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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Baker, Barry and Cronkhite Historic District Marin County, California Cultural Landscape Report for Fort Baker Golden Gate National Recreation Area Cultural Landscape Report for Fort Baker Golden Gate National Recreation Area Fort Baker, Barry and Cronkhite Historic District Marin County, California July 2005 Acknowledgements Special thanks to Ric Borjes and Randy Biallas for getting this project underway. Project Team Pacific West Region Office - Seattle Cathy Gilbert Michael Hankinson Amy Hoke Erica Owens Golden Gate National Recreation Area Barbara Judy Jessica Shors Pacific West Region Office - Oakland Kimball Koch Len Warner Acknowledgements The following individuals contributed to this CLR: Golden Gate National Recreation Area Mai-Liis Bartling Stephen Haller Daphne Hatch Nancy Horner Steve Kasierski Diane Nicholson Nick Weeks Melanie Wollenweber Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy Erin Heimbinder John Skibbe Betty Young Golden Gate National Recreation Area Leo Barker Hans Barnaal Kristin Baron Alex Naar Marin Conservation Corp Francis Taroc PacificWest Region Office - Oakland Shaun Provencher Nelson Siefkin Robin Wills Presidio Trust Peter Ehrlich Ben Jones Michael Lamb Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgements List of Figures .................................................................................................................................iii Introduction Management Summary .................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose of the Cultural Landscape Report ................................................................................. 1 Scope of Work and Methodology .................................................................................................2 Study Boundaries ............................................................................................................................2 Significance Statement ....................................................................................................................3 Period of Significance for Fort Baker Cultural Landscape ........................................................4 PART 1: EXISTING CONDITIONS, SITE HISTORY, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION Site History Pre-Contact Era: ca. 3500 BC-1775 ...............................................................................................6 The Spanish Frontier: 1776-1821 ....................................................................................................6 Rancho Sausalito: 1836-1850 ..........................................................................................................7 Establishment of Lime Point Military Reservation: 1850-1896 .................................................7 Endicott Era and Fort Maturity: 1897-1916 .................................................................................11 The War Years: 1917-1949 ............................................................................................................. 21 Cold War to Present: 1950-2002 .................................................................................................24 Cultural Landscape Chronology .............................................................................................28 Existing Conditions Physical Setting ............................................................................................................................. 40 Access and Circulation ................................................................................................................ 40 Land Use ......................................................................................................................................... 41 Vegetation ....................................................................................................................................... 41 Archaeological Resources ............................................................................................................42 Small Scale Features ......................................................................................................................42 Buildings and Structures ..............................................................................................................42 Analysis and Evaluation Introduction ...................................................................................................................................45 Natural Systems and Features ......................................................................................................45 Spatial Organization ..................................................................................................................... 49 Topography ....................................................................................................................................52 Circulation ......................................................................................................................................55 Cluster Arrangement .....................................................................................................................59 Vegetation .......................................................................................................................................62 Buildings and Structures ..............................................................................................................73 Views and Vistas ............................................................................................................................80 Small Scale Features ......................................................................................................................85 Cultural Landscape Character Areas Batteries .......................................................................................................................................... 91 The Cantonment ........................................................................................................................... 91 The Waterfront .............................................................................................................................. 91 Quartermaster Warehouse Area ..................................................................................................92 Open Area .......................................................................................................................................92 i Cultural Landscape Report for Fort Baker Open Area .......................................................................................................................................92 Access Roads ..................................................................................................................................92 PART 2: TREATMENT Introduction Treatment Approach .....................................................................................................................95 Recommendations and Guidelines .............................................................................................96 Historic District Treatment Recommendations and Design Guidelines Land Use .........................................................................................................................................97 Buildings and Structures ..............................................................................................................98 Circulation and Parking ................................................................................................................99 Vegetation .....................................................................................................................................100 Small-scale Features ....................................................................................................................102 Utilities ..........................................................................................................................................103 Other Guidance: Fire Management and Sustainability Considerations for Fire Management .......................................................................................104 Consistency with NPS Sustainability Guidelines ....................................................................105 Character Area Treatment Recommendations and Design Guidelines Cantonment .................................................................................................................................106 Batteries ........................................................................................................................................ 110 Access Roads .................................................................................................................................113 Quartermaster Warehouse Area .................................................................................................115 Waterfront .................................................................................................................................... 116 Open Areas ....................................................................................................................................118 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 119 APPENDICES A. List of Classified Structures B. Seacoast Fortifications National