DOCSLIB.ORG

THE SOCIAL INFLUENCE of the VEGAN MOVEMENT from 1944 to PRESENT by SHANNON TRONCALE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE SOCIAL INFLUENCE of the VEGAN MOVEMENT from 1944 to PRESENT by SHANNON TRONCALE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by K-State Research Exchange SUSTAINED EFFORTS AND COLLECTIVE CLAIMS: THE SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF THE VEGAN MOVEMENT FROM 1944 TO PRESENT by SHANNON TRONCALE RAWLS B.A., University of Montevallo, 2008 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2010 Approved by: Major Professor Dr. Robert Schaeffer Copyright SHANNON TRONCALE RAWLS 2010 Abstract Following a strict form of vegetarianism, vegans adopt a philosophy and practice a lifestyle that seeks to eliminate the use of all animal products and by-products in any form. Although vegetarian diets have been popular in many cultures for centuries, a more organized and defined version of veganism as we know it today did not emerge until the mid-1940s. Although the origins and nature of vegetarianism and veganism have been researched in depth for decades, this lifestyle has scarcely been evaluated as a social movement. Therefore, I seek to fill this gap in knowledge and describe veganism as a social movement and evaluate its social effects. I have gathered historical and sociological data and theories from a variety of sources. I combine this data in order to thoroughly illustrate the history, nature, and future of vegans as a social movement and show how it has contributed to social change. The sociological definitions of what constitutes a social movement as described by Charles Tilly and Sidney Tarrow will illustrate the many ways vegans can be viewed as a social movement. A synthesis of these two social scientists’ definitions in the analysis of vegans as a social movement will show that vegans meet both Tilly and Tarrow’s criteria for a social movement. I will use these criteria as a framework to show how vegans’ activity and growth fit into Tilly and Tarrow’s theoretical outline for what constitutes a social movement. Further, I use other evidence such as polls and news articles in order to support this idea, showing the movement behaviors of vegans in Western culture. Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 - Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Defining the Problem .................................................................................................................. 1 What is a Social Movement? ...................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 - Historical Background ............................................................................................ 6 History of Veganism ................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 3 - Review of Existing Literature .............................................................................. 11 Elizabeth Cherry ....................................................................................................................... 11 Critique ................................................................................................................................. 12 Donna Maurer ........................................................................................................................... 14 Critique ................................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 4 - Methodology ........................................................................................................ 18 Vegetarian Resource Group Adult Polls ................................................................................... 19 1994 and 1997 ....................................................................................................................... 20 2000 ....................................................................................................................................... 20 2003, 2006 and 2009 ............................................................................................................. 20 Vegetarian Resource Group Youth Polls .................................................................................. 20 1995 and 2000 ....................................................................................................................... 21 2005 and 2010 ....................................................................................................................... 21 Vegetarian Resource Group Dining-Out Polls ......................................................................... 21 Additional Polls ........................................................................................................................ 21 News Articles as Evidence ....................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 5 - Results .................................................................................................................. 23 Theoretical Evidence ................................................................................................................ 23 Other Movements’ Contributions to the Vegan Movement ..................................................... 25 Animal Rights Movement ..................................................................................................... 25 Animal Liberation Front ................................................................................................... 27 iv PETA................................................................................................................................. 29 Environmental Movement .................................................................................................... 32 News Articles as Evidence ....................................................................................................... 35 New York Times ................................................................................................................... 36 BBC News ............................................................................................................................ 38 1999-2007 ......................................................................................................................... 38 2007-present ...................................................................................................................... 40 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 41 Legislative Activity ................................................................................................................... 42 Early Animal Protection Law ............................................................................................... 42 United States Animal Protection ........................................................................................... 44 Vegan Organizations and Campaigns ................................................................................... 45 Farm Sanctuary ................................................................................................................. 45 Vegan Outreach ................................................................................................................ 48 Vegan Action .................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 6 - Polls ...................................................................................................................... 52 Vegetarian Resource Group Adult Poll Results ....................................................................... 52 1994 ....................................................................................................................................... 52 1997 ....................................................................................................................................... 53 2000 ....................................................................................................................................... 53 2003 ....................................................................................................................................... 55 2006 ....................................................................................................................................... 56 2009 ....................................................................................................................................... 57 Vegetarian Resource Group Youth Poll Results ....................................................................... 57 1995 ....................................................................................................................................... 58 2000 ....................................................................................................................................... 58 2005 ......................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • It's a (Two-)Culture Thing: the Laterial Shift to Liberation
    Animal Issues, Vol 4, No. 1, 2000 It's a (Two-)Culture Thing: The Lateral Shift to Liberation Barry Kew rom an acute and, some will argue, a harsh, a harsh, fantastic or even tactically naive F naive perspective, this article examines examines animal liberation, vegetarianism vegetarianism and veganism in relation to a bloodless culture ideal. It suggests that the movement's repeated anomalies, denial of heritage, privileging of vegetarianism, and other concessions to bloody culture, restrict rather than liberate the full subversionary and revelatory potential of liberationist discourse, and with representation and strategy implications. ‘Only the profoundest cultural needs … initially caused adult man [sic] to continue to drink cow milk through life’.1 In The Social Construction of Nature, Klaus Eder develops a useful concept of two cultures - the bloody and the bloodless. He understands the ambivalence of modernity and the relationship to nature as resulting from the perpetuation of a precarious equilibrium between the ‘bloodless’ tradition from within Judaism and the ‘bloody’ tradition of ancient Greece. In Genesis, killing entered the world after the fall from grace and initiated a complex and hierarchically-patterned system of food taboos regulating distance between nature and culture. But, for Eder, it is in Israel that the reverse process also begins, in the taboo on killing. This ‘civilizing’ process replaces the prevalent ancient world practice of 1 Calvin. W. Schwabe, ‘Animals in the Ancient World’ in Aubrey Manning and James Serpell, (eds), Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives (Routledge, London, 1994), p.54. 1 Animal Issues, Vol 4, No. 1, 2000 human sacrifice by animal sacrifice, this by sacrifices of the field, and these by money paid to the sacrificial priests.2 Modern society retains only a very broken connection to the Jewish tradition of the bloodless sacrifice.
    [Show full text]
  • Derogatory Discourses of Veganism and the Reproduction of Speciesism in UK 1 National Newspapers Bjos 1348 134..152
    The British Journal of Sociology 2011 Volume 62 Issue 1 Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK 1 national newspapers bjos_1348 134..152 Matthew Cole and Karen Morgan Abstract This paper critically examines discourses of veganism in UK national newspapers in 2007. In setting parameters for what can and cannot easily be discussed, domi- nant discourses also help frame understanding. Discourses relating to veganism are therefore presented as contravening commonsense, because they fall outside readily understood meat-eating discourses. Newspapers tend to discredit veganism through ridicule, or as being difficult or impossible to maintain in practice. Vegans are variously stereotyped as ascetics, faddists, sentimentalists, or in some cases, hostile extremists. The overall effect is of a derogatory portrayal of vegans and veganism that we interpret as ‘vegaphobia’. We interpret derogatory discourses of veganism in UK national newspapers as evidence of the cultural reproduction of speciesism, through which veganism is dissociated from its connection with debates concerning nonhuman animals’ rights or liberation. This is problematic in three, interrelated, respects. First, it empirically misrepresents the experience of veganism, and thereby marginalizes vegans. Second, it perpetuates a moral injury to omnivorous readers who are not presented with the opportunity to understand veganism and the challenge to speciesism that it contains. Third, and most seri- ously, it obscures and thereby reproduces
    [Show full text]
  • Indianapolis Guide
    Nutrition Information Vegan Blogs Nutritionfacts.org: http://nutritionfacts.org/ AngiePalmer: http://angiepalmer.wordpress.com/ Get Connected The Position Paper of the American Dietetic Association: Colin Donoghue: http://colindonoghue.wordpress.com/ http://www.vrg.org/nutrition/2009_ADA_position_paper.pdf James McWilliams: http://james-mcwilliams.com/ The Vegan RD: www.theveganrd.com General Vegans: Five Major Poisons Inherent in Animal Proteins: Human Non-human Relations: http://human-nonhuman.blogspot.com When they ask; http://drmcdougall.com/misc/2010nl/jan/poison.htm Paleo Veganology: http://paleovegan.blogspot.com/ The Starch Solution by John McDougal MD: Say What Michael Pollan: http://saywhatmichaelpollan.wordpress.com/ “How did you hear about us” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XVf36nwraw&feature=related Skeptical Vegan: http://skepticalvegan.wordpress.com/ tell them; Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease by Caldwell Esselstyn MD The Busy Vegan: http://thevegancommunicator.wordpress.com/ www.heartattackproof.com/ The China Study and Whole by T. Collin Campbell The Rational Vegan: http://therationalvegan.blogspot.com/ “300 Vegans!” www.plantbasednutrition.org The Vegan Truth: http://thevegantruth.blogspot.com/ The Food Revolution John Robbins www.foodrevolution.org/ Vegansaurus: Dr. Barnard’s Program for Reversing Diabetes Neal Barnard MD http://vegansaurus.com/ www.pcrm.org/health/diabetes/ Vegan Skeptic: http://veganskeptic.blogspot.com/ 300 Vegans & The Multiple Sclerosis Diet Book by Roy Laver Swank MD, PhD Vegan Scientist: http://www.veganscientist.com/
    [Show full text]
  • RIDDLE and MYSTERY a Tapestry of Faith Program for Children 6Th Grade
    RIDDLE AND MYSTERY A Tapestry of Faith Program for Children 6th Grade BY RICHARD S. KIMBALL © Copyright 2010 Unitarian Universalist Association. This program and additional resources are available on the UUA.org web site at www.uua.org/re/tapestry 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 SESSION 1: THE BIG QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 SESSION 2: RELIGION TO THE RESCUE .......................................................................................................................................... 35 SESSION 3: LOOKING TOWARD TOMORROW ............................................................................................................................... 54 SESSION 4: THINKING OF GOD ......................................................................................................................................................... 74 SESSION
    [Show full text]
  • 219 No Animal Food
    219 No Animal Food: The Road to Veganism in Britain, 1909-1944 Leah Leneman1 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH There were individuals in the vegetarian movement in Britain who believed that to refrain from eating flesh, fowl, and fish while continuing to partake of dairy products and eggs was not going far enough. Between 1909 and 1912, The Vegetarian Society's journal published a vigorous correspond- ence on this subject. In 1910, a publisher brought out a cookery book entitled, No Animal Food. After World War I, the debate continued within the Vegetarian Society about the acceptability of animal by-products. It centered on issues of cruelty and health as well as on consistency versus expediency. The Society saw its function as one of persuading as many people as possible to give up slaughterhouse products and also refused journal space to those who abjured dairy products. The year 1944 saw the word "vergan" coined and the breakaway Vegan Society formed. The idea that eating animal flesh is unhealthy and morally wrong has been around for millennia, in many different parts of the world and in many cultures (Williams, 1896). In Britain, a national Vegetarian Society was formed in 1847 to promulgate the ideology of non-meat eating (Twigg, 1982). Vegetarianism, as defined by the Society-then and now-and by British vegetarians in general, permitted the consumption of dairy products and eggs on the grounds that it was not necessary to kill the animal to obtain them. In 1944, a group of Vegetarian Society members coined a new word-vegan-for those who refused to partake of any animal product and broke away to form a separate organization, The Vegan Society.
    [Show full text]
  • Books Added to the Collection: July 2014
    Books Added to the Collection: July 2014 - August 2016 *To search for items, please press Ctrl + F and enter the title in the search box at the top right hand corner or at the bottom of the screen. LEGEND : BK - Book; AL - Adult Library; YPL - Children Library; AV - Audiobooks; FIC - Fiction; ANF - Adult Non-Fiction; Bio - Biography/Autobiography; ER - Early Reader; CFIC - Picture Books; CC - Chapter Books; TOD - Toddlers; COO - Cookbook; JFIC - Junior Fiction; JNF - Junior Non Fiction; POE -Children's Poetry; TRA - Travel Guide Type Location Collection Call No Title AV AL ANF CD 153.3 GIL Big magic : Creative living / Elizabeth Gilbert. AV AL ANF CD 153.3 GRA Originals : How non-conformists move the world / Adam Grant. Irrationally yours : On missing socks, pick up lines, and other existential puzzles / Dan AV AL ANF CD 153.4 ARI Ariely. Think like a freak : The authors of Freakonomics offer to retrain your brain /Steven D. AV AL ANF CD 153.43 LEV Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. AV AL ANF CD 153.8 DWE Mindset : The new psychology of success / Carol S. Dweck. The geography of genius : A search for the world's most creative places, from Ancient AV AL ANF CD 153.98 WEI Athens to Silicon Valley / Eric Weiner. AV AL ANF CD 158 BRO Rising strong / Brene Brown. AV AL ANF CD 158 DUH Smarter faster better : The secrets of prodctivity in life and business / Charles Duhigg. AV AL ANF CD 158.1 URY Getting to yes with yourself and other worthy opponents / William Ury. 10% happier : How I tamed the voice in my head, reduced stress without losing my edge, AV AL ANF CD 158.12 HAR and found self-help that actually works - a true story / Dan Harris.
    [Show full text]
  • Literary, Subsidiary, and Foreign Rights Agents
    Literary, Subsidiary, and Foreign Rights Agents A Mini-Guide by John Kremer Copyright © 2011 by John Kremer All rights reserved. Open Horizons P. O. Box 2887 Taos NM 87571 575-751-3398 Fax: 575-751-3100 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.bookmarket.com Introduction Below are the names and contact information for more than 1,450+ literary agents who sell rights for books. For additional lists, see the end of this report. The agents highlighted with a bigger indent are known to work with self-publishers or publishers in helping them to sell subsidiary, film, foreign, and reprint rights for books. All 325+ foreign literary agents (highlighted in bold green) listed here are known to work with one or more independent publishers or authors in selling foreign rights. Some of the major literary agencies are highlighted in bold red. To locate the 260 agents that deal with first-time novelists, look for the agents highlighted with bigger type. You can also locate them by searching for: “first novel” by using the search function in your web browser or word processing program. Unknown author Jennifer Weiner was turned down by 23 agents before finding one who thought a novel about a plus-size heroine would sell. Her book, Good in Bed, became a bestseller. The lesson? Don't take 23 agents word for it. Find the 24th that believes in you and your book. When querying agents, be selective. Don't send to everyone. Send to those that really look like they might be interested in what you have to offer.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of the Animals II: 2003
    A Strategic Review of International 1CHAPTER Animal Protection Paul G. Irwin Introduction he level of animal protection Prior to the modern period of ani- activity varies substantially Early Activities mal protection (starting after World Taround the world. To some War II), international animal protec- extent, the variation parallels the in International tion involved mostly uncoordinated level of economic development, as support from the larger societies and countries with high per capita Animal certain wealthy individuals and a vari- incomes and democratic political Protection ety of international meetings where structures have better financed and Organized animal protection began in animal protection advocates gathered better developed animal protection England in the early 1800s and together to exchange news and ideas. organizations. However there is not spread from there to the rest of the One of the earliest such meetings a one-to-one correlation between world. Henry Bergh (who founded the occurred in Paris in June 1900 economic development and animal American Society for the Prevention although, by this time, there was protection activity. Japan and Saudi of Cruelty to Animals, or ASPCA, in already a steady exchange of informa- Arabia, for example, have high per 1865) and George Angell (who found- tion among animal protection organi- capita incomes but low or nonexis- ed the Massachusetts Society for the zations around the world. These tent levels of animal protection activ- Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or exchanges were encouraged further ity, while India has a relatively low per MSPCA, in 1868) both looked to by the organization of a number of capita income but a fairly large num- England and the Royal Society for the international animal protection con- ber of animal protection groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Farm Animal Sanctuary Table of Contents
    HOW TO START, OPERATE, AND DEVELOP A FARM ANIMAL SANCTUARY TABLE OF CONTENTS ESTABLISHING A SANCTUARY..………….……...………..…………….......…………....…......…..……1 Choosing Your Site..………………………...........…………………………………...……………......…..……1 Your Big-Picture Plan..……………………………………………………………................................1 Zoning...…………………………………………………………………………………………....…..….1 Physical Features..………………………………………………………………………….....…..……..1 Sanctuary Registration & Incorporation..…..…….....………………………………………...................…...3 Public vs. Private..………………………………………………………………………......…..………..3 State Nonprofit Incorporation...……………………………….........................................………..…3 Federal Nonprofit Status...…………………………………………………………….…….…...………4 Choosing the Board of Directors...………….……………………………………..........…….......….…….......4 Nonprofit Management Resources…..………...……………………………………………….......….……….5 Other Resources….…………………………………………………………………………………............…….5 OPERATING A SANCTUARY………………………....…………………………………..……...…………...6 Animal Care and Shelter Operations……….…………...……………………………………..……………..…6 Feeding and Watering………………………………………………………………...………………….6 Medical and Health Care………………………………………………………………..………………..6 Housing…………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 Incoming Animals………………………………………………………………………..………………..8 Outgoing Animals………………………………………………………………………..………………..9 Record Keeping …………….………………………………………………..……….………………..10 Shelter Regulations………………..................……......……………………………………………….………11 Licenses and Permits…………..…………………………………………………………………….…11 State Veterinary
    [Show full text]
  • Spring Newsletter 2016
    2016 Additions to our Farm Family Silky & Satin Two lambs have a new lease on life at our sanctuary. Silky and Satin (right) were born on February 7, 2016 on a production farm, destined for slaughter. Soon after birth they had their tails cut off and their ears hole-punched for identity tags, with no an- esthesia. Their mom rejected them, and both lambs sustained broken legs. The farm did not want to care for them so they lived in the vet’s dining room while their legs healed and then they joined our Safe Haven family. They spend their days bounc- ing around, exploring the farm and sneaking into the feed room whenever they get the chance. We are so pleased to have these two cuties as part of our farm family! Amos the Rooster Amos was rescued by a compassionate person in a nearby town. The little rooster had a deformed leg and was being chased and pecked by 4 other roosters who lived in the yard. A neighbor took pity on the little rooster and let him hide under his deck; Amos would only come out at night when the other roosters had gone to bed. Here at Safe Haven, Amos moved in with three friendly hens: Stretch, Rachel and Ardsley (her story is on Pg. 2). IN THIS ISSUE For the first time in his life, Amos wasn’t pecked and chased. He joined the hens to eat, and started taking dust baths and Additions to our Farm Family 1, 2 Memories of Claria 3 hunting for bugs in the grass with them.
    [Show full text]
  • Bovine Benefactories: an Examination of the Role of Religion in Cow Sanctuaries Across the United States
    BOVINE BENEFACTORIES: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN COW SANCTUARIES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES _______________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board _______________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ________________________________________________________________ by Thomas Hellmuth Berendt August, 2018 Examing Committee Members: Sydney White, Advisory Chair, TU Department of Religion Terry Rey, TU Department of Religion Laura Levitt, TU Department of Religion Tom Waidzunas, External Member, TU Deparment of Sociology ABSTRACT This study examines the growing phenomenon to protect the bovine in the United States and will question to what extent religion plays a role in the formation of bovine sanctuaries. My research has unearthed that there are approximately 454 animal sanctuaries in the United States, of which 146 are dedicated to farm animals. However, of this 166 only 4 are dedicated to pigs, while 17 are specifically dedicated to the bovine. Furthermore, another 50, though not specifically dedicated to cows, do use the cow as the main symbol for their logo. Therefore the bovine is seemingly more represented and protected than any other farm animal in sanctuaries across the United States. The question is why the bovine, and how much has religion played a role in elevating this particular animal above all others. Furthermore, what constitutes a sanctuary? Does
    [Show full text]
  • I- Vegan Consciousness and the Commodity Chain: on the Neoliberal, Afrocentric, and Decolonial Politics of “Cruelty-Free” B
    Vegan Consciousness and the Commodity Chain: On the Neoliberal, Afrocentric, and Decolonial Politics of “Cruelty-Free” By Amie Louise Harper B.A. (Dartmouth College, Hanover) 1998 M.A. (Harvard University, Cambridge) 2007 Dissertation Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Geography In the Office of Graduate Studies Of the University of California Davis Approved: ____________________________________ (Dr. Kimberly Nettles-Barcelon), Chair ____________________________________ (Dr. Wendy Ho) ____________________________________ (Dr. Psyche A. Williams-Forson) Committee in Charge 2013 -i- Acknowledgments There are many people I would like to thank who made the completion of this manuscript possible. My dissertation committee of Dr. Kimberly Nettles-Barcelon, Dr. Psyche A. Williams- Forson and Dr. Wendy Ho: Thank you for your comments and patience, as well as directing me towards the path of rigorous scholarship. My husband Oliver Zahn: Thank you for your years of support. My parents Patricia Harper and Bob Harper: When I was 12 years old, I told you that I wanted to get a PhD. You told me that there is no reason why this should not be possible. Thanks for the never-ending encouragement. My twin brother Talmadge Harper: Like mom and dad, you kept on telling me that I could do it. Sister Jayne Simon: Thank you for the endless conversations and being an amazing mentor and spiritual godmother to me. Tseday Worku: I appreciate the hours of ‘free’ child-care that you provided for my babies so I could complete this manuscript. Marian Swanzy-Parker: Our hours of dialogues about race, class, gender, and power were amazingly helpful and inspiring.
    [Show full text]