DOCSLIB.ORG

Anna of Denmark: Expressions of Autonomy and Agency As a Royal Wife and Mother

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anna of Denmark: Expressions of Autonomy and Agency As a Royal Wife and Mother View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PDXScholar Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Summer 1-1-2012 Anna of Denmark: Expressions of Autonomy and Agency as a Royal Wife and Mother Anastasia Christine Baker Portland State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the European History Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Baker, Anastasia Christine, "Anna of Denmark: Expressions of Autonomy and Agency as a Royal Wife and Mother" (2012). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 713. 10.15760/etd.713 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Anna of Denmark: Expressions of Autonomy and Agency as a Royal Wife and Mother by Anastasia Christine Baker A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Thesis Committee: Caroline Litzenberger, Chair John Ott David Johnson Amy Greenstadt Portland State University ©2012 i Abstract Anna of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619), the wife of King James VI/I of Scotland, England, and Ireland, was an intelligent and interesting woman who has, up until recently, been largely ignored by history. It has only been within the past two decades that any in-depth analysis of Anna has been done, and most of that analysis has focused on Anna’s work with the Stuart court masque. The intent of this thesis has been to expand upon current scholarship regarding Anna, as well as to synthesize the various facets of Anna’s life in order to put together a more comprehensive understanding of who Anna was and the various ways in which she expressed personal agency and autonomy as a queen consort as opposed to a queen regnant, and how she used the roles of royal wife and mother to further her own goals and interests. The work is divided into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction offers a brief analysis of the primary and secondary sources, and details how these sources were used within the broader scope of the paper. This introductory section also examines Anna’s early life in Denmark, her wedding, and her initial journey to Scotland. The second chapter focuses on Anna’s relationships with her husband and children, and particularly how Anna established a niche for herself within first the Scottish, and later the English courts. By studying these relationships it is possible to study the ways in which Anna, as a queen consort, was able to create a court presence for herself. Chapter three analyzes Anna’s relationships with other courtiers and, more specifically, what these relationships tell modern scholars about how Anna was able to exercise political influence and power both directly and indirectly. Anna’s interactions with her courtiers illustrate how well she understood not only human nature, but the ii nature of court culture and politics. The fourth chapter presents an in-depth study of Anna’s masquing career, and looks at how Anna used the court masque to not only establish a female presence on the stage, but also to fashion a public image for herself. Anna used the Stuart court masque in a way that no one had previously: she used it to express her social and political opinions, and through the court masque Anna was able to portray both who she was and how she wanted to be perceived. The final chapter covers Anna’s final days and her lasting impact on English history. Anna of Denmark deserves to be brought out of the shadows of history, and this thesis has attempted to do just that. She was a bright, engaging young woman who, unfortunately, has largely been overshadowed by her husband and children. By studying Anna’s various roles as wife, mother, friend, benefactor, and patron, it has been possible to bring forth a much more complete understanding of who this queen consort was and why she is important to a broader understanding of early modern English history. iii Dedication To Dallin, Alice, and Hellen. Thanks for everything. iv Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people. The author wishes to express her gratitude to her advisor, Dr. Caroline Litzenberger, who was very helpful and offered assistance, support and guidance. Deepest gratitude is also due to the members of her thesis committee, Dr. David Johnson, Dr. John Ott, and Dr. Amy Greenstadt, without whose knowledge and assistance this thesis would not have been successful. Special thanks are also due to the author’s friends in the Portland State University history department, especially Anna Wilson, William Thompson, James Louderman, Daniel Pearson, Meghan Connolly, and Joshua Bryan. Without their support, guidance, humor, and friendship this thesis would not have been possible. Also, the author wishes to thank Dr. Dustin Walcher of Southern Oregon University, whose advice and encouragement was invaluable during the graduate school process. The author wishes to express her love and gratitude to her family, especially Dallin Baker, Sandi and Allen Hart, Claire Glasgow, Michelle Bailey Baker, Vicki Osaki, and Linda Williams, for their understanding, patience, and love through the duration of her studies. v Table of Contents Abstract...........................................................................................................................i Dedication.....................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................iv Chapter One Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter Two Anna as a Royal Wife and Mother...............................................................................28 Chapter Three Anna as an Independent Political Entity......................................................................67 Chapter Four Anna’s Masquing Career and the Development of a Female Identity on the Court Stage......................................................................................................107 Chapter Five Conclusion..................................................................................................................138 Sources Consulted......................................................................................................146 1 Chapter One: Introduction In the scope of Early Modern English history, the reign of King James VI/I of Scotland and England has often been eclipsed by the splendor of his relative and predecessor, Queen Elizabeth I, and by the negative legacy of his son and successor, the ill-fated Charles I. James himself is remembered as a king who was an intellectual man whose great ambition was to unify the great Christian kingdoms of Europe. His wife, Anna of Denmark, has received considerably less attention. Anna was, however, a bright and engaging young woman and queen consort who was often involved in politics, took an active interest in the care and upbringing of her children, was an ardent patron of the arts at court, and was a keen judge of character. By examining these different facets of Anna’s life, an interesting and complex portrait emerges, one that paints Anna as a capable and intelligent woman in a time and place that was still not fully ready to accept one, even after the mostly successful reign of Queen Elizabeth I and the intellectual achievements of Henry VIII’s final queen consort, Katherine Parr. Anna was complicated, and consequently any thorough examination of her is going to require that historians look at her through a variety of lenses and via multiple aspects of her life and career. In the past twenty years there has been an increase in the amount of scholarship that has been produced about Anna and her time as queen. While there is still very little known about her childhood, historians have been slowly piecing together a narrative of her time as queen consort in both Scotland and England. Unfortunately, as of yet there have only been two biographies written about Anna: Anne of Denmark: Wife of James VI of Scotland, James I of England by Ethel Carleton Williams, which was published in 2 1970, and Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography by Leeds J. Barroll, which was published in 2001. 1 The work by Williams was remarkable at the time because of the sheer lack of available material about Anna and her life. By using a wide variety of primary sources and by piecing together evidence from secondary sources that focused on Anna’s husband or children, Williams was able to prepare a monograph that established a basic narrative of Anna’s life. This work was also important because it was one of the earliest to identify Anna as an historical figure with any sort of personal agency or importance to the greater world of Early Modern English history. The great weakness of Williams’ work is that her analysis is sometimes undermined by assertions that are based on anachronistic understandings of Anna’s situation and the world around her. While Williams effectively establishes a reasonable outline
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I
    College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Honors Theses, 1963-2015 Honors Program 2015 Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I Grace K. Butkowski College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_theses Part of the European History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Butkowski, Grace K., "Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I" (2015). Honors Theses, 1963-2015. 69. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_theses/69 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses, 1963-2015 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Grace Butkowski Victorian Representations of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I The rivalry of Mary, Queen of Scots and her English cousin Elizabeth I is a storied one that has consumed both popular and historical imaginations since the two queens reigned in the sixteenth century. It is often portrayed as a tale of contrasts: on one end, Gloriana with her fabled red hair and virginity, the bastion of British culture and Protestant values, valiantly defending England against the schemes of the Spanish and their Armada. On the other side is Mary, Queen of Scots, the enchanting and seductive French-raised Catholic, whose series of tragic, murderous marriages gave birth to both the future James I of England and to schemes surrounding the English throne.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Education in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries in England and Wales: a Study of Attitudes and Practi Ce
    FEMALE EDUCATION IN THE LATE SIXTEENTH AND EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES IN ENGLAND AND WALES: A STUDY OF ATTITUDES AND PRACTI CE Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy: January 1996 Caroline Mary Kynaston Bowden Institute of Education, University of London \ 2 ABSTRACT OF THESIS This thesis provides a study of attitudes and practice in respect of female education in England and Wales in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It begins with a review of primary and secondary sources, and throughout draws substantially upon personal documents consulted in collections of family papers covering a wide geographical area. These documents, it is argued are broadly representative of gentry families. Chapter Two examines the education of daughters; Chapter Three the role of women in marriage; Chapter Four motherhood. Each of these chapters examines the links between education and the roles girls and women fulfilled. Throughout these three chapters, contrasts and comparisons are drawn between prescriptive advice and practice. Chapter Five considers the difficult issue of standards in the education of girls and women, while the final chapter examines some of the outcomes of education in terms of women as intermediaries in informal power networks, estate and farm managers and educational benefactors and founders. The thesis draws conclusions in respect of the importance of education in permitting the developing role of women in both private and public spheres and examines the reasons for such changes. It also challenges existing theories regarding the differences between Catholic and Protestant attitudes to girls' education. A substantial appendix listing some 870 educated and literate women of the period is provided, both to demonstrate the major sources for this study and to provide a basis for future research.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Political Career of Edward Sackville, Fourth Earl of Dorset (1590-1652)'
    'THE POLITICAL CAREER OF EDWARD SACKVILLE, FOURTH EARL OF DORSET (1590-1652)' BY DAVID LAWRENCE SMITH SELWYN COLLEGE A Dissertation submitted in the Faculty of History for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Michae1mas Term 1989 ABSTRACT Title: 'The Poli tical Career of Edward Sackvi1le, fourth Earl of Dorset (1590-1652)' Author: David Lawrence Smith, Selwyn College This dissertation seeks to illuminate early Stuart political history by a study of one important public figure. The fourth Earl of Dorset was a member of Charles I's Privy Council, Lord Chamberlain to Queen Henrietta Maria, and Lord Lieutenant of Sussex and Middlesex. He attended all the Parliaments of the 1620's, and sat in the Short and Long Parliaments. He was active in Court and Council throughout the 1630's, and sided with the King in the Civil War. He consistently advocated harmony and reconciliation in a period of growing polarisation. This study investigates Dorset's perception of early seventeenth century political developments, his response to them, and the reasons why he and other moderates failed to prevent civil war. It thus contributes to current debates both on the early modern peerage, and on the origins and nature of the English Civil War. The first chapter looks at Dorset's life and career up to the age of thirty. In Chapter Two a discussion of his rapid rise to political prominence during the 1620's explores the reasons for his success and the nature of his motivation. Chapter Three investigates Dorset's activities as a Privy Councillor and as the Queen's Lord Chamberlain in the 1630's.
    [Show full text]
  • The Authoring of a Queen: Identity in Isabelline Literature
    Durham E-Theses The Authoring of a Queen: Identity in Isabelline Literature ZARRAGA, JESSICA,MARIA How to cite: ZARRAGA, JESSICA,MARIA (2020) The Authoring of a Queen: Identity in Isabelline Literature, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13478/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The Authoring of a Queen: Identity in Isabelline Literature Jessica Maria Zarraga MA by Research Department of Modern Languages and Cultures Word Count: 32,461 December 2019 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 1 Abstract Scholarly analysis to date considers the concept of medieval queenship within the parameters of the queen regent or consort role. This is problematic in the investigation of a queen regnant.
    [Show full text]
  • Mary I, Queen of England: How ‘Bloody’ Was She?
    Mary I, Queen of England: How ‘Bloody’ Was She? By Johanna Strong Johanna is a PhD student at the University of Winchester One significant formal event in Winchester Cathedral has consequences which are felt to this day: the July 1554 wedding of Mary I – England’s first crowned queen regnant, that is: queen in her own right – and Philip II of Spain. Their marriage has significantly influenced how Mary is remembered in the English historical narrative and her legacy is very much tied to Philip’s unpopularity in England and Spain’s expansionist hopes in the early modern world. It is their wedding, their marriage, and the legacy of Mary’s reign which is the focus of this article. Mary’s Life and Reign in Contemporary Eyes Mary was born on 18 February 1516 to Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII and was the only one of Catherine of Aragon’s children to live past childhood. As a result of the breakdown of her parents’ marriage, Mary suffered greatly watching her mother exiled from court and left to die alone at Kimbolton in 1536. Just under 20 years later, Mary’s situation changed drastically when she was proclaimed queen in July 1553 after Lady Jane Grey’s brief tenure on the throne. On 25 July 1554, Mary married Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral in an elaborate ceremony with a banquet following at Wolvesey Castle. Most of the time when heirs to the throne become king or queen, their suffering and unhappiness ends. Unfortunately for Mary, this was not the case.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Rulers in Imperial China
    NAN N Ü Keith McMahonNan Nü 15-2/ Nan (2013) Nü 15 179-218(2013) 179-218 www.brill.com/nanu179 ISSN 1387-6805 (print version) ISSN 1568-5268 (online version) NANU Women Rulers in Imperial China Keith McMahon (University of Kansas) [email protected] Abstract “Women Rulers in Imperial China”is about the history and characteristics of rule by women in China from the Han dynasty to the Qing, especially focusing on the Tang dynasty ruler Wu Zetian (625-705) and the Song dynasty Empress Liu. The usual reason that allowed a woman to rule was the illness, incapacity, or death of her emperor-husband and the extreme youth of his son the successor. In such situations, the precedent was for a woman to govern temporarily as regent and, when the heir apparent became old enough, hand power to him. But many women ruled without being recognized as regent, and many did not hand power to the son once he was old enough, or even if they did, still continued to exert power. In the most extreme case, Wu Zetian declared herself emperor of her own dynasty. She was the climax of the long history of women rulers. Women after her avoided being compared to her but retained many of her methods of legitimization, such as the patronage of art and religion, the use of cosmic titles and vocabulary, and occasional gestures of impersonating a male emperor. When women ruled, it was an in-between time when notions and language about something that was not supposed to be nevertheless took shape and tested the limits of what could be made acceptable.
    [Show full text]
  • Margaret 'Maid of Norway' and Scottish Queenship
    Margaret 'Maid of Norway' and Scottish queenship Article Published Version Reid, N. (1982) Margaret 'Maid of Norway' and Scottish queenship. Reading Medieval Studies, VIII. pp. 75-96. ISSN 0950-3129 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/85009/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Publisher: University of Reading All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online READING MEDIEVAL STUDIES Mo!~ret '~:'lj~ of Norway' and Scottish QueenshlP 1 The untimely ~ath of King Alexander III of Scotland on 18 March 1236 was one of those freak accidents wh ich hod consequences for beyo:ld those normally associated with such an event. The d~th ofo drong and popular medieval king was always met with re3ret, and the possible implica­ tions for the stobility of the realm would be viewed with uneasiness. These feel inds were necessarily so much the worse when the de.:Jth was the result of a sheer accident, and was therefore both premature and unexpected. Alexander's fatal fall from his horse on one of Scotland's notorious 'dark and stormy nights' was therefore a severe blow to 0 small, relatively poor cO'Jntry which was enioying hitherto unknown peace on:! prosperity under a firm l suc­ cessful and :lpparently well-loved monarch.
    [Show full text]
  • A Countess Transformed: How Lady Susan Vere Became Lady Anne Clifford
    Brief Chronicles Vol. IV (2012-13) 117 A Countess Transformed: How Lady Susan Vere Became Lady Anne Clifford Bonner Miller Cutting ince the sixteenth century, Wilton House has been the ancient country manor home of the Earls of Pembroke, and among its treasures is a large Spainting centered on the wall of the majestic Double Cubed Room (Figure One). In fact, the Double Cubed Room was specifically designed by the eminent seventeenth century architect Inigo Jones to display this very painting, which spans seventeen feet across and is eleven feet high. Considered “a perfect school unto itself”1 as an example of the work of Sir Anthony Van Dyck, it contains ten figures, all life size with the exception of the Earl himself. who is slightly larger in scale than the rest, a subtle tribute to his dominance of the family group.2 However, it is not the unique place of this painting in art history or the brilliance of the painter that is called into question, but the identity of the woman in black sitting to the left of the 4th Earl of Pembroke. The official twentieth century catalogue of the Pembroke family’s art collection flatly identifies her as the Earl’s second wife, Anne Clifford.3 The purpose of this paper is to determine if this attribution can stand up to scrutiny when the portrait is placed in its historical and cultural context. The official reason for the identification of Lady Anne Clifford is the fact that Philip, the 4th Earl of Pembroke, was married to her when the portrait was painted.
    [Show full text]
  • Melisende of Jerusalem (D
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo A comparative study of Urraca of León-Castilla (d. 1126), Melisende of Jerusalem (d. 1161), and Empress Matilda of England (d. 1167) as royal heiresses Jessica Lynn Koch Emmanuel College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 i Declaration This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. ii A comparative study of Urraca of León-Castilla (d. 1126), Melisende of Jerusalem (d. 1161), and Empress Matilda of England (d. 1167) as royal heiresses Jessica Lynn Koch Abstract: This dissertation is a comparative study of Urraca of León-Castilla (r. 1109–1126), Melisende of Jerusalem (r. 1131–1153–d. 1161), and the Empress Matilda of England and Normandy (b.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Carleton University ENGL 5303W/4301B/HUMS 4902: Studies in Early Modern Literature
    1 Carleton University ENGL 5303W/4301B/HUMS 4902: Studies in Early Modern Literature Professor Micheline White Office: 2A45 Paterson Hall Phone: 520-2600 ext. 1356 Email: [email protected] I do not read or respond to email between Friday 4:30 PM and Monday 9:00 AM. Office Hours: Tudor Queens: Sex, Power, and Writing in the Lives of Katherine Parr, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth I, and Mary Queen of Scots Renaissance queens have long fascinated the reading public, but their political power and literary writings have only recently become the objects of academic study. In this seminar, students will develop an in-depth understanding of four Renaissance queens who made the most of their unusual social status and made lasting contributions to English culture. In this course, we will explore early modern attitudes towards the concepts of a “queen consort,” a “queen regent,” a “queen regnant” and a “dowager queen,” and we will focus on the four queens’ textual and visual productions including speeches, published prose works, diplomatic letters, poetry, translations, and portraits. Students will be introduced to early modern paleography and book history. Those who wish can also explore digital versions of manuscript writing. We will also consider the depictions of these queens in recent films and TV programs. Katherine Parr (1512-1548) was the final wife of Henry VIII. Although she is often depicted in popular culture as the woman who nursed Henry in his old age, she was actually a literary powerhouse and one of the most influential religious activists of the 1540s. We will examine her three published literary texts, her narrow escape from being arrested and executed, and her scandalous marriage to Thomas Seymour after Henry’s death.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Harcourt Buildings
    TWO HARCOURT BUILDINGS Mahesh Karu, February 2019 TREASON DOTH NEVER PROSPER Could the Courts see a return of the ancient law of treason? In the wake of the recent controversy surrounding Shamima Begum, the British schoolgirl who fled to Syria in order to join ISIS, questions have been raised as to whether the Treason Act 1351 needs to be updated. Though prosecution for membership of a terrorist organisation is possible, under s.11 Terrorism Act 2000, it may not reflect the full criminality in all cases. Nevertheless, a charge of treason is rarely seen, the last prosecution being that of William Joyce in 1945. What is the current law of treason? Are we likely to see a resurgence of this ancient law? Treason, historically, was considered the most serious of crimes, punishable by death until s.36(1) Crime and Disorder Act 1998 substituted life imprisonment for death by hanging. The Treason Act 1351 describes treason as: “When a Man doth compass or imagine the Death of our Lord the King, or of our Lady his Queen or of their eldest Child1 and Heir; or if a Man do violate the King’s Companion, or the King’s eldest Daughter unmarried, or the Wife of the King’s eldest Son2 if the Heir; or if a Man do levy War against our Lord the King in his Realm, or be adherent to the King’s Enemies in his Realm, giving to them Aid and Comfort in the Realm, or elsewhere, and thereof be probably attained of open Deed by the People of the Condition, and if a Man slea the Chancellor, Treasurer or the King’s Justices of the one Bench or the other Justices in Eyre, or Justices of Assise, and all other Justices assigned to hear and determine, being in their Places, doing their Office”.
    [Show full text]
  • Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great Britain. Engraved From
    THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES : PORTRAITS 3fllu0trtoujS iPersonages GREAT BRITAIN. ENGRAVED FROM AUTHENTIC PICTURES IN THE GALLERIES OF THE NOBILITY AND THE PUBLIC COLLECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY. WITH BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OF THEIR LIVES AND ACTIONS, BY EDMUND LODGE, ESQ. F. S. A. VOL. VIL LONDON PRINTED FOR HARDING AND LEPARD. 1835. v.r CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII. 1. WILLIAM, SECOND DUKE OF HAMILTON, Mytens. 1651 From the Collection of His Grace the Duke of Hamilton, at Hamilton Palace, 2. JAMES STANLEY, EARL OF DERBY, Vandyke. 1651 From the Collection of the Right Honourable the Earl of Derby, at Knowsley. 3. FRANCIS LORD COTTINGTON, - Van Someii. 1652 From the Collection of the Right Honourable the Earl of Clarendon, at the Grove. 4. RALPH, LORD HOPTON, - - - Vandyke. 1652 From the Collection of the Right Honourable the Earl of Egremont, at Petworth. 5. EDWARD SACKVILLE, FOURTH EARL OF DORSET, Vandyke, 1652 From the Collection of His Grace the Dulie of Dorset, at Knole. 6. JOHN SELDEN, .... Mytens. 1654 From the Bodleian Collection, Oxford. 7. JAMES STUART, DUKE OF RICHMOND, Vandyke. 1655 From the Collection of Sir John Shelley Sidney, Bart, at Penshurst. 8. ROBERT RICH, EARL OF WARWICK, Vandyke. 1658 From the Collection of the Right Honourable the Earl of Hardwicke, at Wimpole. 9. OLIVER CROMWELL, - - - Walker. 1658 From the Collection ofthe Right Honourable the EarlSpencer, at Althorp. 10. DOROTHY PERCY, COUNTESS OF LEICESTER, Vandyke. 1659 From the Collection of the Right Honourable the Earl of Egremont, at Petworth. 970353 CONTENTS. 11. WILLIAM SEYMOUR, MARQUIS OF HERTFORD, Vandyke.
    [Show full text]