anglo-Saxon 116–117, 127–30 England 18, 25, 39 corrections and revisions by 117–118 prefaces of 18, 30, 35–40, 43, 48, life of 116–117 52–55, 364 Lives of Saints 126–7, 366 programme to revive learning 18, 36–38, on the Eucharist 124–6 41, 43, 52–55, 77, 85, 92, 118 prefaces of 117–122, 126–7, 131–3 see also: development of vernacular rhetorical technique of 124–132 writing in England, vernacular in rhythmic prose of 121–2 texts, use of use of the vernacular by 117–120 Almsgiving 268–9 ælfscinu 285, 296 alterity 288, 335–8 affective dynamics 64, 164–182, 212, 231, as theme 376–7 256, 261–4, 281, 352–7, 369, 378–9 66, 176, 177–184, 186 Age of Migration 3–4, 16 in 178, 182 aglæca 183–4, 227–8, 281, 282 poet’s handling of sources 177–8 aglæcwif 284–5 relation to 182–4 Alcuin 18, 40, 343, 349, 367 Anglo–Latin tradition 24, 27 16–17, 258 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 5–7, 67–71, 73, 85, hermeneutic style of 17 110, 213, 278, 311, 348 Alexander of TrallesCOPYRIGHTED 106 Cyneheard MATERIAL and episode in 7, 8, 12, 14, 35–55, 306, 70, 278 340, 374 discursive entries in 69–71 ability to read and write of 16 see also: Peterborough Continuation, appeal of Gregory’s Pastoral Care to 41 poems of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as translator of Anglo-Saxon poetic records 137–8, 143, Consolation of Philosophy 42–47 148, 337, 364, 370

The Anglo-Saxon Literature Handbook, First Edition. Mark C. Amodio. © 2014 Mark C. Amodio. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Apollonius of Tyre 87–91 beot 75, 366 female in 90–91 Beowulf 88–89, 181–2, 184, 195, 228, 321, Arthur, king of Britain 4 338, 345, 349, 352, 366, 369, 371–2, Ashburnham House fire 42, 67, 78, 102, 375, 377–8 138, 276, 319, 329 alterity of 228, 281–3, 377 Ascension (Christ II) 206–209 parallels with Grendel 282–3 Christ’s leaps in 207–208 transgressing human limits 286–7 Asser, 16, 18, 25, 35, 38, 39, 41–42, 48 Beowulf 65, 89–90, 101, 103, 137, 139, 142, see also: Life of King Alfred 144, 155, 173, 180, 182–4, 186–7, Augustine 12, 40, 47–51, 72, 80 227–8, 230, 236, 240–1, 273, 276–294, mission to England, 16, 80, 336 303, 315, 318, 324–5, 328–9, 337–8, authors 24, 27, 57, 64–65, 75, 92, 198, 200, 347–9, 352–3, 365–6, 369–70, 372–9 226, 339–41, 343–4, 364, 368–9, 372 alterity of dragon in 288 lack of information about 337, 343–4 Christian elements in 291–2 autograph manuscripts 30 comitatus in 278–80 Azarias 219–221 damage to fols 182r and 201v of 277 macaronic verse in 220–1 dragon in 287–290 relationship to Daniel 219–220 dragon fight in 287–9 elegiac tone in 292 Bald’s Leechbook and Leechbook III 105–108 failure of lord–retainer bond in 279 efficacy of remedies in 107–108 fight with Grendel’s mother in 285–7 incantations in 106–107 fracturing of comitatus in, 278–9 insular origins of remedies in 106 genealogy in 280 magic in 106–107 Grendel’s mother’s mere in 65 Battle of Brunanburh 278, 315, 317–318, heroic disarming in 283, 286 365, 366 Hrothgar’s sermon in 236 allusion to written source of 318 legendary material in, 348–9 historical basis of 317, 318 lone survivor’s speech in, 273 traditional nature of 317–318 oral culture in, 292–3 see also: poems of the Anglo-Saxon poet’s unique sensibilities 277–8 Chronicle section divisions and markings in 277 Battle of Hastings 9 sword failure in 289 Battle of Maldon 109, 319–323 Beowulf Manuscript comitatus in 320–1, 322 contents of 276 historical basis of 320 damage to 276 late date of 322 scribal hands in 276–7 Bayeux Tapestry 10 see also: London, BL, Cotton Vitellius, A.xv Bede 3, 17–18, 31, 40, 69, 92–93, 119, 147, in Index of Manuscripts, 149–51, 330, 340 biblical books Death Song 152 Daniel 167, 170, 219–20, 339 De natura rerum 17 162–3, 234, 339 De temporibus 17 Genesis 117, 147, 155–6, 339 De temporibus ratione 17 Joshua, 117 early life of 17 117, 295 Ecclesiastical History of the English Biscop, Benedict 5, 13, 17 People 3, 17, 23, 26, 31, 67, 78–85, 23, 56, 62–66, 368–9 92–93, 138, 148, 240, 308, 340, 366, date of 62 370, 372 Blickling Homily X 63–64, 368–9 list of his works 78–79 Boethius story of the swallow 370–1 Consolation of Philosophy 47, 48, 50, Beechy, Tiffany 356, 364 137, 300 Belshazzar 167, 169–70 Boniface 13 Benedictine reformation 14, 112, 117 bretwalda 5

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Brussels Cross 138 composition in performance 17, 27–29, 142, Bullough, J.A. 349 151, 240, 356 see also: performative poetics Cædmon 31, 187, 240–1, 337 contemporary theory 333–360 as oral poet 149–151 contexts, intrinsic versus extrinsic 357–9 Bede’s story of 82–85, 90, 152, 200, 293, see also: meaning, conferred versus inherent 367, 372 conversion 12, 16, 81, 84–85, 150, 336 Cædmon’s Hymn 23, 138, 147–151 Cottonian fire of 1731 in Latin manuscripts 138, 148–9 see: Ashburnham House fire Cain and Abel 156, 157, 245, 291 critical approaches 335–360 Casley, David 319 fluid boundaries between, 338 Catholic Homilies cultural encyclopaedia 240, 293 see: Ælfric Cynewulf 31, 70, 225–8, 337, 343 Chance, Jane 350–1 compositional practices of 200–201 charity 268–9 possible autobiographical addendum to Charlemagne 5–6, 18, 25 200 Chaucer, Geoffrey 335 runic signatures of 31, 56, 185, 187, 197, Chaucer’s Pardoner 133 200, 206, 208, 225, 228, 344 Christ 45, 65, 123, 124, 171, 173–4, 178–9, cult of the Cross 192–3 181, 194–6, 204, 207, 223, 250, 379 154–5, 170–4, 267 Damico, Helen 350 exile in 172–3 Danes, as invaders 7–8, 14 figure of Christ in 171–2 see also: Viking attacks harrowing of Hell in 173–4 Daniel 154, 162, 167–70, 219–20, Old and New Testament material in 171–2 339, 373 temptation of Christ in 174 angelic writing in 169–70 see also: fall of man, fall of the angels didacticism of 167–8 Christ in Judgement (Christ III) 203, narrative incongruities in 168 209–213, 262 sources of 167–8 affective dynamics of 210–212 dating of 67, 81, 117, 312 Christ’s voice in 211–212 dating texts Christian allegory 250, 347 difficulty of 30–32 Christian devotion 12, 60, 64, 94, 168, 195, linguistic criteria for 31 204, 226, 307 Davis, Craig R. 349 Christian heroic poetry 177–184, 185–8, De Consolatione Philosophiae 192–7, 197–202, 366–7 Alfred’s translation of 42–47 Christian heroism, popularity of 367 see Boethius: Consolation of Philosophy Christian poetry 147–225, 233–5, 262–71, De excidio Britannæ 300–311 see: Gildas Christian thought 47, 133, 291, 310 De natura rerum Christianity see: Bede aesthetic resonance of 368 De temporibus spread of 11–14 see: Bede Church De temporibus anni English 14, 81 see: Roman 81 De temporibus ratione Cnut 8–9, 19, 110 see: Bede reign of 8–9 demons and devils 97, 173, 214–218, 228 Colloquy on the Occupations 31, 240, 253, 337 see: Ælfric Deor 31, 189, 229, 241, 253–5, 260, comitatus 70, 151, 158–9, 194, 297, 321 324, 348 in Beowulf 278–80 refrain in 254 fracturing of in Beowulf 278–9 Germanic legend in 253, 348

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Descent into Hell 267–8 subjects of 258 idiosyncrasy of 267 see also Exeter, Cathedral Library, Dean sources of 267 and Chapter MS 3501 in Index of developing state of Anglo-Saxon textuality, Manuscripts 28–29 247, 255, 257–60, 272, development of vernacular writing in 275, 308, 310, 313–314 England 18, 24 erotic content of 259 see also: vernacular in texts, use of 60 272–3 dialogue as genre 308 Riddle 75 258 dialogue between soul and departed exhortation 208, 251, 351 body 188, 189–90 Exodus 154, 162–8, 170, 227, 234, 296, 138, 176, 181, 186, 335, 364, 378 192–6, 199, 267, 308, 367 and vernacular Christian heroic as dream vision 192 tradition 164 didactic homiletic focus of 195–6 biblical source of 162–3 heroic depiction of Christ in 194–5 narrative problems in closing sections melding of traditions in 194–5 of 165–6 Rood’s voice in 194 pillars of cloud and fire in 163–4 versions of 193 poet’s skill 165 drunkenness 108, 295 Dunstan 12, 14 fall of man 155,159–61, 171, 173, 215–216, 138, 329–31 350 dating of 329–30 fall of the angels 156, 158–9, 171–3, 238 pointing in 330 fate 46, 265, 372–3 gnomic statements of 372–3 Earl, James W. 352–3 Fates of the Apostles 31,176, 185–8, 225 ecclesiastical provinces 12 metonymic function of 186 Elene 197–201 see also: Cynewulf elegies 202, 230, 235, 247–8, 253–7, 260–1, Faustus of Riez 16 265–6, 271–4, 281, 292, 375 Felix 96, 216, 218 see: Deor, Husband’s Message, Resignation Vita sancti Guthlaci 96–98 A, Rhyming Poem, Ruin, Seafarer, female perpetrators of violence 284–5 Wanderer, Widsið, Wife’s Lament female poetic performance 90–91 Emma 8 feminist approaches 350–2 encomium urbis 275, 330 Fenster, Thelma 351 end of days feud culture 163, 272, 284 see: eschatology Fight at Finnsburh 138, 278, 316, 323–6 Eostre 11 and Finn episode in Beowulf 293, 324–6 Epinal Glossary 23 reliability of Hickes’s transcription of 323–4 eschatological writing Foley, John Miles 341, 354, 356, 358, 364 see: Blickling Homily X formulaic verse 28–29, 148, 156, 183, 303, see: Judgement Day I and II 337, 355–6 see: Christ in Judgement (Christ III) Fortunes of Men 241–4 see: Vercelli Homily IV chance in 243 eschatology 63–64, 110, 208–210, 262, drunkenness in 243 368–70, 374 humanistic focus of 242–3 used to underscore current social and Foster, Don 344 political conditions, 369 Frank, Roberta 348 Eusebius 258 Franks Casket 23, 138 Exeter Book 137, 139, 168, 188, 202–75, Frantzen, Allen 345, 346 281, 313, 337, 375 French lexemes in Old English 23 damage to manuscript 202–203 funeral practices 243, 292, 326 order of texts in 203 futhorc 11, 15, 138, 192, 313–314

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galgmod 283 alterity of 377 gebolgen 178, 282, 289, 341 attack of 283–6 gender studies 350–2 mere of 65, 284, 286, 289, 366, 369 genealogy motivation of 284 in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 69 terms used to describe 284–5 in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the Guthlac 96–98, 212–218, 220, 367–8, 372 85 early life of 96–97, 212–213 in Beowulf 280 meaning of his name 215 155–8, 160, 163, 167, 296, piety of 96–97 339, 341 popularity of 97, 213 as biblical paraphrase 156–7 vernacular and Latin narratives of 97–98 155–161, 172, 227, 277 Guthlac A 213–215, 226, 303, 367–8, 377 Old Saxon source of 157–8 affective dynamics of 214 see also: fall of man, fall of the angels Christian heroism in 214 geography 76 demons in 214 geometry 49 prologue to 213–214 Germanic family of languages 20 spectre of physical violence in 214 Germanic legend 348–350 Guthlac B 215–219, 226, 378 Germanic tribes 3–4, 11, 16, 80, 81, 114, authorship of 215–216 138, 140 Guthlac’s death in 217–218 see also: catalogue of in Widsið source of 216–217 Gesta pontificum anglorum use of metaphor in 216–217 see: William of Malmesbury guðcwen 198 Gifts of Men 233, 242 Gildas 15, 114 Hadrian 16, 99 De excidio Britannæ 15–16 hagiographic narrative 127, 152, 213 Gneuss, Helmut 342 hapax legomenon 163, 237, 284, 296–7, gnomic statements 234, 238, 244–6, 248, 304–305, 318, 325 256, 261, 310, 312, 314, 372 Harold, King 8–10 Godden, Malcolm 300 harp 83, 90–91, 149–50, 173, 233, 243, Goldsmith, Margaret 347 248, 307 good king, qualities of 280 Havelock, Eric 355 Gospel of Nicodemus 267 heathen practices 113, 369 Gower, John 87 see also: paganism grammatical and syntactic studies 343–4 Hengist 3 Gregory the Great, Pope 11–12, 40–41 47, Heorot 142, 183, 278, 280–1, 283, 285–8, 48, 57, 80–81, 92, 119–120, 207–208 290, 293, 304, 352–3, 375–6 Gregory’s episcopal system 12 importance of 280–1 Pastoral Care 36, 40–41 Heptarchy 4 Grendel 142, 173, 182–4, 227, 278, 280–91, heroic culture, fracturing of 279–80 291, 352, 369 heroic ethos 165, 180–1, 186, 214, 236, as outsider 230, 281–2, 377 238, 278, 284, 291, 294, 297, 320–2, attacks on Heorot 142, 278, 280–3, 286, 348, 367 293, 304, 352, 375–6 fractures in 278, 321, 348 body parts of 288, 375 heroic lay 324 eyes of 353, 379 heroism, points of contact between Christian complex nature of 281 and secular 215, 218, 366–7 mode of locomotion of 304, 375 Hickes, George 313, 323–4 motivation of 375 Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium parallels with Beowulf 282–3 Thesaurus 313, 323, 329 physicality of 375 Hildegyth 327–8 Grendel’s mother 184, 199, 227, 281, Hill, Geoffrey 380 283–90, 351, 366, 369, 371, 377 Hill, Joyce 346

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Hill, Thomas D. 347 poet’s relation to traditional expressive Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum economy 296–7 see Bede: Ecclesiastical History of the possible comic moment in 297 English People possible later addition to 298 historical writing relation to sources 295 see: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 31, 225–9, 244, 339, 341, 367 see: Orosius Paulus character development in 226–7 Holofernes 103, 295–8, 351 Cynewulf’s runic signature in 225, 228 Homer 137, 348 devil in 226–7 Homeric epic 142 sources of 225–6 Homiletic Fragment I 176, 189, 192 Junius, Franciscus Homiletic Fragment II 270–1 transcriptions by 36, 38, 43, 295, 300 possible completeness of 271 154–175, 347 Homiletic Fragment III 249, 251 contents of 154 Horsa 3, 67 illuminations in 154–5, 159, 162 Husband’s Message 229, 271–3 layout of 154–5 classification as elegy 271–2 scribal hands in 154–5 enigmatic qualities of 272–3 see also: Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS non–elegiac qualities of 271 Junius 11 in Index of Manuscripts speaking voice in 272 hwæt (interjection) 60, 162, 164, 180, 187, Kentish Hymn 23 293, 304, 309, 364 Kentish Psalm 23 Ker, N.R. 342 idiolect 31 King Horn 88 Iliad 137, 348 illnesses and remedies Lapidge, 339, 352–3 see Bald’s Leechbook and Leechbook III Latin Ingeld 349, 367 as lingua franca 24, 27 interpretive strategies 142, 166, 275, 335, decayed state of 38–39 337, 347, 359, 363–4 in education, 18 24–25, 35 responsible interpretation 345–6, 357, 360 in OE word–stock 22 intertextuality 29, 119, 184, 364 Lauerdale or Tollemache Orosius Invention of the Cross 197, 200, 312 see: London, BL, Additional 47967 in Irvine, Susan 300 Index of Manuscripts Irving, Edward B., Jr. 347 Laws of Alfred 36 lay of the lone survivor 273, 292 Jarrow 5, 13, 17, 78, 147 Lee, Alvin 345–7 Johnson, Samuel 345 Lees, Clare A. 351 Jonah and the Whale 123 Leechbook III Jones, Chris 380 see: Bald’s Leechbook I and II Judgement Day I 262–5 Leiden Riddle 23 dynamism of 263 Leningrad Bede emotional focus of 263 see: St Petersburg Bede homiletic qualities 263–4 Letter of Alexander to Aristotle 99, Judgement Day II 262–3, 267 101–103, 276, 294, 376–7 Judith 89, 199, 285, 294–9, 351, 377 Life of King Alfred 35–36, 39, 41–42, 48, alterity of 351, 377 51–52 as perpetrator of violence 285, 351 see also: Asser participation in heroic exchange Life of St Christopher 99, 101–103, 276, 294 economy 296–7 damage to 102 Judith 103, 276–7, 285, 294–9, 351, 376 see also: Saint Christopher Christian and heroic traditions in 295–6 Life of St Guthlac damage to from Ashburnham House fire 295 in poetry see Guthlac A and Guthlac B fragmentary state of 277, 295 in prose 96–98

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liminal space 283, 286, 351 Milton, John 156, 173 Lindisfarne 5, 13 miracle stories 79, 81, Gospels 5 mise–en–page 28, 100, 148, 189, 213, 254, sacking of 6, 25, 68–69 255, 275, 308, 313, 317, 330, 344 literacy 15–16, 27–28, 140–1, 145, 336, 354 see also: manuscript layout literate culture 140–2, 293 Mitchell, Bruce 343 literate tradition 27–29, 358 monastic system 12–13 Lives of Saints Regularis Concordia, 14 see: Ælfric monasteries, dissolution of 12, 25 Lochrie, Karma 351 Monkwearmouth 5, 13, 17, 78 Lord, Albert B. 354 monster narratives 103 Lord’s Prayer I 270 Moore Bede 17, 23, 79, 147–9 loyalty as thematic component 70, 159, 194, see also: CUL, Kk. 5.16 in Index of 280, 366–7 Manuscripts

manuscript illuminations 99–100, 154, 162 Napier, A.S. 43 manuscript layout 140, 154, 157, 203, 221, Norman Conquest 14, 68, 139, 143, 355 244, 251–2, 260, 301, 306, 313, 315, Normans 4, 10, 22, 71 317, 330 narrative interiority 283, 352 pointing in 330 Nebuchadnezzar 167–9, 220 visual information of 28, 140 North Germanic dialects 21–22 see also: developing state of Anglo-Saxon Northumbrian dialect 193 textuality, mise-en-page, orthography Nowell codex 276, 294 manuscript studies 342 scribal hands in 295 masculinity see also: Beowulf Manuscript problematics of 351–2 Maxims I and Maxims II 244–5, 311, 374 O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine 354, 359 meaning, conferred versus inherent 358 ofermode 322 see also: contexts, intrinsic versus extrinsic Offa’s Dyke 5 Menologium 311–313 Old English 20–23, 139–41, 335–6, 343 purpose of 312 as language of intellectual Mercian Hymns 380 discourse 25–26 Mermedonians 66, 178–84, 367 changes in 20–23, 139, 336 Merovingians 253 dialects of 23, 141 Metres of Boethius 300–305, 307 function words of 22–23 authorship of 301 grammar of 20–23 damage to manuscript of 300–301 inflections of 20–21 historical material in 303–304 paratactic syntax of 148, 240 layout of 301 see also: French lexemes in Old English, oral poetics in 303 North Germanic dialects, Scandinavian prosimetrical structure of 300 loanwords, vernacular in texts, use of relation of poems and prose paraphrases Old English elegies 202, 230, 235–6, 242, in 301–302 247–8, 253–7, 260–1, 265–6, 271–4, relation to Latin Consolation 302–303 292, 375 skill of poet 304–305 categorization of 253, 266, 271 Metrical Psalms of the Paris Psalter 305–307 first person voice in 230, 260, 266, 272–3 authorship of 306 manuscript context of 274–5 closeness of translation to source 306–307 resonance of 231–2, 234, 235 layout of 306 secular focus in 271–2 metrics 138–40 thematics of 248, 274 micel here 6 92–94, 102, 340 Middle English 21, 335 Old English Physiologus 249–51 dialects of 335 connection of texts 250–1 miles Christi 179–80, 267 layout of 250

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Old English prose and poetry Paris Psalter 51, 137, 305–307 porous border between, 121–2, 364 see: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de Olsen, Alexandra Hennessey 350 France, Fonds latin 8824 in Index of oral composition 85 Manuscripts oral culture 15, 28, 141–2, 240, 293 Partridge 249, 251–2 oral–literate nexus 29 layout of 251–2 oral poetics 28–29, 60, 142–5, 157, 164–5, paganism 11, 72–74, 348 168, 178, 182–6, 198, 214, 227–8, see also: heathen practices 278, 303, 307, 315, 323, 341, 354–9, Parry, Milman 354 363–4, 378–80 Parry–Lord theory components of 142 see oral–formulaic composition, theory of foreignness of 358–9 Paul of Aegina 106 formulas in 142, 303, 356 Pater Noster 107, 308–309 ‘I heard’ formula in 186–7, 227, 293, 309, Pelagius 16 341, 364 performative poetics 29, 90–91, 142–5, influence on written poetry 143, 240–1, 293, 357–8 354, 356 see also: composition in performance thematics of 181–2, 322–3, 356, 378 Peterborough Continuation, 315–330 see also: composition during performance, see also: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle traditional themes and type scenes Pharaoh 75, 163, 166 oral theory 240, 341, 354–7 Pharaoh 269 perception of 354 philology 345 oral tradition 27–28, 84, 142–3, 151, 187, Phoenix 221–4, 370 354–9 Christian coloring of 221–3 aesthetics of 27, 357–8 didactic focus of 224 as cultural encyclopaedia 293 macaronic verse in 224 transmission of meaning in 145, 186, 316, poems of the Anglo–Saxon Chronicle 315–319 357–8 see also: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Battle of oral–formulaic composition, theory Brunanburh of 354–5 poetic tradition 138–9, 150–1, 277, 280, oral–literate continuum 141, 143 307, 341 orality 27–28, 140–5, 354 poets, literate 27, 143, 145, 356 oral–traditional themes 378–80 poets, oral 27, 142–4, 151, 240–1, 355–7 Order of the World 244, 246–7 see also: scop Apollonius of Tyre orthography 20, 28, 203, 336 poverty 266 zoomorphic capitals 154, 162, 167, 171, Precepts 234–5 176–7 presentation of poetry in manuscripts 140, Orosius, Paulus 72 149, 255, 301, 306 Orosius 72–77 see also: scriptio continua ‘attribution of (the Orosius) to Alfred the prose, Christian texts 35–66, 78–86, 92–98, Great 77 102–103, 109–133 journeys of Ohthere and Wulfstan in proverbs 244 76–77 Proverbs of Alfred 76 otherness psychological approaches 347, 352–3 see: alterity question and answer dialogue paideia see: I and II see: cultural encyclopaedia palimpsest 287, 308 reagent 197, 308 Panther 249–51 Regula Pastoralis Christian allegory in, 250 Alfred’s preface to 52, 54, 118 Paradise Lost Alfred’s translation of 18, 25–26, 36–43, fallen angels of 156 47–48, 374 Satan in 161, 173, 227 see: Gregory the Great, Pastoral Care

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Regularis Concordia secular heroic poetry 157, 180–1, 277–293, see: monastic system 317–329, 365–6 Remley, Paul 347 Selwood, forest near 53 Renoir, Alain 352–60 Resignation A and B, 229, 265–6 see: Wulfstan, Sermon of the Wolf to the rhetorical context English importance of 357 Shakespeare, William 337 Rhyming Poem 139, 229, 247–9 sic transit gloria mundi 274 classification of 249 see also: transitory nature of life metrical uniqueness of 247 Sigemund 377, 184, 228 Roman alphabet 15, 138, 314 singers Roman occupation 4 see: oral poets romance 88 Soliloquies of St Augustine 18, 36, 276, 364 Romans 3–4, 39, 72 Alfred’s translation of 47–52, 75 departure of 3, 15, 80, 140 Solomon and Saturn I and II 269, 276, Ruin 229, 273–5 307–311 manuscript context of 274–5 I 176, 187, 188–91, 192, non–elegiac qualities of 274–5 196, 252 sui generis nature of 274–5 Soul and Body II 176, 188–9, 252 138, 313–314 source studies 339–41 138, 187, 208, 228, 258, 272, 309, Southwick codex 276, 294, 308 313–314 soðfæstnesse 118, 125, 226 runic alphabet St Petersburg Bede 17, 23, 79, 147–9 see: furthorc see also: St Petersburg, Russian National 23, 138, 192–3 Library, Q.v.I.18 in Index of Manuscripts Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo Stamford Bridge 9 47, 72 Stanley, E.G. 348 Saint Benedict Sterne, Laurence 338 rule of 13 Symeon of Durham 329 Saint Christopher alterity of 103 Tacitus, 278 Sata, 159, 161, 171–4, 184, 250, 267 Germania of 278 rebellion of 158–9, 173 talking objects 194, 272, 308 see also: Paradise Lost Tatwine 258 Scandinavian loanwords 23 technology of literacy 16, 336, 354 school at Canterbury 16 traditional thematics 65–66, 156–7, 171, school of York 18 182, 198, 207, 228, 239, 278, 292, scop 75, 90–91, 240–1, 253–4 295, 322, 325–6 see also: oral poets bifurcated nature of 66, 363–4 Scragg, Donald G. 339 differences from that of other eras 363 scribal practices 30 Theodore 13, 16, 80–81 scribal recomposition 30, 308 Theodoric 253, 328 scribes theoretical perspectives 345–60 see scribal practices traditional metonym 178, 184, 227, 341, scriptio continua 121, 255, 315 349, 364 see also: presentation of poetry in traditional referentiality 142, 241, 379 manuscripts traditional themes and type scenes 29, 142, scriðan 281, 304 378–80 Seafarer 229, 235–7 battle 156–7, 198, 297–8, 325–6 as elegy 235 beasts of battle 144–5, 164, 178, 182, 198, Christian focus of 236–7 231, 297, 303, 318, 325, 341, 364, 379 exile in 236 exile 156–7, 172, 218, 230–2, 236, 261, Second Shepherds’ Pageant 129 266, 272, 281, 379

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traditional themes and type scenes (cont’d) 326–9, 365–6 function of 228, 356, 363–4, 378 melding of Christian and pagan in 327 hero on the beach 143, 378 Walter of Aquitaine 326 joy in the hall 172–3, 239, 295, 379 Wanderer 229–32, 234–5, 256, 373 list of 379 Christian voice in, 232 protean nature of 379 wealh 4 sea-voyage 198, 217 Wealhtheow 328 storm at sea 303 Weland 253, 327 traditional verbal art 142, 355–7 Wessex, kingdom of 4, 7–8, 18 aesthetics of 27, 338, 355–9, 365 wergild 284 transgressive female figures 285–6, 377 West Saxon as standard literary dialect 81 transitory nature of life 58–59, 232, 236, Whale 249–51 246, 303, 306, 316, 370–1 31, 240–1, 337 translation 40, 75, 119–120, 133, 303, 306, Widsið 31, 90, 240–1, 303, 324, 348–9 339–40 catalogue of Germanic rulers and tribes in, handling of sources by translators 40, 44, 240–1 52, 54, 64, 74–76, 80–85, 88, 149, Wife’s Lament 229, 235, 260–2 163–5, 174, 178, 217, 221–2, 226, affective dynamics of 260–1 228, 301–304, 306–307, 340 gender of speaker of 260 Tristam Shandy 338 secular focus of 261–2 texts in multiple versions 148, 308 William of Malmesbury 16–17, 54 travel narrative 76, 99 William of Normandy 9 see also: , Letter of Willibrord 13 Alexander to Aristotle wisdom 374–5 forest of in Alfred’s preface to Augustine’s ubi sunt motif 57–58, 63–64, 232, 368 Soliloquies 48 Ulfila 20 wisdom poetry see: Fortunes of Men, Maxims I, Precepts, 237–9 Rhyming Poem, Rune Poem, Order of drunken boasting in 238 the World variation 60, 148, 337 Wonders of the East 76, 99–101, 276, 294, within limits 379 376 Vercelli Book 56, 58, 60, 137, 176–7, 181, source of 99 185–9, 191–3, 196–7, 199–201, 203, 229, 255–7, 260, 271 225, 252, 337, 339 affective dynamics of 256 see also: Vercelli, Biblioteca Capitolare, as secular elegy 256 CXVII in Index of Manuscripts as women’s song 256 56–60, 62 connection to Exeter Book Riddles 256 Vercelli Homily IV 369 narrative difficulties of 256–7 see also: eschatological writing Wulfsige 38, 55, 117 vernacular in texts, use of 126 Wulfstan 19, 94, 109–111, 130, 369 Vespasian Psalter 23 De temporibus anni 117 Viking attacks, 7–8, 12, 35, 114, 130–1 engagement in contemporary matters Virgin Birth 204 by 110 Virgin Mary 350–1 range of texts in corpus 109–110 Vortigern 3 Sermon of the Wolf to the English 21, Vulgate 147, 168–9, 220, 295 112–114, 263, 369 stylistics of 111–112 Wærferth 25, 38, 54–55 wyrd translation of Pope Gregory’s Dialoguesin secular overtones of in Christian texts, 372–3 texts by 55 see also: fate Alfred’s preface to Wærferth’s translation of Gregory’s Dialogues 54–55 Zacher, Samantha 339, 356

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