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Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species

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Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSRJPBS) ISSN: 2278-3008 Volume 2, Issue 5 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 41-51 www.iosrjournals.org Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species 1 2 Kranti Rai & Dr. Ela Tiwari Research scholar & Prof. Deptt. Of Botany 1, 2(Department Of Botany/ Government Autonomous P.G. College of Excellence/University Of Sagar MP/India) Abstract: The detailed cuticular study of jatropha plant species has been carried out to help in their identification. Jatropha species are traditional plants of Euphorbiaceace family. Tropically distributed Jatropha curcas and Jatropha gossypifolia have medicinal and toxic properties due to the presence of their chemical constituents. In Jatropha curcas anomocytic, anomotetracytic, actinocytic, paratetracytic stomata, bicelled glandular hair, uniseriate glandular hair, unicelled cylindrical glandular hair, two armed cylindrical glandular hair were reported. While in this Jatropha gossypifolia has been investigation found brachyparacytic, anomotetracytic, anomocytic stomata, uniseriate aseptate flagellate glandular hair, and multiseriate capitate glandular hair. Stomata number, stomata density, stomata frequency, stomata index, epidermal number, epidermal density, epidermal frequency, trichome number, trichome density, trichome frequency, trichome index are found in my research. The various parameters which are used in my study are helpful in identifying species plays a vital role in my research. The study indicates the taxonomic utility of the different parameter of plant species. Keywords: Second = nd, edition = eds , figure = fig, Length = l , breadth = b I. Introduction Jatropha is a tropical genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs, trees from the family Euphorbiaceous. Generally, Jatropha has been used as abortifacient and remedies for dropsy, gout, tumors, syphilis, parasitic skin infestation (Iwu, 1993). Jatropha plants contain several toxins including lectin, saponin, carcinogenic phorbol and a trypsin inhibitor. Jatropha gossypifolia is known as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals. Jatropha curcas is used as purgative oil that is toxic in large quantities (smith1923). The present paper deals to use microscopic examinations of epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes with the aim of providing useful taxonomic data that would give further insight into proper classification, delineation and identification of the studied taxa. Abdulrahaman and et.al. (2009, 2010) has been discovered stomata complex in Dioscorea, Jatropha species. Patel and et.al. (1971) has been noticed anisocytic, anomocytic, diacytic, paracytic stomata and stomata with a single subsidiary cell in some polemoniales. Anomocytic stomata are found in Boerhavia species except in B. diffusa where a mixture of both anomocytic and anisocytic types occur. Trichomes are uniseriate and unbranched but are variable in size, distribution and abundance (Fadeyi and et.al.1989). According to Camargo and et.al.(2011) in 35 rainforest tree species in Central Amazonia, the most common stomatal type was anomocytic(37%), followed by paracytic (26%) and anisocytic (11%). Stomatal studies have been done by Hameed and et.al. (2008) on some plants of Polygonaceae, Abid and et.al.(2007) on monocots within flora of Karachi, Pakistan, Ahmad and et.al.(2009) on dicot flora of a district tank in Pakistan. Trichomes have been discovered by Sahu (1982, 83, 84, 85), Tiwari (1982), Faust and Jones (1973) and Inamdar and Gangadhara (1975).They have indicated the taxonomic utility of the morphological characters of trichomes. Therefore the present work has been undertaken, which deals with a view to their elucidating diagnostic significance. II. Materials and methods In the central India, hills of Sagar district are made from Vindhya and Basalt rocks and tropical dry deciduous forest (Champian and seth 1968). Jatropha curcas and jatropha gossypifolia are taken for the microscopic study. Epidermal structures are studied by the methods of Bobous and Beakbane (1971) under microscope and camera lucida diagrams are prepared. There are expressed various parameter of each complex type by following formula methods: (1) Stomata index% (SI) = stomata density * 100 (Stomata density + epidermal cell density) (Salisbury, 1927). Where, [Area of grid = 5 * 5 = 25square micron (where objective lens is 10x and eye lens is 15x) Area of grid = 1.25 * 1.25=1.56 square micron (where objective lens is 40x and eye lens is 15x).] www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species (2) Stomata density = stomata frequency 10 * area of grid square micron (3) Stomata frequency = number of stomata per unit area (4) Trichome index% (TI) = trichome density * 100 (Trichome density + epidermal cell density) Where, [Area of grid = 5 * 5 = 25 square micron (where objective lens is 10x and eye lens is 15x) Area of grid = 1.25 * 1.25 = 1.56square micron (where objective lens is 40x and eye lens is 15x).] (5) Trichome density = trichome frequency 10 * area of grid square micron (6) Trichome frequency = number of trichome per unit area Trichomes are epidermal outgrowths or appendages on plants. Trichomes are differentiated mainly in two parts, 1. Proximal foot that is lying in the epidermis. 2. Distal part body that is lying above the foot. Nomenclature and terminology of trichome are based on Ramayya (1962) and Payne (1978). In the stomata, terminology and nomenclature are mainly based on Metcalfe and Chalk (1950). According to Clive Anthony stace (1989) Thirty-one types of arrangement of subsidiary cells in the mature stomatal complex of vascular plants, adapted from Dilcher (1974). According to David Frederick cutler etal (2008) five other types sunken stomata, tetracytic stomata, stomata with a single subsidiary cell, traditional between diacytic and paracytic, hemidiacytic stomata are also found in plants. A stoma is a small aperture on the surface of land plants. It is surrounded by a pair of specialized epidermal cells called guard cells, which act as a turgor-driven valve that open and close the pores in response to given environmental conditions. III. Observation Geographically, Jatropha curcas is widely distributed in almost all countries in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America and has several local names, showing that it has become almost indigenized in most of countries and can withstand conditions of severe drought and low soil fertility. Jatropha gossypifolia is native to Brazil and tropical America from Mexico to Paraguay and the Caribbean region. It was imported into Australia in the late 1800’s, probably as a garden, ornamental and had naturalized in Queenland by 1912. It is major weed in Australia grown as live fence, and also found in waste places. It occurs throughout tropical Africa, except the dry regions in southern Africa, but including South Africa. It is widely distributed in India. 3.1. Jatropha curcas 3.1.1. Scientific classification Order - Malpighiales Family - Euphorbiaceous Genus - Jatropha Species - curcas 3.1.2. Morphology It is a poisonous, drought-resistant perennial with smooth gray bark which excudes a whitish colored, watery, latex when cut. The leaves are green to pale green, deciduous, and alternate to sub opposite and three to five lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis. The stem is erect; 1.80-7.0m branched at the top. Flowers have several too many in greenish cymes, yellowish, bell-shaped, sepals 5, broadly deltoid. Male and female flowers are produced on the same inflorescence, averaging 20 male flowers to each female flower or 10 male flowers to each female flower. The fruit is a broadly ellipsoid capsule, smooth-skinned containing three ellipsoid seeds. 3.1.3. Trichome characters Trichomes plate A, Fig 1. Uniseriate capitates glandular hair: Foot compound, body differentiated into stalk and head, entire, uniseriate, head capitates, contents translucent, walls thin , smooth and straight. Distribution: on pedicel, gynoceium. Trichomes plate A, Fig 2, 5, 7. Unicelled flagellate glandular hair: Foot compound, body unicelled, undifferentiated, oblique, pointed apex, contents translucent, and walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on pedicel, petal, stem, androceium. Trichomes plate A, Fig 3. Developing uniseriate flagellate glandular hair: Foot compound, body multicelled, flagellate, differentiated in stalk and head, contents transparent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on stem. Trichomes plate A, Fig 9, 8. Uniseriate flagellate glandular hair: Foot compound, body multicelled, flagellate, differentiated into stalk and head, contents translucent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on calyx, corolla. www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species Trichomes plate A, Fig 10, 6. Unicelled branched glandular hair: Foot compound, body unicelled branched entire, contents translucent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on calyx, corolla, stem, gynoceium. Trichomes plate A, Fig 4. Papillate glandular hair: Foot compound, body papillose, contents translucent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on stem. 3.1.4. Stomata characters There are following stomata that distributed on different parts of Jatropha curcas: Anomocytic, anomotetracytic stomata: Distribution: on leaf, stem, and pedicel. Actinocytic stomata: Distribution: On calyx, corolla Paratetracytic stomata: Distribution: on fruit wall 3.1.5. Toxic constituents Curcin A and B, phorbolesters, phytic acid,
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