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Good Intentions Paving the Road to Brothels: Sex Trafficking, Sex Slavery, and Globalization in Southeast Asia

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Good Intentions Paving the Road to Brothels: Sex Trafficking, Sex Slavery, and Globalization in Southeast Asia ii Good Intentions Paving the Road to Brothels: Sex Trafficking, Sex Slavery, and Globalization in Southeast Asia A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for University Honors with Distinction By Rebecca A. Getson May 2006 Oxford, Ohio ii iii ABSTRACT GOOD INTENTIONS PAVING THE ROAD TO BROTHELS: SEX TRAFFICKING, SEX SLAVERY, AND GLOBALIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA By Rebecca A. Getson Sex slavery and sex trafficking have been increasing steadily since Southeast Asia was exposed to globalization in the Vietnam War. This thesis endeavors to prove that the evolution and process of globalization has both increased and encouraged this sex industry. This thesis is proven by means of analyzing three particular aspects of globalization as they apply to the region: economic, cultural, and political. Individually, these aspects demonstrate various effects globalization has on sex slavery and sex trafficking within the region. Collectively, these aspects prove sex slavery has both increased and been encouraged by the forces of globalization. Furthermore, this thesis concludes with the few positive effects of globalization in the region and speculates upon possible solutions to this problem, through globalization. iii iv iv v Good Intentions Paving the Road to Brothels: Sex Trafficking, Sex Slavery, and Globalization in Southeast Asia By Rebecca A. Getson Approved by: ____________________________, Advisor Dr. Sheila L. Croucher _____________________________, Reader Dr. Mary E. Frederickson _____________________________, Reader Dr. William A. Hazleton Accepted by: ___________________________, Director, University Honors Program v vi vi vii Acknowledgments This project is the culmination of more than a year of work and dedication. I have relied upon numerous people throughout this time, without them this project would not be a shadow of what it is. First, and foremost, I need to thank Professor Sheila Croucher, at Miami University. She was my invaluable advisor throughout the year of reading, studying, thinking, and writing. From the very beginning of this project, she offered her support, encouragement, and wisdom to me whenever I needed it. Also at Miami University, Professor Mary Frederickson and Professor William Hazleton read drafts of this paper, offering intellectual critiques, support, and ideas just as I needed the advice and assistance. In addition, Jackie Getson offered encouragement and continued support, without her the initial proposal would never have developed beyond an idea. Finally, Jennifer Getson provided continued assurances and the reminder that no matter how hard you work, you cannot work all the time. vii viii Table of Contents Introduction 1 Globalization 4 Economic Globalization 11 Vietnam War: Rest and Recreation Services 12 Growing Debt, Traditional Obligation, and Foreign Investment 15 Sex Tourism 19 Lure of Money 22 Cultural Globalization 26 Prostitution = Western Clothing 26 Higher Expectations 30 Political Globalization 31 Voluntary? Coercion? Legal? 33 International Laws 34 Success? 41 Regional Laws 46 Global Governance: “Empty Gestures” 50 Conclusion and Solutions 52 End Notes 56 Appendix 1 60 Appendix 2 61 viii 1 Introduction A young girl stands within the open room of the dirty brothel, waiting to be chosen by her next paying rapist. A faded dress hangs around her spare frame and her shoes scuff on the old scarred floors of the bar-turned-brothel. The young face is framed by dark limp hair, and contains two dark brown eyes that shine out from the grime of a night’s work. She looks young and virginal, she was happy about that on some days. Looking like a virgin paid more than looking used, like the girls that stand next to her, also waiting to be chosen. Finally, a man leans into her, breathing hot, rancid beer into her face, and smiling crookedly at her. He was old enough to be her father. His eyes look her up and down, seeming to strip away the spare clothing that she wears, before grabbing Lin Lin by the arm and propelling her to her bedroom, located in the back of the brothel. He pays the man at the entrance to the hallway before crowding behind her, pressing himself against her, into her small room. He speaks to her in what she has come to understand is English; at least she is getting paid. Lin Lin remembered when her father sold her into slavery to pay off his debt. Did he know what she was getting into, what kind of ‘life’ she was leading? He needed the money for his debt, now she had one of her own. The brothel owner knew how much she owed; she couldn’t figure it out herself. She was slowly working to pay it off by prostituting herself to anyone that would pay. The man that bought her would pay about four dollars, one of the most profitable of all the girls; she only received pennies of that, at least she was getting paid. 2 She was glad for the two days she had off every month, two days when the pain and blood was natural, two days which she was not forced to be raped. Two years after her father sold her, forcing her to leave her little village and become a part of the brothel, the policemen came. It was different this time though. This time the policemen did not set aside their badges before raping her, this time the policemen took her away from the brothel. They performed some tests on her and informed her she had tested positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the brothel owner probably wouldn’t want her anymore, not with this disease. She remembered, somehow, that she was fifteen years old, she wouldn’t get paid now.i As much as the mind wants to rebel against this story, hoping every word is false, hoping people could not do this to children, hoping policemen would not rape. Lin Lin is a real fifteen year old girl sold for two years to foreigners, locals, and policemen, provided they paid the price or offered some other form of compensation. This history, however, has one difference from the majority of narrations originating from Southeast Asian brothels, most girls are not rescued, and, if they are, they are rarely as young. Lin Lin was lucky. Lin Lin’s story is common throughout the region of Southeast Asia. Here, sex trafficking, sex slavery, and globalization work hand in hand to create thousands of stories like the one of this little fifteen year old. For women, trafficking most often leads to becoming prostitutes or sex slaves. Although trafficking is a problem around the world, Southeast Asia provides the best paradigm of the combination of sex trafficking, sex slavery, and globalization working in tandem with each other. In Southeast Asia’s 3 market, women and children are sold to tourists, business people, and the local populace to turn a profit for the globalized owners of the brothels and the country’s economy. The globalization of Southeast Asia, which truly began after the United States involvement in World War II and the Vietnam War, superficially offered aid and solutions in the form of laws and regulations to the young victims of Southeast Asia’s market. These superficial laws and regulations diverted attention away from the problem because the international community appeared to be assisting these victims while never acting upon the laws. The increasingly globalized world has contributed to and increased the trafficking of sex slaves. The path to brothels may have been dirt roads with unclear boundaries before globalization became a primary aspect in sex slavery, but now the road to a sex slave has been paved by globalization, with economic integration and ineffectual, if well-intended, acts of political cooperation. To understand how the dirt road has become smoothed by globalization many issues, histories, and actors must be explained. To begin, globalization has numerous complex aspects that have affected Southeast Asia both positively and adversely. Many aspects of globalization appeared in the region after the beginnings of sex slavery, after the United States contracted with the region during the Vietnam War. Sex slavery’s regional history is defined by this first real integration into the world system and the realization that the world would pay to use the region’s “greatest assets.” The Vietnam War prostitution slowly evolved from patriotic forced prostitution into the modern sex tourism and conditions of the modern era. What was happening in this section of the world was not unseen by the international community, and the 4 international community, regional powers, and national governments all created laws that appeared to address human rights while rarely enforcing these laws. Globalization has connected the world in previously unseen ways; this both helps and hinders the fight to control slavery and trafficking in Southeast Asia. Although globalization is, more than likely, part of the cure to this endemic problem in Southeast Asia, the history and modern regulations undeniably demonstrate that globalization both increases and encourages sex slavery and sex trafficking within Southeast Asia. Globalization Globalization is a complicated issue that must be defined in both a general sense and as it applies to the context of Southeast Asia. Globalization originated from capitalism, or rather the expansion of capitalism around the world.ii As capitalism spread around the world, it became increasingly necessary to develop means of communication and exchange, therefore increasing connections. Globalization has evolved into the interconnection of the world and world affairs. Due to the origins of globalization, the strongest area of connection is the economic realm of trade, financial markets, investments, and currency, and the political realm of agencies and international regulations.iii According to some authors, globalization is aimed at “universalizing global capitalism and neo-liberal principles.”iv However, globalization can also be seen as the “compression of the world.”v In other words, globalization connects the states, regions, and people of the world through political and non-political channels, including, but not limited to, economic, cultural, and political.
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