IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSRJPBS) ISSN: 2278-3008 Volume 2, Issue 5 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 41-51 www.iosrjournals.org

Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha

1 2 Kranti Rai & Dr. Ela Tiwari Research scholar & Prof. Deptt. Of Botany 1, 2(Department Of Botany/ Government Autonomous P.G. College of Excellence/University Of Sagar MP/India)

Abstract: The detailed cuticular study of jatropha species has been carried out to help in their identification. Jatropha species are traditional of Euphorbiaceace family. Tropically distributed and Jatropha gossypifolia have medicinal and toxic properties due to the presence of their chemical constituents. In Jatropha curcas anomocytic, anomotetracytic, actinocytic, paratetracytic stomata, bicelled glandular hair, uniseriate glandular hair, unicelled cylindrical glandular hair, two armed cylindrical glandular hair were reported. While in this Jatropha gossypifolia has been investigation found brachyparacytic, anomotetracytic, anomocytic stomata, uniseriate aseptate flagellate glandular hair, and multiseriate capitate glandular hair. Stomata number, stomata density, stomata frequency, stomata index, epidermal number, epidermal density, epidermal frequency, trichome number, trichome density, trichome frequency, trichome index are found in my research. The various parameters which are used in my study are helpful in identifying species plays a vital role in my research. The study indicates the taxonomic utility of the different parameter of plant species. Keywords: Second = nd, edition = eds , figure = fig, Length = l , breadth = b

I. Introduction Jatropha is a tropical of approximately 175 succulent plants, , trees from the family Euphorbiaceous. Generally, Jatropha has been used as abortifacient and remedies for dropsy, gout, tumors, syphilis, parasitic skin infestation (Iwu, 1993). Jatropha plants contain several toxins including lectin, saponin, carcinogenic phorbol and a trypsin inhibitor. Jatropha gossypifolia is known as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals. Jatropha curcas is used as purgative oil that is toxic in large quantities (smith1923). The present paper deals to use microscopic examinations of epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes with the aim of providing useful taxonomic data that would give further insight into proper classification, delineation and identification of the studied taxa. Abdulrahaman and et.al. (2009, 2010) has been discovered stomata complex in Dioscorea, Jatropha species. Patel and et.al. (1971) has been noticed anisocytic, anomocytic, diacytic, paracytic stomata and stomata with a single subsidiary cell in some polemoniales. Anomocytic stomata are found in Boerhavia species except in B. diffusa where a mixture of both anomocytic and anisocytic types occur. Trichomes are uniseriate and unbranched but are variable in size, distribution and abundance (Fadeyi and et.al.1989). According to Camargo and et.al.(2011) in 35 rainforest tree species in Central Amazonia, the most common stomatal type was anomocytic(37%), followed by paracytic (26%) and anisocytic (11%). Stomatal studies have been done by Hameed and et.al. (2008) on some plants of Polygonaceae, Abid and et.al.(2007) on monocots within flora of Karachi, Pakistan, Ahmad and et.al.(2009) on dicot flora of a district tank in Pakistan. Trichomes have been discovered by Sahu (1982, 83, 84, 85), Tiwari (1982), Faust and Jones (1973) and Inamdar and Gangadhara (1975).They have indicated the taxonomic utility of the morphological characters of trichomes. Therefore the present work has been undertaken, which deals with a view to their elucidating diagnostic significance.

II. Materials and methods In the central India, hills of Sagar district are made from Vindhya and Basalt rocks and tropical dry deciduous forest (Champian and seth 1968). Jatropha curcas and jatropha gossypifolia are taken for the microscopic study. Epidermal structures are studied by the methods of Bobous and Beakbane (1971) under microscope and camera lucida diagrams are prepared. There are expressed various parameter of each complex type by following formula methods: (1) Stomata index% (SI) = stomata density * 100 (Stomata density + epidermal cell density) (Salisbury, 1927). Where, [Area of grid = 5 * 5 = 25square micron (where objective lens is 10x and eye lens is 15x) Area of grid = 1.25 * 1.25=1.56 square micron (where objective lens is 40x and eye lens is 15x).]

www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species (2) Stomata density = stomata frequency 10 * area of grid square micron (3) Stomata frequency = number of stomata per unit area (4) Trichome index% (TI) = trichome density * 100 (Trichome density + epidermal cell density) Where, [Area of grid = 5 * 5 = 25 square micron (where objective lens is 10x and eye lens is 15x) Area of grid = 1.25 * 1.25 = 1.56square micron (where objective lens is 40x and eye lens is 15x).] (5) Trichome density = trichome frequency 10 * area of grid square micron (6) Trichome frequency = number of trichome per unit area Trichomes are epidermal outgrowths or appendages on plants. Trichomes are differentiated mainly in two parts, 1. Proximal foot that is lying in the epidermis. 2. Distal part body that is lying above the foot. Nomenclature and terminology of trichome are based on Ramayya (1962) and Payne (1978). In the stomata, terminology and nomenclature are mainly based on Metcalfe and Chalk (1950). According to Clive Anthony stace (1989) Thirty-one types of arrangement of subsidiary cells in the mature stomatal complex of vascular plants, adapted from Dilcher (1974). According to David Frederick cutler etal (2008) five other types sunken stomata, tetracytic stomata, stomata with a single subsidiary cell, traditional between diacytic and paracytic, hemidiacytic stomata are also found in plants. A stoma is a small aperture on the surface of land plants. It is surrounded by a pair of specialized epidermal cells called guard cells, which act as a turgor-driven valve that open and close the pores in response to given environmental conditions.

III. Observation Geographically, Jatropha curcas is widely distributed in almost all countries in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America and has several local names, showing that it has become almost indigenized in most of countries and can withstand conditions of severe drought and low soil fertility. Jatropha gossypifolia is native to Brazil and tropical America from Mexico to Paraguay and the Caribbean region. It was imported into Australia in the late 1800’s, probably as a garden, ornamental and had naturalized in Queenland by 1912. It is major weed in Australia grown as live fence, and also found in waste places. It occurs throughout tropical Africa, except the dry regions in southern Africa, but including South Africa. It is widely distributed in India. 3.1. Jatropha curcas 3.1.1. Scientific classification Order - Family - Euphorbiaceous Genus - Jatropha Species - curcas 3.1.2. Morphology It is a poisonous, drought-resistant perennial with smooth gray bark which excudes a whitish colored, watery, latex when cut. The leaves are green to pale green, deciduous, and alternate to sub opposite and three to five lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis. The stem is erect; 1.80-7.0m branched at the top. have several too many in greenish cymes, yellowish, bell-shaped, sepals 5, broadly deltoid. Male and female flowers are produced on the same inflorescence, averaging 20 male flowers to each female or 10 male flowers to each female flower. The fruit is a broadly ellipsoid capsule, smooth-skinned containing three ellipsoid .

3.1.3. Trichome characters Trichomes plate A, Fig 1. Uniseriate capitates glandular hair: Foot compound, body differentiated into stalk and head, entire, uniseriate, head capitates, contents translucent, walls thin , smooth and straight. Distribution: on pedicel, gynoceium. Trichomes plate A, Fig 2, 5, 7. Unicelled flagellate glandular hair: Foot compound, body unicelled, undifferentiated, oblique, pointed apex, contents translucent, and walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on pedicel, petal, stem, androceium. Trichomes plate A, Fig 3. Developing uniseriate flagellate glandular hair: Foot compound, body multicelled, flagellate, differentiated in stalk and head, contents transparent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on stem. Trichomes plate A, Fig 9, 8. Uniseriate flagellate glandular hair: Foot compound, body multicelled, flagellate, differentiated into stalk and head, contents translucent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on calyx, corolla.

www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species Trichomes plate A, Fig 10, 6. Unicelled branched glandular hair: Foot compound, body unicelled branched entire, contents translucent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on calyx, corolla, stem, gynoceium. Trichomes plate A, Fig 4. Papillate glandular hair: Foot compound, body papillose, contents translucent, walls thin, smooth and straight. Distribution: on stem.

3.1.4. Stomata characters There are following stomata that distributed on different parts of Jatropha curcas: Anomocytic, anomotetracytic stomata: Distribution: on leaf, stem, and pedicel. Actinocytic stomata: Distribution: On calyx, corolla Paratetracytic stomata: Distribution: on fruit wall

3.1.5. Toxic constituents Curcin A and B, phorbolesters, phytic acid, curcinoleic acid, lectin, ricin and abrin.

3.1.6. Economic importance The plant is useful in treatment of skin diseases and other ailments. It is wound disinfectant, purgative, rheumatism. The latex of Jatropha contains an alkaloid known as “Jatrophine” which is believed to have anti- cancerous properties.

3.1.7. Toxicology The plant can be show mild symptoms and toxic symptoms. The important symptoms of poisoning included diarrhoea, inability to keep normal posture, depression and lateral recumbence.

3.2. Jatropha gossypifolia 3.2.1. Scientific classification Order - Malpighiales Family- Euphorbiaceous Genus - Jatropha Species - gossypifolia

3.2.2. Morphology It is a busy, gregarious up to 1.8m, 3-5 lobed, approximately 20 cm long and wide with leaves having a long petiole, covered with glandular hairs from the euphorbiaceous family. The stem is hairy and non- woody. Flowers are red-crimson of purple in corymbs, with greenish in smooth, glabrous, oblong capsule.

3.2.3. Trichome characters Trichome plate A, Fig 1. Uniseriate flagellate glandular hair: Foot compound; body uniseriate, differentiated in stalk and head; contents translucent; walls thick, smooth and straight. Distribution: all the parts of this plant except gynoceium. Trichomes plate A, Fig 2. Multiseriate capitates glandular hair: Foot compound; body multiseriate, differentiated in stalk and head, stalk multicelled, head capitate; contents translucent; walls thin, smooth, entire. Distribution: all the parts of this plant except gynoceium.

3.2.4. Stomata characters Brachyparacytic, anomotetracytic stomata: Distribution: on leaf, calyx. Anomocytic stomata: Distribution: on stem, pedicel. Anomotetracytic stomata: Distribution: on fruit wall

3.2.5. Toxic constituents Ricinine, alkaloid, jatrophin.

www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species 3.2.6. Economic importance The plant is antibiotic, insecticidal and used for toothache and as blood purifier. In the Philippines, cytoplasm of fresh leaves is applied to swollen breasts. In Venezuela, roots are used in leprosy, decoction of leaves used as purgative and stomachic. The latex used on ulcers. The leaves are used as febrifuge for intermittent fevers. In Ayurveda the oil from the seeds is used for treatment of eczema and skin itches, though the main use is as renewable source of energy as biodiesel. The roots are employed against leprosy, as an antidote for snakebite and in urinary complaints. A decoction of the bark is used as an emmenagogue and leaves for stomachache, venereal disease and as blood purifier.

3.2.7. Toxicology The seeds and seed oil rapidly produce abdominal pain followed by vomiting and diarrhoea when consumed in excess. The important signs of toxicity include ptosis, reduction of body weight, darkening of cuticle, abnormal pupation and hind limb paralysis.

4.1. Graphs And Tables The macro morphological characters are assessed on different parts of studied plants. 4.1.1. There are presented number of stomata of studied plants in table 1 Name Name of Type of Num Stomat Stomat Type of Numb Freque Densit Stoma of plant plant stomata ber of al al epider er of ncy of y of tal parts stoma freque density mal cell epider epider epider index ta ncy mal mal mal cell cell cell Jatroph Upper Brachypara 1 Or 0.32 0.02 Irregula 90 57.69 3.67 0.54 a Layer cytic, Rare r gossypif Of Leaf Anomotetr olia acytic Jatroph Lower Brachypara 24 or 2.51 0.17 Irregula 180 115.38 7.40 2.25 a layer of cytic, 40 r gossypif leaf anomotetra olia cytic

Jatroph Stem Anomocyti 2 1.28 0.08 Rectan 200 128.25 8.22 0.89 a c gular gossypif olia Jatroph Pedicel Anomocyti 2 1.28 0.08 Rectan 200 128.25 8.22 0.89 a c gular Gossypi folia Jatroph Calyx Brachypara 24 Or 2.51 0.17 Irregula 180 115.38 7.40 2.25 a cytic, 40 r To Gossypi Anomotetr Rectan folia acytic gular

Jatroph Corolla Not Found Oval 120 76.93 4.93 a Gossypi folia Jatroph Gynocei Not Found Irregula 1165 746.80 47.87 a um r Gossypi folia Jatroph Androce Not Found Oval 1600 1025.6 65.75 a ium 4 Gossypi folia Jatroph Fruit Anomotetr 3 1.92 0.12 Irregula 144 92.96 5.96 1.97 a Wall acytic r To Gossypi Rectan folia gular

www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species Jatroph Upper Anomocyti 1 Or 0.32 0.02 Irregula 70 44.87 2.88 0.69 a Layer c, Rare r To Curcas Of Leaf Anomotetr Polygo acytic nal Jatroph Lower Anomocyti 7 4.49 0.29 Irregula 150 96.64 6.19 4.48 a Layer c, r To Curcas Of Leaf Anomotetr Polygo acytic nal Jatroph Stem Anomocyti 1 0.64 0.04 Irregula 26 16.67 1.07 3.60 a c, r To Curcas Anomotetr Polygo acytic nal Jatroph Pedicel Anomocyti 1 0.64 0.04 Rectan 300 192.96 12.37 0.32 a c, gular Curcas Anomotetr To acytic Pentago nal Jatroph Calyx Actinocytic 1 Or 0.96 0.06 Sepal 500 320.51 20.55 0.29 a 2 Curcas Jatroph Corolla Actinocytic 6 3.85 0.25 Irregula 360 230.76 14.79 1.66 a r To Curcas Rectan gular

Jatroph Gynocei Not Found Ellipsoi 400 250.64 16.07 a um d Curcas Jatroph Androce Not Found Irregula 240- 250.64 16.07 a ium r 560 Curcas Jatroph Fruit Paratetracy 1 0.64 0.04 Oval 150 96.15 6.16 0.65 a Wall tic Curcas

4.1.2. Chart of stomata index Comparison of jatropha gossypifolia and jatropha curcas

www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species 4.1.3. There are presented number of trichomes of studied plants in table 1 Name of Name of Type of Number frequenc density Type of Number Frequenc Density Inde plant plant trichome of y of of epidermal of y of of x of parts trichom trichome trichom cell epiderm epiderma epiderm trich e e al cell l cell al cell ome Jatropha Upper Uniseriate 1 or .32 0.02 irregular 90 57.69 3.67 0.54 gossypifolia layer of flagellate rare leaf glandular hair and multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha Lower of Uniseriate 12 or 3.85 0.25 irregular 180 115.38 7.40 3.27 gossypifolia leaf flagellate rare glandular hair and multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha Stem Uniseriate 5 3.21 0.21 rectangula 200 128.25 8.22 2.49 gossypifolia flagellate r glandular hair and multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha Pedicel Uniseriate 5 3.21 0.21 rectangula 200 128.25 8.22 2.49 gossypifolia flagellate r glandular hair and multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha Calyx Uniseriate 12 7.71 0.49 Irregular 180 115.38 7.40 6.21 gossypifolia flagellate to glandular rectangula hair and r multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha Corolla Uniseriate 3 or 5 2.56 0.16 oval 120 76.93 4.93 3.14 gossypifolia flagellate glandular hair and multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha Gynocei Not found irregular 1165 746.80 47.87 gossypifolia um Jatropha Androcei Uniseriate 1 .64 0.04 oval 1600 1025.64 65.75 0.06 gossypifolia um flagellate glandular hair and multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha fruit wall Uniseriate 4 2.56 0.16 Irregular 144 92.96 5.96 2.61 gossypifolia flagellate to glandular rectangula hair and r multiseriat e capitate glandular hair Jatropha Upper Uniseriate 1 or .32 0.02 Irregular 70 44.87 2.88 0.69 curcas layer of capitates rare to leaf glandular polygonal

www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species hair, Uniseriate flagellate glandular hair Jatropha Lower of Not found 1 or .32 0.02 Irregular 150 96.64 6.19 0.32 curcas leaf rare to polygonal Jatropha Stem Unicelled 1,4,3 1.71 0.11 Irregular 26 16.67 1.07 9.32 curcas flagellate to glandular polygonal hair. Jatropha Pedicel Uniseriate 1 or .32 0.02 Rectangul 300 192.96 12.37 0.16 curcas capitate rare ar to glandular pentagonal hair, developin g uniseriate flagellate glandular hair, unicelled branched glandular hair, papillate glandular hair Jatropha Calyx Uniseriate 1 or .32 0.02 sepal 500 320.51 20.55 0.10 curcas flagellate rare glandular hair unicelled flagellate non glandular hair, unicelled branched glandular hair Jatropha Corolla 1 .64 0.04 Irregular 360 230.76 14.79 0.27 curcas Not to found rectangula r Jatropha Gynocei Uniseriate 1 .64 0.04 ellipsoid 400 250.64 16.07 0.25 curcas um capitate glandular hair, unicelled branched glandular hair Jatropha Androcei Unicelled 2,6 2.56 0.16 irregular 240-560 250.64 16.07 0.99 curcas um flagellate non glandular hair Jatropha fruit wall Uniseriate 1 .64 0.04 oval 150 96.15 6.16 0.65 curcas capitate glandular hair unicelled branched glandular hair

www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species 4.1.4. Chart of trichome index Comparison of jatropha gossypifolia and jatropha curcas

4.1.5. Trichome Plate A

4.1.6. In jatropha curcas trichome plate A Fig.1, 5, and 6: Unicelled flagellate glandular hair Fig.1: 40X87.50 Fig.5: 40X38.75 Fig.6: 40X12.50 Fig.2: Uniseriate capitates glandular hair 40X31.25 Fig.7: Developing uniseriate flagellate glandular hair10x30 Fig.4, 10: Uniseriate flagellate glandular hair Fig.4: 40X25 Fig.10:10X100 Fig.3, 8: Unicelled branched glandular hair Fig.3: 10X250 Fig.8: 10X85 Fig.9: Papillate glandular hair 10X25 4.1.7. Trichome plate B

www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species 4.1.8. In jatropha gossypifolia trichome plate B Fig.1: Uniseriate flagellate glandular hair 40X75 Fig.2: Multiseriate capitates glandular hair 10X350 4.1.9. Stomata plate A

4.1.10. In jatropha curcas stomata plate A Fig.1: Paratetracytic stomata, in fruit wall, Size: in 40X Stomata: l=12.50, b=8.75 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=25, b=18.75 Fig.2, 4, 6: Anomocytic stomata Fig.4: in leaf Size: in 40X Stomata: l=15, b=12.50 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=38.75, b=26.25 Fig.2 in stem Size: in 40X Stomata: l=18.75, b=11.25 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=47.50, b=18.75 Fig.6 in pedicel Size: in 40X Stomata: l=18.75, b=7.50 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=25, b=15 Fig.3, 5: Anomotetracytic stomata Fig.5: in leaf Size: in 40X Stomata: l=18.75, b=12.50 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=56.25, b=25 Fig.3: in stem Size: in 40X Stomata: l=22.50, b=10 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=50, b=21.25 Fig.7, 8: Actinocytic stomata Fig.7: in sepal Size: in 40X Stomata: l=12.50, b=10 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=18.75, b=15 Fig.8: in petal

www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species Size: in 40X Stomata: l=13.75, b=11.25 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=22.5, b=18.75 4.1.11. In jatropha gossypifolia stomata plate A Fig.9: Brachyparacytic stomata, in leaf Size: in 40X Stomata: l=12.50, b=8.75 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=31.25, b=18.75 Fig.10: Anomocytic stomata, in stem Size: in 40X Stomata: l=12.50, b=8.75 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=30, b=16.25 Fig.11: Anomotetracytic stomata, in fruit wall Size: in 40X Stomata: l=12.50, b=12.50 Stomata with subsidery cell: l=25, b=27.5

IV. Results and discussion Jatropha curcas and Jatropha gossypifolia belongs to Euphorbiaceous family. They are found in tropical regions. Jatropha curcas is perennial plant. It has pale green leaves, erect stem, male and female flowers and ellipsoid capsule. It has many toxic contents curcin A and B, phorbolesters. It is useful in treatment of many diseases. Its toxicity can be showed in form of diarrhea, posture, depression. Jatropha gossypifolia is busy shrub. It has lobed, wide leaves, hairy, non-woody stem, red crimson flowers in corymbs inflorescence and oblong capsule. It has toxic content ricinine and jatrophin. It is used for toothache, laprosy, ulcers, skin itches etc. When it consumed in excess then it produce abdominal pain, ptosis, and hind-limb paralysis. There has been found brachyparacytic, anomotetracytic stomata in Jatropha gossypifolia and anomocytic, anomotetracytic, actinocytic, paratetracytic stomata in Jatropha curcas. The largest stomata 24 or 40 have been found in calyx and lower layer of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia. The largest stomatal frequency 4.49 has been found in lower layer of leaf of Jatropha curcas. The largest stomatal density 0.29 has been found in lower layer of leaf of Jatropha curcas. The largest epidermal number 1600 has been found in androceium of Jatropha gossypifolia. The largest frequency of epidermal cell 1025.64 has been found in androceium of Jatropha gossypifolia. The largest density of epidermal cell 65.75 has been in androceium of Jatropha gossypifolia. The largest stomatal index 4.48 has been found in lower layer of leaf of Jatropha curcas. Stomata, stomatal frequency, stomatal density has been absent in corolla, gynoceium, androceium of Jatropha gossypifolia and in gynoceium, androceium of Jatropha curcas. The lowest epidermal number 26 has been found in stem of Jatropha curcas. The lowest epidermal frequency 16.67 has been found in stem of Jatropha curcas. The lowest epidermal density 1.07 has been found in stem of Jatropha curcas. There has been found uniseriate aseptate flagellate glandular hair, multiseriate capitate glandular hair in Jatropha gossypifolia and bicelled uniseriate glandular hair, uniseriate glandular hair, uniseriate sekile shaped glandular hair, simple two armed cylindrical glandular hair, acinaciform non glandular hair, cylindrical non glandular hair in Jatropha curcas. The largest trichome number 12 has been found in calyx of Jatropha gossypifolia. The largest trichome frequency 7.71 has been found in calyx of Jatropha gossypifolia. The largest trichome density 0.49 has been found in calyx of Jatropha gossypifolia. The largest trichome index 9.32 has been found in stem of Jatropha curcas. There have been absent trichome, trichome index, trichome frequency, trichome density in gynoceium of Jatropha gossypifolia.

V. Conclusion Economically Jatropha curcas and Jatropha gossypifolia are useful that included in Euphorbiaceous family. As well as they are showed also toxic properties. They can be identified by brachyparacytic, anomotetracytic, anomocytic, actinocytic, paratetracytic stomata, uniseriate flagellate glandular hair, multiseriate capitate glandular hair, uniseriate capitate glandular hair, unicelled flagellate eglandular hair, uniseriate flagellate glandular hair, unicelled branched glandular hair, papillate glandular hair and other data parameters in the .

VI. Acknowledgement “One touch of nature makes the whole work kin” Apart from our hard work, devotion and grace of our parents the completion of this research required a helping hand of number of person, here is acknowledge in the honor of those super persons. First of all our

www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page Epidermal Studies in Identification of Jatropha Species sincere thanks to respected Dr. Ela Tiwari without whose kind permission the project would have not even started, also the lecturer of Botany department who guided us all the way through this research. We should be failing duly if we do not express out deep sense of gratitude to all our friends who have shared their valuable time and helped us directly or indirectly in the preparation of our research. At this end, last but not least we would like to thanks to other staff members of this department.

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