MINERALS of the SYSTEM Bi–Te–Se–S RELATED to the TETRADYMITE ARCHETYPE: REVIEW of CLASSIFICATION and COMPOSITIONAL VARIATION
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Toward the Crystal Structure of Nagyagite, [Pb(Pb,Sb)S2][(Au,Te)]
American Mineralogist, Volume 84, pages 669–676, 1999 Toward the crystal structure of nagyagite, [Pb(Pb,Sb)S2][(Au,Te)] HERTA EFFENBERGER,1,* WERNER H. PAAR,2 DAN TOPA,2 FRANZ J. CULETTO,3 AND GERALD GIESTER1 1Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria 2Institut für Mineralogie, Universität Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg 3Kärntner Elektrizitäts AG, Arnulfplatz 2, A-9021 Klagenfurt, Austria ABSTRACT Synthetic nagyagite was grown from a melt as part of a search for materials with high-tempera- ture superconductivity. Electron microprobe analyses of synthetic nagyagite and of nagyagite from the type locality Nagyág, Transylvania (now S˘ac˘arîmb, Romania) agree with data from literature. The crystal chemical formula [Pb(Pb,Sb)S2][(Au,Te)] was derived from crystal structure investi- gations. Nagyagite is monoclinic pseudotetragonal. The average crystal structure was determined from both synthetic and natural samples and was refined from the synthetic material to R = 0.045 for 657 single-crystal X-ray data: space group P21/m, a = 4.220(1) Å, b = 4.176(1) Å, c = 15.119(3) Å, β = 95.42(3)°, and Z = 2. Nagyagite features a pronounced layer structure: slices of a two slabs thick SnS-archetype with formula Pb(Pb,Sb)S2 parallel to (001) have a thickness of 9.15 Å. Te and Au form a planar pseudo-square net that is sandwiched between the SnS-archetype layers; it is [4Te] assumed that planar Au Te4 configurations are edge connected to chains and that Te atoms are in a zigzag arrangement. -
Petzite Ag3aute2 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Petzite Ag3AuTe2 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 432. Massive, fine granular to compact and as irregular shaped blebs, to 2 mm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}. Fracture: Subconchoidal. Tenacity: Slightly sectile to brittle. Hardness = 2.5–3 VHN = 48 (10 g load). D(meas.) = 8.7–9.4 D(calc.) = 8.74 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Bright steel-gray to iron-gray to iron-black, commonly tarnished from bronze-yellow to sooty black; in reflected light, grayish white with a pale bluish tint. Luster: Metallic. Anisotropism: Noticeable in part. R: (400) 45.0, (420) 43.7, (440) 42.4, (460) 41.4, (480) 40.6, (500) 39.9, (520) 39.3, (540) 38.8, (560) 38.5, (580) 38.3, (600) 38.2, (620) 38.1, (640) 38.0, (660) 37.8, (680) 37.8, (700) 37.8 Cell Data: Space Group: I4132. a = 10.385(4) Z = 8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Bot´es,Romania. 2.77 (100), 2.12 (80), 2.03 (70), 2.44 (60), 2.32 (60), 7.31 (50), 1.893 (50) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Ag 41.37 41.87 41.71 Au 23.42 25.16 25.39 Te 33.00 33.21 32.90 Hg 2.26 Cu 0.16 Total 100.21 100.24 100.00 (1) Kalgoorlie, Australia. (2) Mother Lode district, California, USA. (3) Ag3AuTe2. Occurrence: With other tellurides in vein-controlled gold deposits. Association: Gold, hessite, sylvanite, krennerite, calaverite, altaite, montbrayite, melonite, frohbergite, tetradymite, rickardite, vulcanite, pyrite. Distribution: Noted in small amounts at a number of localities other than those listed here. -
Ore Mineralogy, Trace Element Geochemistry And
minerals Article Ore Mineralogy, Trace Element Geochemistry and Geochronological Constraints at the Mollehuaca and San Juan de Chorunga Au-Ag Vein Deposits in the Nazca-Ocoña Metallogenic Belt, Arequipa, Peru Jorge Crespo 1,*, Elizabeth Holley 1, Katharina Pfaff 2, Madeleine Guillen 3 and Roberto Huamani 4 1 Department of Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; kpfaff@mines.edu 3 Department of Geology, Geophysics and Mining, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Av. Independencia and Paucarpata Street S/N, Arequipa 04001, Peru; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Process Engineering, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Av. Independencia S/N, Arequipa 04001, Peru; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: The Mollehuaca and San Juan de Chorunga deposits are hosted in the poorly explored gold and copper trends of the Nazca-Ocoña metallogenic belt in Arequipa, Perú, which extends from Trujillo (9 ◦S) to Nazca-Ocoña (14 ◦S). The aim of this study is to characterize the age, occurrence, and distribution of quartz vein-hosted Au-Ag mineralization and associated trace elements (e.g., Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Bi) in these deposits. Here, we present geological mapping, geochemical whole rock inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS data of the veins, petrographic observations, backscattered electron images, quantitative SEM-based automated mineralogy, and electron microprobe analyses (EMPA). Despite the fact that there are numerous small-scale gold mines in the Nazca-Ocoña metallogenic belt, there have been few studies that document the origin and geological evolution of these deposits or the implications for decision-making in exploration, metallurgical processing, and environmental management. -
Primary Minerals of the Jáchymov Ore District
Journal of the Czech Geological Society 48/34(2003) 19 Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district Primární minerály jáchymovského rudního revíru (237 figs, 160 tabs) PETR ONDRU1 FRANTIEK VESELOVSKÝ1 ANANDA GABAOVÁ1 JAN HLOUEK2 VLADIMÍR REIN3 IVAN VAVØÍN1 ROMAN SKÁLA1 JIØÍ SEJKORA4 MILAN DRÁBEK1 1 Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1 2 U Roháèových kasáren 24, CZ-100 00 Prague 10 3 Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, V Holeovièkách 41, CZ-182 09, Prague 8 4 National Museum, Václavské námìstí 68, CZ-115 79, Prague 1 One hundred and seventeen primary mineral species are described and/or referenced. Approximately seventy primary minerals were known from the district before the present study. All known reliable data on the individual minerals from Jáchymov are presented. New and more complete X-ray powder diffraction data for argentopyrite, sternbergite, and an unusual (Co,Fe)-rammelsbergite are presented. The follow- ing chapters describe some unknown minerals, erroneously quoted minerals and imperfectly identified minerals. The present work increases the number of all identified, described and/or referenced minerals in the Jáchymov ore district to 384. Key words: primary minerals, XRD, microprobe, unit-cell parameters, Jáchymov. History of mineralogical research of the Jáchymov Chemical analyses ore district Polished sections were first studied under the micro- A systematic study of Jáchymov minerals commenced scope for the identification of minerals and definition early after World War II, during the period of 19471950. of their relations. Suitable sections were selected for This work was aimed at supporting uranium exploitation. electron microprobe (EMP) study and analyses, and in- However, due to the general political situation and the teresting domains were marked. -
Gold Au C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic
Gold Au c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 4/m 32/m. As octahedra, dodecahedra, and cubes, typically crude or rounded, to about 5 cm; also elongated k [111]. In twinned and parallel crystal groups; reticulated, dendritic, arborescent, platy, filiform, spongy; massive, and in rounded nuggets; scales and flakes. Twinning: Common on {111}; repeated to form reticulated and dendritic aggregates. Physical Properties: Fracture: Hackly. Tenacity: Very malleable and ductile. Hardness = 2.5–3 VHN = 30–34, 44-58 (argentian) (10 g load). D(meas.) = 19.3 D(calc.) = 19.302 Optical Properties: Opaque in all but thinnest foils. Color: Gold-yellow with a reddish tint when pure, silver-white to copper-red when impure; blue and green in transmitted light. Luster: Metallic. R: (400) 36.8, (420) 36.8, (440) 36.4, (460) 36.1, (480) 36.7, (500) 45.3, (520) 62.5, (540) 75.0, (560) 82.2, (580) 86.8, (600) 89.7, (620) 91.9, (640) 93.3, (660) 94.1, (680) 94.8, (700) 95.3 Cell Data: Space Group: Fm3m. a = 4.0786 Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 2.355 (100), 2.039 (52), 1.230 (36), 1.442 (32), 0.9357 (23), 0.8325 (23), 0.9120 (22) Chemistry: (1) (1) Au 99.6 Ag 0.1 Cu 0.1 Total 99.8 (1) Porthcurnick Beach, Cornwall, England; by electron microprobe. Commonly contains Ag, Cu, Fe; rarely Pb, Ti, Sb, Hg, V, Bi, Mn, As, Sn, Zn, Pd, Pt, Cd, many other elements. Polymorphism & Series: Forms a series with silver. -
Types of Tellurium Mineralization of Gold Deposits of the Aldan Shield (Southern Yakutia, Russia)
minerals Article Types of Tellurium Mineralization of Gold Deposits of the Aldan Shield (Southern Yakutia, Russia) Larisa A. Kondratieva *, Galina S. Anisimova and Veronika N. Kardashevskaia Diamond and Precious Metal Geology Institute, SB RAS, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia; [email protected] (G.S.A.); [email protected] (V.N.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-4112-33-58-72 Abstract: The published and original data on the tellurium mineralization of gold ore deposits of the Aldan Shield are systematized and generalized. The gold content is related to hydrothermal- metasomatic processes caused by Mesozoic igneous activity of the region. The formation of tellurides occurred at the very late stages of the generation of gold mineralization of all existing types of meta- somatic formations. 29 tellurium minerals, including 16 tellurides, 5 sulfotellurides and 8 tellurates have been identified. Tellurium minerals of two systems predominate: Au-Bi-Te and Au-Ag-Te. Gold is not only in an invisible state in sulfides and in the form of native gold of different fineness, but also is part of a variety of compounds: montbrayite, calaverite, sylvanite, krennerite and petzite. In the gold deposits of the Aldan Shield, three mineral types are distinguished: Au-Ag-Te, Au-Bi-Te, and also a mixed one, which combines the mineralization of both systems. The decrease in the fineness of native gold is consistent with the sequence and temperatures of the formation of Te minerals and associated mineral paragenesis from the epithermal–mesothermal Au-Bi-Te to epithermal Au-Ag-Te. The conducted studies allowed us to determine a wide variety of mineral species and significantly ex- Citation: Kondratieva, L.A.; pand the area of distribution of Au-Te mineralization that indicates its large-scale regional occurrence Anisimova, G.S.; Kardashevskaia, in the Aldan Shield. -
MINERALOGY and SULFUR ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY of the APEX and BONANZA PROSPECTS at the GOLDEN SUNLIGHT MINE, MONTANA Hamadou Gnanou Montana Tech
Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Graduate Theses & Non-Theses Student Scholarship Spring 2018 MINERALOGY AND SULFUR ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE APEX AND BONANZA PROSPECTS AT THE GOLDEN SUNLIGHT MINE, MONTANA Hamadou Gnanou Montana Tech Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch Part of the Geological Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Gnanou, Hamadou, "MINERALOGY AND SULFUR ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE APEX AND BONANZA PROSPECTS AT THE GOLDEN SUNLIGHT MINE, MONTANA" (2018). Graduate Theses & Non-Theses. 166. https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch/166 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses & Non-Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MINERALOGY AND SULFUR ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE APEX AND BONANZA PROSPECTS AT THE GOLDEN SUNLIGHT MINE, MONTANA by Hamadou Gnanou A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geoscience: Geology Option Montana Tech 2018 ii Abstract The Golden Sunlight mine, located 50 km to the east of the famous Butte porphyry/lode deposits, is the largest gold mine in Montana, and has produced over 3 million ounces of gold in its 35+ year history. Most of this gold has come from the Mineral Hill breccia pipe (MHBP), a west dipping, cylindrical body of brecciated latite and country rock fragments of the Precambrian LaHood and Greyson Formations. The breccia pipe is late Cretaceous in age (84±18 Ma, DeWitt et al., 1986), is silicified, pyrite-rich, and is mineralized with gold, silver, and minor base metals. -
Thn Auertcan Mrneralocrsr
THn AUERTcANMrNERALocrsr JOURNAL OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol.34 MAY-JUNE, 1949 Nos. 5 and 6 Contributions to CanadianMineralogy Volume 5, Part I 'Walker Sponsored.by The Mineralogical Club Edited by M. A. Peacock, Toronto Fonnwono In 192I, shortly after the organization of the Mineralogical Society of America (December 30, 1919), Professor T. L. Walker (1867-1942) and ProfessorA. L. Parsons(now emeritus)-both charter fellows and in later years presidents of the Society-founded Contribfitions to Canad,ian Min- eralogyfrom the Department of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Toronto. This annual publication was conducted by ProfessorsWalker and Parsonsand, since I94I,by ProfessorM. A. Peacock; and from l92l to 1948 it has appeared without interruption in the GeologicalSeries ol the Uniaersity of Toronto Studies. Since the founding of the Walker Min- eralogical Club in 1938, the periodical has been sponsoredby the Club as well as by the University; and after the u4ion of the Department of Mineralogy and Petrography and the Department of Geology and Palaeontologyin 1945,the Canadian journal was issuedby the combined Department of Geological Sciencesand the Walker Mineralogicat Club. At the November 1948 meeting of the Council of the Mineralogical Society of America, Professor(then President) Peacockreported that the University of Toronto had decided to terminate the Uniaersity oJ Toronto Stud.ieswhich, as a whole, had greatly declined, and that no practical way had been found to continue the publication of Contributions to Canadian Mineralogy in Canada. fn order to preservethe continuity and integrity of the Canadian Journal, the Council agreedto devote a regular issue of the American Mineralogist to a collection of papers by Canadian mineralogists,to be assembledand edited by Professor Peacockin consul- tation with the Editor oI the American Mineralogist. -
Ore Petrography and Chemistry of the Tellurides from the Dongping Gold Deposit, Hebei Province, China
Ore Geology Reviews 64 (2014) 23–34 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ore Geology Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev Ore petrography and chemistry of the tellurides from the Dongping gold deposit, Hebei Province, China Shen Gao, Hong Xu ⁎, Desen Zhang, Henan Shao, Shaolong Quan School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China article info abstract Article history: The Dongping gold deposit is a mesothermal lode gold deposit hosted in syenite. The ore petrography and chem- Received 5 March 2014 istry of the tellurides from the alteration zone of the deposit have been studied in detail using optical microscopy, Received in revised form 5 June 2014 scanning electron microscopy, electron probe micro-beam and X-ray diffraction facilities. The tellurides, Accepted 12 June 2014 consisting mostly of calaverite, altaite, petzite tellurobismuthite and tetradymite, are hosted irregularly in pyrite Available online 19 June 2014 fractures and voids. In the ore bodies, the species and quantity of tellurides decrease from the top downwards, fi Keywords: accompanied with lowering of gold neness, and the existence of tellurides exhibits a positive correlation with Tellurides gold enrichment. Mineral paragenesis and chemical variations suggest that during evolution of the ore- Ore petrography forming fluids Te preferably incorporated with Pb to form altaite, followed in sequence by precipitation of petzite, Chemistry and calaverite when Ag has been exhausted, and the residue fluids were enriched in Au, giving rise to formation Gold Deposit of native gold. Calculation with reference of the fineness of native gold coexisting with the tellurides indicates Dongping that at 300 °C, log f (Te2) varied between −8.650 and −7.625. -
Ore–Microscopy and Geochemistry of Gold–Silver Telluride Mineralization in Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan
Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, Volume 113, page 293–309, 2018 Ore–microscopy and Geochemistry of Gold–Silver Telluride Mineralization in Southwestern Hokkaido, Japan Euis T. YUNINGSIH*, Hiroharu MATSUEDA** and Ildrem SYAFRIE* *Faculty of Geology, Raya Bandung–Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, West Java, Indonesia **The Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060–0810, Japan Tellurium–bearing gold, silver, and base metal assemblages characterize the epithermal mineralization in south- western Hokkaido, Japan. The telluride deposits in this district consist of quartz–filled fracture systems of Late Miocene to Pliocene age. Most of the telluride mineralization in southwestern Hokkaido consists of vein sys- tems or are massive in form. The dominant host rocks for this deposit type are intermediate to acid volcanic rocks. The gangue and alteration minerals are very fine to fine–grained quartz, chalcedony, anatase, zeolite, sericite, barite, adularia, chlorite, smectite or other clay mineral, while carbonate (calcite and rhodocrosite) and Mn minerals are poorly represented and rarely coexist with tellurides. The country rocks suffered argillic and propylitic alterations, silicification, and kaolinitization. Tellurium–bearing mineralization is related to or co– exists with sulfide and sulfosalt mineralization. The tellurides identified in the studied area consist of native tellurium, hessite, stutzite, petzite, sylvanite, calaverite, tellurobismuthite, tetradymite, Se–bearing tetradymite, tellurantimony, goldfieldite, -
Chemistry and Occurrences of Native Tellurium from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan
Chemistry and Occurrences of Native Tellurium from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan 著者 NAKATA Masataka, KOMURO Kosei journal or Resource geology publication title volume 61 number 3 page range 211-223 year 2011-07 権利 (C) 2011 The Authors. Resource Geology (C) 2011 The Society of Resource Geology The definitive version is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/117393 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-3928.2011.00159.x Chemistry and Occurrences of Native Tellurium from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan Masataka NAKATA1 and Kosei KOMURO2 1Department of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan and 2Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Abstract The chemistry and mode of occurrences of native tellurium in the epithermal gold ores from Teine, Kobetsuzawa, Mutsu, Kawazu, Suzaki and Iriki in Japan are examined. Mineral assemblages in contact with native tellurium are: quartz-sylvanite at Teine, quartz-hessite-sylvanite-tellurantimony at Kobetsuzawa, quartz at Mutsu, quartz-stutzite-hessite-sylvanite-tetradymite at Kawazu, quartz at Suzaki, and quartz-goldfieldite at Iriki. The peak patterns of XRD for native tellurium from these six ores are nearly identical to that of JCPDS 4-554. Their chemical compositions of Te range from 98.16 to 100.73 wt.%, showing nearly pure tellurium. Other elements detected are: Se of 0-0.85 and Cu of 0-0.74 at Teine, Sb of 0.45-0.47 and Se of 0.19-0.27 at Kawazu, Se of 0.22-1.11 and Sb of 0-0.49 at Suzaki, and Cu of 0.69-0.98, As of 0.22-0.28 and Bi of 0-0.22 wt.% at Iriki. -
The Crystal Structure of the Mineral Tetradymite, Bi2 Te2s
175 (Contribution from Gates Chemical Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, No. 409.) The Crystal Structure of the Mineral T etradymite, Bi2 Te2S. By David Harker in Pasadena. (With 2 figures.) The mineral tetradymite is described by Dana as a substance occurring in small, acutely rhombohedral crystals resembling hexagonal prisms. The crystals cleave perfectly on the basal plane into flexible laminae with a metallic luster. The variety found in Hungary has com- positions of which the following is typical: Bismuth 59,0%, Tellurium 36.4%, Sulfur 4.6%. The density is 7.500. In accordance with this analysis the formula can be written Bi2(Te, S)3 or Bi2Te2S. The sample of tetradymite used in the research to be described was from Hungary. The data lead to the adoption of a rhombohedral unit cell with the dimensions: ao = 10.31 A, a = 240 10'. This cell was found to contain one atom of sulfur, two atoms of bismuth, and two atoms of tellurium. An arrangement of these atoms in the cell is proposed which is compatible with all the observed experimental data and leads to the adoption of the formula Bi2Te2S. The Determination of the True Unit Oell: The flexibility of the cleavage laminae of tetradymite made the production of good La ue photographs impractical. However, oscillation photographs, each showing an equator of good sharp lines and definite layers of rather diffuse lines, were easily prepared by reflection from the basal plane. Molyb- denum Ka radiation filtered t1uough zirconia was used. Layer line measurements on these photographs gave ao "-'4.3 A and measurements of the equatorial lines gave Co= 10.0 A for the dimensions of a hexagonal unit.